Chaetoceros * * * includes 200 species, which were divided into 16 groups by predecessors, but the characteristics of each group are often confused. Zhu Shuping and his collaborators found that the pigment bodies between them showed obvious systematic evolution characteristics, so they established three subgenus according to the evolution degree of morphological structure, and regrouped the subgenus according to the evolutionary order, which corrected the past artificial classification system. He established three subgenus of Chaetoceros, and found 20 new species, new varieties and new associations, belonging to the Genus Chordomonas and Euglena respectively, which clarified many confusing problems in the taxonomy of unicellular algae. From the19th century to the end of 1930s, many efforts were made to explain the relationship between the growth, reproduction, seasonal variation and distribution of phytoplankton and environmental factors. However, the internal relationship between the elements is complex and changeable. Therefore, through the investigation and analysis at sea and the experiments of phytoplankton culture with natural water many times, no positive results have been obtained. In the early 1940s, Zhu Shuping made a culture solution with similar composition to natural water with pure chemical reagents, namely Zhu's artificial fresh water and Zhu's artificial seawater. Experiments by many scholars around the world have proved that this culture medium is suitable for the growth and reproduction of marine and freshwater phytoplankton. It is also very suitable for experiments on the effects of chemical and physical factors on phytoplankton growth. Zhu Shuping studied the influence of mineral composition of culture solution on the growth of phytoplankton, clarified the distribution law of different phytoplankton in different types of water bodies, and solved some physiological and other biological and hydrochemical problems related to nutrition and metabolism.
1942- 1949 has published many papers on phytoplankton ecology at home and abroad. Many important viewpoints in his first paper have been verified by many scholars, such as Discussion on Nitrogen Metabolism of Phytoplankton published by Zhu Shuping in 1943, and Fogg (65443). 1954), R.R.L. Girard (Geelan, 1963), Songjiang (1957), etc. Experiments were carried out on various algae, and roughly the same results were obtained. Another example is Zhu Shuping's discussion that "inorganic phosphopyrophosphate (P207) cannot be effectively utilized by Nitzschia sp. into orthophosphate (PO4)" and "organophosphorus glycerophosphate and calcium magnesium phytate can be directly utilized by phytoplankton". , H.W. Harvey (1953), I.J. Pintner and L. Prova Prova Soli. Many other discussions about the qualitative and quantitative efficacy of mineral components in culture solution have been widely cited and even used as the basis in algae ecology and physiology research around the world for decades. Robert. Krauss (1953) quoted Zhu Shuping's table of suitable concentration ranges for seven kinds of algae and 14 kinds of salts, which he thought was "an acceptable nutrient concentration range for many freshwater algae". K.A. Gusheva of the Soviet Union (γ YC ев A, 1956) put forward the basis of algae's demand for certain elements, among which nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon were listed in Zhu Shuping's paper 1942. Zhu Shuping recalled: "Why no one can refute my argument, mainly because my conclusion is based on extensive natural water quality analysis and accurate experiments."
Zhu's artificial fresh water (Zhu's culture solutionNo. 1- 17) in the study of the living conditions of phytoplankton, he confirmed for the first time that these algae are suitable to grow in extremely low concentration inorganic solution from the ecological point of view, and proposed that in order to obtain good growth, the concentrations of different mineral components must be accurately adapted to the special needs of various algae, so as to obtain the components of different inorganic salts and their absolute and relative concentrations in the culture solution. He started with culture medium 1 and developed 17 kinds of culture medium through experimental modification. Zhu's 5- 17 medium can provide healthy growth of phytoplankton, such as Microcystis, Odonata and Grapevine. Professor E.G. Pringsheim (Pringsheim, 1949, 1964) commented: "Especially Zhu 10 is the most effective medium, which is suitable for the growth of various phytoplankton." Japan Tanomibo et al. (1965) introduced Zhu's 10 as "the most widely used culture solution in algae culture, especially suitable for phytoplankton culture, such as seawater instead of tap water, and also suitable for seawater algae culture". Botanists such as Fogg (1965) commented: "Zhu (1942) is a pioneer in trying to develop a culture medium similar to the natural growth medium of algae. ..... Zhu's 10 culture solution, composition and dilution can be compared with nutrient-rich lake water. " Fogg list compares the components of eutrophic lake water and seawater with three representative artificial culture solutions, one of which is Zhu's 10, which is similar to natural water. It has become one of several classic algae culture formulas in the world. For decades, the methods and manuals of algae culture, monographs and research papers on algae ecology, physiology and biochemistry in various countries around the world have often been cited.
Zhu Shuping (1942) clearly pointed out the applicable objects of each culture medium. By the 1980s, both C. Laakio (1980) and Xu Changhong (1988) used Zhu's 13 culture medium as the basic solution, which successfully promoted the growth and reproduction of oil-producing microalgae, Staphylococcus brucei. Since the publication of Zhu's Cultural Solution for more than 40 years, it has contributed to the research of human beings seeking new energy.
Zhu's Artificial Seawater 19 14 Famous plankton scientists E.J. Allen and E.w. NelSOn once prepared artificial seawater according to the Molar Concentration Composition of Nutrients in Natural Seawater published by VantHoff, and then added Miguel solution nutrient solutions A and B, Results Later, Allen (19 14) prepared and added the improved Michaelis nutrient solution A and B (improved Miguel solution A&B) to make artificial seawater and added nitrogen, iron and phosphorus nutrients to cultivate white lentils, which also failed. Nitzschia lunata can be cultured by adding a small amount of natural seawater and soil leaching solution. Therefore, at that time, scholars were eager for the ideal artificial seawater formula to come out as soon as possible, which was beneficial to the development of algae experimental ecology research.
1942- 1946 Zhu Shuping made painstaking research and broke through the problem of preparing artificial seawater. Based on his profound knowledge of mathematics and chemistry and practical experience in ocean exploration, he successfully developed Zhu's artificial seawater consisting of 65438+ in seawater by referring to the hypothesis of ion combination of J. Lyman and Fleming (1940) and the seawater approximation of Thompson and Robinson (1932). More than 65,438+00 species of marine diatoms, including Japanese starfish algae, Chaetoceros, fragile algae and nitzschia, have successfully grown in Zhu's artificial seawater (Harvey, M.R. Droop (Droop, 1960) pointed out: "The inclusion of trace metal elements in artificial seawater culture solution began with Zhu (. Zhu's artificial seawater is characterized by being prepared with pure chemical reagents according to the composition of natural seawater. It can successfully cultivate a variety of marine diatoms without adding soil leaching solution or natural seawater. It is a successful representative of a generation of mariculture solutions and has a certain historical position. It is a milestone in the history of artificial seawater research. " Among the 24 kinds of artificial seawater culture solutions listed in O. Kinne's Marine Ecology (1976), Zhu's artificial seawater was the only representative of artificial seawater culture solution before 1950s.
At the end of 09+65438, the pure culture technology of phytoplankton affirmed the importance of the experimental work in sterile culture. When used to cultivate phytoplankton, it can avoid the interference of other organisms, clarify their nutritional needs, and study the relationship between organisms and the environment and their physiological and biochemical characteristics. Zhu Shuping's aseptic pure culture methods, such as: cleaning and disinfection of culture vessels, micro-tube dilution and washing, seawater silica gel plane method with nutrient salt to inoculate bacteria but algae can grow, low-temperature strong light method, white fluorescent lamp method, soil solution method, wheat or barley broken two-phase culture method, counting and quantitative method, etc. , all have their own uniqueness. Because of his outstanding achievements in cultivation experiments, his cultivation methods are still introduced and used. In the third volume of Marine Ecology written by Jin Nei, Zhu Shuping's breeding techniques are introduced in detail in many places.
Systematic study of marine chemistry and limnology Zhu Shuping is a pioneer in the study of marine chemistry system in China (Li Faxi, 1980). As early as in England, he worked with famous water chemists Harvey and Fleming. At the beginning of returning to China, combined with the investigation of water productivity, marine chemistry research was carried out. 1947-1station was set up in JIAOZHOU bay in 1949, and the composition characteristics and changing rules of nutrients (mainly PO4-P and SiO2 _ 2) needed for phytoplankton growth were investigated monthly. It is found that the distribution of nutrients is quite uniform, and the content of nutrients can meet the needs of phytoplankton except in April and May. According to the results of long-term continuous investigation, the strategic idea of predicting the abundance and shortage of marine living resources and aquaculture, using the sea for aquaculture and rationally developing and utilizing the sea is put forward for the first time. The investigation of Zhoushan fishing ground also studied the vertical distribution of mineral nutrients needed by phytoplankton and the physical and chemical properties of seawater in each layer. The Proceedings of the Plenary Meeting of the Western Pacific Fisheries Research Council discussed several chemical characteristics of seawater that should be displayed in the fishing map and the units and methods that should be used. His investigation and analysis of hydrochemistry in the Bohai Estuary is very comprehensive, which is enough to provide a preliminary outline for chemical oceanography in the Bohai Sea. 1948, marine chemistry and water quality were first opened in China. In addition to teaching related theories, he also teaches his accumulated experience and technology for many years. For example, he created a method of fixing and preserving water samples with H2O4 and analyzing the content of inorganic phosphorus. It has laid a foundation for domestic hydrochemistry specialty and trained a group of talents.
In the field of limnology in China, Zhu Shuping has also conducted many pioneering and fruitful studies. In 1949- 1950 and1February, the aquatic factors and plankton in Taihu Lake (including Wuli Lake culture area and five fish ponds) were investigated, and a large number of systematic data were obtained. It was pointed out that the lake was eutrophic. Combined with the natural environment and geological history, the development speed of Taihu Lake in the later period was discussed, and the development of water conservancy and aquaculture in Taihu Lake was put forward.
The investigation of Weishan Lake 1959 includes not only the shape of lake basin, physical and chemical elements of lake water and phytoplankton, but also zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish. The oxygen evolution of photosynthesis was measured by black-and-white bottle method to understand the primary productivity of lake water. The investigation of these lakes in Zhu Shuping is comprehensive and systematic, and the relationship and change of various elements are thoroughly discussed, combined with production and utilization, which is still of great reference value even today.
Daihai, which once only produced salt, was flooded year after year in the early 1950s, becoming a hazard. From 65438 to 0953, Zhu Shuping made a detailed investigation and scientific analysis of the morphology, physics, chemistry and biology of Daihai Lake, and put forward the suggestion that "this kind of high salinity and barren alkaline lake has no higher trophic level animals except plankton, and can be effectively used for fish culture". By transplanting crucian carp, carp, grass carp and silver carp, Daihai quickly successfully developed freshwater fish culture, and established the first state-owned fish farm in Inner Mongolia in 1956, which achieved great economic benefits. The development of aquaculture should be closely linked and interacted with the development of ecology and animal physiology. But before 1956, ecology and physiology were still blank in China. Since 1950s, Zhu Shuping has done a lot of pioneering work in the field of fishery oceanography and aquatic resources research in China.
In the early 1950s, there was a debate about whether exploratory fishing groups should be combined with environmental investigation. In the study of resources and fishing grounds, he actively advocated the study of marine productivity. He envisaged to investigate the basic marine productivity of spawning grounds and feeding grounds, and then study the influence of marine productivity on the survival rate of fish and shrimp larvae and the fattening, migration and clustering of fish and shrimp. It is also envisaged to artificially change the marine productivity, improve the survival rate of fish and shrimp larvae and double the resources.
The comprehensive investigation of fishery in Bohai Sea estuary is one of the basic tasks that Zhu Shuping put the concept of "planting sea" advocated for many years into "Bohai Sea proliferation". In his speech at the National Aquatic Science Education Conference in March 1959, he actively advocated "expanding from aquaculture to planting water", and "the productivity of water area can be equal to or greater than the same area of cultivated land, and the benefit of planting water is greater than farming". He believes that Bohai Sea is an inner bay suitable for development and proliferation. Therefore, at first, we began to investigate the estuarine waters as spawning grounds for fish and shrimp, and adopted a combination of large-scale comprehensive investigation and small-scale professional investigation. Its scale, system, comprehensiveness, professional depth and breadth are unprecedented in China. These comprehensive and systematic investigation data and profound scientific exposition have become an important basis for studying the ecological basis of fishery environment changes and fishery resources proliferation in the Bohai Sea in the 1980s.
The investigation report focuses on the productivity of Bohai Sea, and puts forward three suggestions on the improvement of estuary waters and the development of estuary fisheries: 1. Minimum index of runoff of main rivers in Bohai Sea and regular drainage. 2. Fertilize to improve water fertility; Transplanting species with high bait value, after domestication and reproduction, enrich the bait base; Artificial insemination, hatching and stocking of economic fish and shrimp, strengthening reproductive protection, increasing and expanding resources. 3. The bottom of estuarine sea area is rich in organic matter, which is suitable for the proliferation and culture of shellfish in tidal flat. These ideas and suggestions are the earliest measures for the development and proliferation of aquatic resources in China, and are also Zhu Shuping's strategic and scientific pioneering suggestions for "transforming the sea area, improving marine productivity and proliferating resources". In the 1980s, Bohai Sea proliferation was included in the national key scientific research plan, and a marine pasture that was being put into practice began to emerge.
Under the direct leadership of Zhu Shuping, the fishing charts of Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute and Oceanographic Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences have been compiled into three volumes, which are divided into two parts: marine atlas and fishing object atlas, which generally show the achievements of many years of investigation and research on offshore fishery resources and fishery oceanography in China. This work won a major achievement award from China Academy of Sciences. China kelp culture technology and output are in the leading position in the world. Qingdao's scientific research and production units contend in the cooperative group. Some people think it is a temperature problem; Some people think it is the light.
1957, there were as many as 1 18 kelp culture test sites in the southern coastal areas of China. Subsequently, large-scale production experiments were successful in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other places. 1February, 958, the experiment and theoretical discussion were completed. In July, summer seedlings were cultivated by using natural light source and natural light nursery with running water and temperature control. In that year, a large number of healthy kelp seedlings were cultivated and moved to the sea surface for cultivation. Push south to 30 degrees. 30'。
Until the early 1960s, the seed source of laver production in China mainly depended on natural spores, and the research on artificial seed culture and thallus culture technology was far from meeting the needs of large-scale production.
In the past four years, they mainly carried out ecological investigation of wild laver, systematically studied the relationship between the growth and development of filamentous bodies and the environment, and the experimental ecology of the maturation, diffusion and attachment of conchospores. It solves a set of technical measures for large-scale culture of Porphyra haitanensis filaments, semi-artificial and full-artificial seedling collection and cell culture. The expected effect was achieved, and the seed production of Porphyra haitanensis was improved to the level of full manual control. After popularization in production, a large number of nursery outlets have been formed. At the same time, the production of reef-attached cultivation in vegetable altar was upgraded to a semi-floating production mode with net curtain, which expanded the aquaculture water area and created a new situation of laver production in Fujian Province.
Through long-term investigation and study, Zhu Shuping put forward the view that "resources are declining and should be protected" in the early 1960s, regardless of criticism and pressure, and actively expounded it on many occasions. But it was never adopted. It was not until 1978 after his death that the facts and arguments of "resource decline" were recognized by the world.