Reasons for Must-read The Warring States Policy is a collection of military speeches and contingency stories from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties. It reflects the social features and major political, economic, military and diplomatic activities of countries from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, vividly records the wit, eloquence, intelligence and wisdom of military strategists, and makes people feel at home. Creative background "Warring States Policy", also known as "National Policy", is said to have been originally compiled by historians or military strategists from various countries during the Warring States Period. Its main content is to record the activities and words of strategists lobbying princes and monarchs during the Warring States period, as well as their political and military views and various struggle strategies when they debated and refuted each other. There are many textual researches on the author of Warring States Policy. Luo Genze, Jin Dejian and others claimed that Kuai Tong was in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Kuai Tong was a strategist in Qin and Han Dynasties. He once persuaded Fan Yangling to defect to the rebels in Chen Sheng, and suggested that Han Xin (? ~ BC 196) captured Qi, and advised Han Xin to betray Liu Bang (BC 2 10 ~ BC 188) and start his own business. Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty (256 ~ BC 195) was the guest of honor of the Prime Minister, and he wrote 8 1 meaningful articles. In the early 1970s, the silk script "Warring States Characters" unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha provided a new idea for the textual research of the author of "Warring States Policy". Many parts of this book are the same as or similar to the Warring States Policy, but the style is different. It mainly records Su Qin's life remarks, which is probably the compilation of the book mentioned by Zisu in the Annals of Literature and Art in Han Shu. However, the last part of the book is a compilation of all kinds of lobbying stories, just like Otawa's Warring States policy, and the last year of the book is Qin's attack on Chu, which seems to have been written during the Qin and Han Dynasties. In this way, the statement that "Warring States Policy" was written in "Express Pass" has another layer of fog. Liu Xiang compiled 33 pieces of "The Warring States Policy" in 12 countries, which are ancient versions. However, because it is mixed with vertical and horizontal collusion, it is rejected by Confucianism, so it is less recited and easy to be incomplete. In the Song Dynasty, Ceng Gong made up for this. The Warring States Policy he compiled was a modern edition, which filled the number of articles in the ancient edition of Liu Xianggu. This edition of The Warring States Policy has 33 articles and 486 chapters. Western Zhou Policy 1 article, divided into 17 chapters; Eastern Zhou Policy 1 article, divided into 22 chapters; 5 articles of Qin Ce, divided into 64 chapters; Qi Ce has 6 articles, divided into 57 chapters; Chu Ce has 4 articles, divided into 52 chapters; Zhao Ce has 4 articles, divided into 66 chapters; Wei Ce has four chapters, which are divided into 8 1 chapters; 3 articles by Han Ce, divided into 69 chapters; Yan Ce has 3 articles, divided into 34 chapters; Song Weice 1 article, divided into 14 chapters; Zhongshan Policy 1 article, divided into1chapter. This was written by Wu Shidao, a native of Dongyang, in the second year of Yuan Taiding (1325), and was revised by Ceng Gong. Wu Shidao's Notes on the Warring States Policy has spread to this day. Another Song Dynasty poet, Bao Biao, changed the order of the original book and made a new annotation. His best friend Jin has a supplementary explanation on the Notes on the Warring States Policy. Gaoyou made a note for the old version of Warring States Policy in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is incomplete today. 1973, the silk script of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, which recorded the current events of the Warring States Period and was named Letters from the Warring States Period, which is similar to the content of the Warring States Policy, and can make up for the mistakes and shortcomings of the current version of the Warring States Policy. Most articles in the Warring States Policy embody the people-oriented thought. As an ancient book more than two thousand years ago, it is quite valuable. Zhao raised the status of "people" above the monarch in Zhao Wen Qi Guo's envoy. Zou Ji satirized Chu Huaiwang, the king of Qi (Qi Ce Yi), saying that Qi was governed only by listening to the opinions of the people, and that "Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei are all in Qi". Feng Xuan's guest counselor (Qicesi) won the title of "Long live the people" because of his "burning coupons" and "city righteousness", so he can regard the snowy area as a "cave" to avoid inevitable death. There is an article in Zhongshan Policy, which illustrates the importance of popular support from the opposite side: the battle of Changping defeated Zhao's army in vain, but when he was ordered to attack Zhao again, he refused to go. He said: "Today, Qin Jun defeated Zhao Jun in Changping, so it did not use its shock and fear to destroy it, but released it in fear. Support the elderly to benefit their people, repair their nails to benefit their strength, and deepen the land in Zengcheng to benefit their consolidation. Under the priest, his ministers pushed the dead under the body. As for the genus of Ping Yuanjun, all the wives and concubines are patched up between ranks. Ministers work together and are still stuck in the meeting. " Therefore, he summed up the "defeat" and "only saw its harm, but did not see its benefits." "Warring States Policy" praises heroes such as Chivalrous Man and Gao Shi who advocate justice, despise princes and dare to resist violence. For example, in the face of the "trend" that Qi Xuanwang did not want to enter the front, he not only dared to denounce "Wang Qian", but also openly declared that "a gentleman is expensive, but a king is not expensive" and that "the head of a king is never like the ridge of the dead" (Qi Ce IV). Another example is Lu Zhonglian, a civilian, who vowed that he would rather "die in the East China Sea" than become a subject of the Qin Dynasty (Zhao Cesan). Jing Ke, Nie Zheng and other figures, advocating justice, detest evil as hatred, avenge the abused, and have the courage to sacrifice themselves. There are also some people who "help the weak and help the poor" against aggression, such as Mozi, who persuaded Zhao to send troops to save Wei, advised Wang Wei and Qin Xin to attack Korea, and spared no effort to persuade the king of Chu to avoid the disaster of war. The Warring States Policy fully affirmed and highly praised Gao Zhijie's deeds. The Warring States Policy embodies the idea of attaching importance to talents, cherishing talents, advocating wisdom and ingenuity. Qi Xuanwang adopted Wang Dou's opinion, saying that "with the five senses as officials, Qi will be rectified" ("Qi Ce Si"); Qin Xiaogong took Shang Yang as the stage and implemented political reform. One year, he said, "If you don't pick up the legacy, the people won't take it lightly, and the soldiers will be strong and the princes will be afraid" (Qin Ce I). "The Warring States Policy" not only praised these highly talented people who had great influence in history, but also affirmed that some people who were able to "ingenuity" in some things or have skills in some aspects, regardless of their origins or occupations, embodied the progressive view of "not taking their filth, not listening to their mistakes, but observing their use". For example, Yao Jia was originally the son of a janitor in Liang State, and he also committed theft. Because he was good at diplomacy, the king of Qin appointed him as a diplomat. He freed the state of Qin from the crisis of being attacked by four countries. Another example is "Perilla is the King of Chu" (Chu Ce III) and "Meet Shen Jun in the Han and Ming Dynasties" (Chu Ce IV), which also illustrate the importance of knowing people, loving talents, accommodating talents and appointing talents from different angles. The wittiness of reciting The Warring States Policy is inseparable from its artistry. The main manifestations of artistry are: (1) clear arguments, meticulous methods and strong logic. For example, in the article "Zhuang Xin on Lucky Ministers" ("Chu Ce IV"), it began to describe that Wang Xiang was addicted to debauchery and refused Zhuang Xin's advice, which eventually led to the disaster of national subjugation. This is to show the central argument of this book with facts: only looking for immediate pleasure, losing vigilance, will inevitably lead to future troubles. Then a positive argument is launched to prove the inevitability, universality and truth of this argument. In the process of argumentation, it is not abstract reasoning, but using concrete images as arguments to convince Wang Xiang. From biological tiny dragonflies to larger yellowbird, from yellowbird to larger yellow stork. Usually, these insects and birds fly freely and enjoy themselves, thinking that there is no competition with others and there will be no disaster. As everyone knows, just when they are complacent, there are hidden dangers around them, and it is inevitable to die in the end. Ignorant creatures are all like this, let alone human beings, let alone the Lord of a country above Wan Cheng! Then he cited Cai's personnel affairs, so as to contact him. From creatures to humans, from small to large, one layer is deep, one step is urgent, profound and powerful, which makes Wang Xiang have to change color and tremble. Vivid metaphors and strict natural logical reasoning make the argument particularly powerful and convincing. There are many typical strategic papers like this in the Warring States Policy, such as Lou Man and Yu Qing's On Cutting Qin by Dividing Land (Zhao Ce San), Su Qin's On United Korea (Zhao Ce Er), Zhang Yi's On Lian Heng (Qin Ce Lun) and Sima Cuo's On Cutting Chu (Qin Ce Lun). Weighing the gains and losses, the size is better. (two) a vivid description of complex historical events, complete structure, twists and turns, lively and interesting, strong story. Open a book "Warring States Policy", 497 articles, almost every article is a story. In the story of Nie Zheng's Stabbing Han Jing (Han Ce II), first write the feud between Chen Han Yansui and Prime Minister Han Jing, and Yansui wants to find someone to avenge himself, so as to illustrate the cause of the story. Then he wrote Yan Sui's "Yin Jiao Nie Zheng" in Qi, but because his mother was still alive, Nie Zheng dared not marry anyone and refused Yan Sui's request. The story is so ups and downs. The author also wrote about Nie's mother's death, reminiscing about the past, and drawing a sword and stabbing her alone. The story seems to be coming to an end, but another character, Nie, came out of the plot of his death. The plot of the South Korean ruler offering a reward of $1,000 to find the person who claimed the body and the plot of Nie's suicide under the body are consistent and natural with the plot of "skin catching people's eyes" above. The last paragraph is the reaction of the eastern countries to the story and the author's comments, and it is also a praise for the two protagonists. The story has a beginning and an end, ups and downs, clear context of events, and tacit cooperation with each other, which constitutes an artistic whole with strong story. Others like Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin (Yance III), Lv Buwei Qin Xiang (Qince V), Su Qin prevented Meng Changjun from entering Qin (Qince III), Shenzi called Wang Xiangyong Sance (Chuce II) and Xianyao (Chuce IV). (3) Depicting historical figures with different personalities. For example, Su Qin and Yi Cheung are both eloquent counselors. In order to pursue "wealth", repeated deception is their constant feature. But Su Qin's efforts and self-confidence are different from Zhang Yi's malice and scoundrel. The former is somewhat sympathetic, while the latter is just disgusting. Jing Ke and Nie Zheng are both brave men who committed suicide with loyalty, but Jing Ke's calm, witty, stubborn and indifferent personality is obviously different from Nie Zheng's filial piety, loyalty, frankness and courage to make decisions. Other images, such as Zou Ji, who is calm and keen, good at observation and analysis, Lu Zhonglian, who is not very understanding, who is good at using contradictions to solve contradictions, and touching the dragon with wit and humor, as well as the empress of Qin Dynasty, and so on, are vividly portrayed in Warring States Policy, giving readers the feeling of teaching by example. (4) The Warring States Policy is fluent and sharp in language and pungent in style. He is good at skillfully inserting fables into the text to illustrate abstract truth and expound his own arguments. It is a model of argumentative writing. Many of these fables and metaphors later became famous allusions, such as gilding the lily, pretending to be a tiger, frightened birds, doing the opposite, fighting between snipes and mussels, and so on. One of the key knowledge points, Warring States Policy, has high historical value, especially the edition of ancient books compiled and edited by Liu Xiang, which once occupied a very important historical position in the ancient history of China. The Warring States Policy is a 245-year historical record from Spring and Autumn Annals to Chu and Han Dynasties. If we start from the year of Chu-Han Uprising, that is, 245 years in the first year (209 years before), it happens to be the sixteenth year of Zhou Zhending (453 years before), and the three tribes of Han, Zhao and Wei are divided into Jin. After Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, but before the Spring and Autumn Period of Chu and the Qin Chu era, the 245-year historical gap was mainly filled by the Warring States policy. The Warring States Policy preserves many precious historical materials, such as the situation in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Shen Jun in Chu Youwang in the spring, Guo Kai's visit to Li Mu, Lv Buwei's establishment of Zi Chu, Qin Gong's rebellion, etc., which are all exclusive historical materials and the only historical source for Sima Qian to revise Historical Records. I see the harm, but I don't see the benefit. Tomorrow, the dead will heal the wounded. Although you have done meritorious service, crying will break your heart. ..... So, what people spend is not worth ten years.