Many westerners believe that the earth and the sky were formed by supernatural creation 6000 years ago (many people still believe this conclusion, although their intelligence seems to have done as those who believe that the earth is flat). In any case, most scientists now accept the fact that the solar system was formed by dust clouds and gas clouds after a natural process 4.6 billion years ago. Perhaps these clouds existed after the universe was formed 654.38+0.5 billion years ago.
At the beginning of the universe, the first 300,000 years after the birth of time and space, the universe was opaque. As protons and electrons combine to form atoms, radiation can pass freely, thus forming an observable universe.
But if we go back to the Big Bang and assume that all the matter and energy in the universe are concentrated in a fairly dense ball, which is very hot and explodes to form the universe, where did this ball come from? How is it formed? Should we assume that there is supernatural creation at this stage?
Not necessarily. 1920, scientists introduced a discipline called quantum mechanics, which is too complicated for us to explain here. This is a very successful theory, which properly explains the phenomena that other theories can't explain, and can also predict new phenomena, exactly like what actually happened.
1980, American physicist Allen. Gus began to study the origin of BIGBANG with quantum mechanics. We can imagine that before the Big Bang, the universe was a huge glowing ocean with nothing in it. Obviously, this description is inaccurate. These do not contain energy, so it is not a vacuum, because by definition, there should be nothing in a vacuum. The pre-universe contains energy, but all its components are similar to vacuum, so it is called false vacuum.
In this pseudo-vacuum, there is a tiny particle where there is energy, which is formed by an irregular and aimless force. In fact, we can imagine this luminous false vacuum as a bubble-like bubble mass, which can produce a small piece here or there, just like the foam produced by the waves. Some of them soon disappeared and returned to a false vacuum; And some of them become very big or form cosmic objects after the big bang. We live in such a successful bubble.
But there are many problems in this model, and scientists have been making up and solving them. If they solve this problem, will we have a better view to explain where the universe came from?
Of course, if part of Gust's theory is correct, we can simply go back and ask where the energy of false vacuum came from in the first place. We can't say this, but it can't help us confirm the existence of supernatural substances, because we can go back and ask where the supernatural substances come from.
The answer to this question is shocking, that is, "it didn't come from anywhere, it has always existed like this."
2. Earth
/kloc-there have been many theories about the origin of the earth since the middle of the 0/8th century. At present, the popular view is that about 4.6 billion years ago, the primitive earth began to differentiate from the solar nebula, with low temperature, light and heavy elements integrated and no layered structure. Once the primitive earth is formed, it is conducive to the continued accumulation of solar nebulae, such as the increase of volume and mass, and the increase of temperature due to gravity differentiation and radioactive element transformation. When the material in the primitive earth heats up and reaches the melting state, a large proportion of iron-loving elements accelerate to sink toward the center of the earth and become iron-nickel nuclei, while a small proportion of MagmaElemental-loving elements float up to form the mantle and crust, and the lighter liquid and gaseous components overflow the surface through volcanic eruption, forming the primitive hydrosphere and atmosphere. Since then, the earth has begun the evolution history of interaction between different circles and frequent exchange of material and energy.
3. the moon
There are still different views on the formation of the moon in the scientific community. The hypothesis put forward by scientists is:
1, Capture said: The moon was originally a celestial body outside the solar system. It accidentally broke into the solar system one day and was captured by the earth after orbiting the sun for a period of time, becoming a satellite of the earth.
2. The theory that the earth and the moon are the original inhabitants of the solar system, both of which originated from nebulae, solar debris and interstellar dust at the beginning of the solar system. Another version is that in the early days of the earth's formation, a class of stars the size of Mars hit the earth, and as a result, the earth tilted and knocked off a corner. This corner, under the action of the earth's gravity, condensed dust and so on in the process of bypassing the earth. After a long time, it became the moon today.
3. Alien spacecraft said: Some scientists think that the moon is a spacecraft sent by aliens to study the earth, because it is hollow, and the size and distance of the moon are so coincidental that it looks as big as the sun and the moon on the earth.
It and the earth were formed at the same time as the solar system was formed.
4.the sun
It is reported that the sun was formed by the explosion of primitive stars.
The sun is composed of primitive nebulae. Recently, the American infrared telescope saw a new star in Taurus, which has been born for more than one million years and is very young. It is the youngest star discovered so far.
3./kloc-In the 0/7th century, Newton proposed that the dispersed matter scattered in space can condense into the sun and stars under the action of gravity, which has gradually developed into a quite mature theory through the efforts of astronomers in past dynasties. Observations show that there are many huge molecular clouds composed of gas and dust in interstellar space. The denser part of this gas cloud will become bigger under its own gravity. When the inward attraction is strong enough to overcome the outward pressure, it will shrink rapidly and slide toward the center. If the gas cloud rotates enough at first, a solar system-sized disk of gas and dust will be formed around the central celestial body, and the material in the disk will continue to fall on the central celestial body called the protostar. The gravitational force released during the contraction can heat the protostar. When the central temperature rises to 6.5438+million degrees, a star is born. The mass of stars varies from 0. 1 to 100 solar masses. The smaller mass is not enough to trigger a nuclear reaction, and the larger mass will collapse due to excessive radiation pressure. In recent years, infrared astronomical satellites have detected thousands of stars in the process of formation, and millimeter-wave radio telescopes have also found jets from the two poles of disks around some protostars. These observations strongly support the above theory.
The relationship between the color of a star and its surface temperature: all other stars, like the sun, are hot fireballs. However, their surface temperatures are not the same. Astronomers have found that the higher the surface temperature of a star, the purple the light it emits, and the lower the temperature, the redder it is. Therefore, the relative temperature of the star surface can be roughly judged by the color of the star.
4. The mystery of the formation of the universe is expected to be solved-
Scientists believe that the Big Bang that happened 654.38+03.7 billion years ago created the universe. About 654.38 billion years later, hydrogen atoms began to combine and burn, producing bright burning stars. However, scientists have never known what these stars look like. According to NASA's space network, American astronomers claim that they may have discovered the "first light" of the universe. This discovery is expected to help them reveal the actual development of the whole universe when the galaxies in the universe began to form only hundreds of millions of years after the "Big Bang".
This study will show people for the first time the embryonic form of the universe when it was just born 654.38+03 billion years ago.
According to researchers at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, they believe they have captured the radiation traces of stars that have long since disappeared. These stars were born in the early days of the universe. If the above findings can be finally confirmed, this study will show people the embryonic form of the universe when it was just born 65.438+0.3 billion years ago for the first time, and it is expected to reveal the actual development of the whole universe when various galaxies began to form in the universe only hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang.
Although this study is not conclusive, it is the first tangible evidence to prove the existence of these early stars. Researchers believe that these stars produce and form the original materials of future stars, including the sun. According to the astrophysicist Alexander Kashlinsky, the first author of this paper published in Nature on the 3rd, "We are not sure where they appear, how big they are, whether they have how bright or not. We believe that what we can do is to get the initial information of these stars. "
Kashlinsky's team used NASA's Spitzer space telescope to measure cosmic rays, which are infrared rays visible to the naked eye and appear in the sky in the form of small stripes. Then, the researchers deleted all the known radiation in the Milky Way, and they thought that the remaining rays were emitted by these early stars. This experiment is like recording everyone's shouts in a large stadium, and then deleting everyone's voices, leaving only the voice of the person you want.
The "first light" may come from the third star family of Draco.
According to the researchers from Goddard Research Center, using the infrared array camera carried by NASA Spitzer Space Telescope, the research team photographed the Tianlong Nebula for 10 hour, and captured the transmitted infrared light, which is lower in energy than optical light and visible light to the naked eye.
After post-image separation, the researchers successfully obtained a high-definition real-life image full of infrared radiation after deleting other rays. Goddard's team said that these rays may come from the hypothetical third star family in Draco, which astronomers believe formed earlier than other star families (the first star family and the second star family are named after the discovery time, and these star families are composed of stars that we can see at night).
These cosmic infrared rays photographed in this observation are most likely emitted by the first stars that appeared after BIGBANG, or by the high-temperature gas that fell into the first black holes. Scientists describe that observing these infrared rays is like watching a distant city on an airplane at night. The light is too far away and weak, so you can't see clearly what an object looks like. Similarly, because these rays come from the depths of the universe, it is not easy to tell which stars they are emitted from.
The great discovery of Spitzer telescope is consistent with the results observed by NASA's cosmic background detection satellite in the 1990s. At that time, the detection results of this satellite showed that there may be an infrared background in the universe, which has nothing to do with the stars known to astronomers.
Spitzer's observation also supports the observation made by NASA's wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe in 2003. According to this result, astronomers estimated at that time that after the BIGBANG occurred 200-400 million years, the first stars formed first gave off light.
About 200 million years after the Big Bang, the first stars began to emit "cosmic light".
The birth theory of the universe put forward by scientists is that there was a "big bang" 654.38+03.7 billion years ago, and space, time and matter were born. The newly born universe is composed of substances with extremely high temperature, high density and small volume, which expand rapidly, from hot to cold, from dense to thin. About 200 million years after the Big Bang, the first stars began to emit "cosmic light".
Cosmic theorists say that the first stars in the universe may be more than 100 times the mass of the earth and the sun. They are extremely hot and bright, but they are all very short-lived, and each star can only burn for millions of years. With the continuous expansion of the universe, the ultraviolet light emitted by the stars of the third family of Draco will redshift or expand into low-energy light. These lights can now be observed with an infrared observer.
Dr. John Mather, another author of the report and a member of the research team, said: "The first image we took included the light emitted by stars and galaxies that we are all familiar with, and then we deleted everything we knew-including the light emitted by stars and galaxies, whether far or near. Then, there are no stars and galaxies in the photo, only these infrared rays with huge spots are left. We believe that this may be the light emitted by the earliest stars formed at the beginning of the universe. "
The first ray of starlight helps to reveal how the universe is illuminated.
Dr. Kashlinsky said: "We think that we can now see the collection of light emitted by celestial bodies in the early days of the universe. Although those luminous stars have long since disappeared into the universe, their light and energy still travel through the universe. " If the conclusion of this research group is correct, then this research will help people understand how the universe first shines.
Avi Robb, a professor of astronomy at Harvard University, was not involved in the study, but he said that the original universe may have been dark for 500,000 years, and then hydrogen began to combine into bright burning stars, which are millions of times brighter than the current sun. These stars are the stars that Kashlinsky's research team hopes to find. Rob said: "This is why this research is so exciting. For the first time, we are studying the potential evidence of early stars, how and when the first starlight was formed. "
Richard Ellis, a professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology who was not involved in the study, cautiously agreed with Kashlinsky. Ellis said, "even a small mistake can lead to deceptive results when eliminating these background signals." However, he said in an interview that due to technical limitations, Kashlinsky's research team did the best work. He said: "I didn't find any mistakes in these analyses. Of course, the next step is for other astronomers to prove its correctness. "
Richard arlen, a famous scientist of scientific system and application, is also a member of this research group. They revealed that future space exploration missions will include more in-depth observation using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. Mars about 4.6 billion years ago, our solar system was born because of supernova explosion, and huge vibration waves compressed gas residues into tiny clumps of matter. These clumps of matter gradually combined to form asteroids, comets, satellites and planets in today's solar system. It was difficult to calculate the speed of the solar system at that time. Computer models show that the metal core of the earth began to form between 20 million and 30 million years after the supernova explosion, but earlier, according to geographical evidence, this figure was put forward about 50 million years after the supernova explosion.
Geographical evidence depends on trace elements hafnium 182 and tungsten 182, just like a radioactive clock. When the solar system was born, hafnium 182 and tungsten 182 were abundant and still exist today. The radioactive half-life of hafnium 182 is about 9 million years, and hafnium 182 decays into tungsten 182. Tungsten is metallophilic. When the Earth and Mars are forming, all tungsten directly reaches the metal cores of the Earth and Mars. Therefore, any tungsten 182 in the mantle of the earth or Mars today is a direct product of hafnium decay. Knowing the decay time of elements, we can determine the age of rocks.
Torsten Klein, a planetary scientist at the University of Mü nster in Germany, and others reanalyzed the ratio of hafnium 182 to tungsten 182 in a piece of Martian meteorite and other non-planetary meteorite fragments. They also compared the ratio of samples from the mantle. Klein concluded his analysis that the formation of planetary cores and the acceleration of terrestrial planets were 30 million years before the birth of the solar system. The core of Mars may have formed about 654.38+0.3 billion years ago. Yin and others of Harvard University conducted independent research with different samples and got almost the same results.
2. What is Mars made of?
Mars is the fourth of the nine planets, half the size of the earth. It is a planet, belonging to the last earth-like planet in the solar system. It is mainly composed of rocks, and this kind of planet composed of rocks is called earth-like planet. It is speculated that there is a core with iron as the main component and light elements such as sulfur and magnesium in the center of Mars. The proportion of the core of Mars should be smaller than that of the earth. The outer layer of the core is thickly covered with a silicate mantle rich in magnesium oxide, and the surface is a rocky crust. The density of Mars is the lowest among terrestrial planets, only 3.93g/cc. If you have anything to add, just ask. )