First, the significance of strengthening the construction of landscape culture
(A) Strengthening the construction of landscape culture is an urgent need to enhance the core competitiveness of Shanxi tourism industry.
As we all know, one of the major challenges facing the current tourism industry is the increasingly fierce market competition. Looking back on the development of Shanxi tourism since the reform and opening up, it can be roughly divided into three stages of competition:
The first stage is the project competition. Reform and opening up have revitalized all industries. Tourism, which is very strange to traditional China people, also came into being. At this stage, whoever can take the lead in opening up natural or cultural landscapes will attract tourists' attention. So the characteristics of this stage can be summarized as four words: "You have nothing but me". Any place is competitive as long as it can get decent tourism projects.
The second stage is advertising competition. People began to realize that tourism is a profitable new industry, so they rely on mountains to eat mountains and water to eat water. Where there are natural or human resources, they develop resources into tourist landscapes, and where there are no resources, they try their best to open up artificial landscapes for tourism. After several years of efforts, tourism projects in various places have begun to take shape. In order to compete for tourists, all localities spared no expense to create publicity, and the competition in the tourism market developed into advertising competition. The characteristics of this stage can also be summarized as four words: "You have my ring". Everyone has several well-known tourism products, but which one is stimulated by advertisements and well publicized is more competitive.
The third stage is cultural competition. With the maturity of the tourism market, more and more tourists participate in tourism and are well informed. In the past, advertising alone was not enough to attract public attention, and the competition in the tourism market rose to a new stage, that is, cultural competition. The characteristics of this stage can also be summarized as four words: "You call me special". Unique landscape culture plays an increasingly important role in the competition of tourism market, and strengthening the construction of landscape culture has become the key to the survival and development of a local tourism industry. Because in the case that the landscape hardware conditions are basically finalized, whoever can make amazing innovations in the construction of landscape culture with large flexible space will be able to occupy the commanding heights and take the initiative in the fierce market competition.
(2) Strengthening the construction of landscape culture is an urgent need to prevent the convergence of Shanxi tourism landscape.
The vitality of tourism landscape lies in personalization. Landscape without or without individual characteristics will be difficult to win in the fierce market competition. But as far as Shanxi is concerned, some tourist landscapes are consciously or unconsciously leaving the misunderstanding of convergence or even similarity. Take the residential compound as an example, there are more than ten compounds that have been opened or are being developed in Jinzhong area alone. Several leading courtyards are almost identical in propaganda, promotion, layout and operation, and even each courtyard has an explanation with the same meaning: "The imperial city looks at the Forbidden City, and the foreign houses look at X homes." This convergent thinking not only failed to expand the visibility of the landscape, but also caused many questions to tourists. The author has been asked by foreign friends more than once, what are the main features of so many quadrangles in Shanxi? In fact, each compound has different cultural connotations. If these characteristics can be refined and displayed, a rich and colorful composite culture with complementary advantages will be formed. At present, this practice of only emphasizing mutual imitation and not highlighting characteristics can only narrow the path of tourism landscape.
The key to creating personalized tourism landscape is not hard elements, but soft elements. The so-called hard elements are the physical elements that can be seen and touched in the landscape. In this respect, as long as you have the strength, you can put in more and output more. You have everything I have. The so-called soft element is an atmosphere, a spirit, attached to the landscape and infiltrated into the landscape. In a word, it is landscape culture. The hardware of landscape is easy to be "cloned", but a good landscape culture cannot be copied.
Experience has proved that the essential difference of landscape lies in culture rather than hard components. Especially in the same type of tourist landscape in the same area, it is difficult to leave a permanent impression simply by relying on external forms. Strengthening the construction of landscape culture is not only the objective need of the diversification of tourism market, but also the fundamental way for landscape groups to get out of the misunderstanding of convergence. In order to survive and develop better, tourism landscape must strive to build landscape culture.
(3) Strengthening the construction of landscape culture is an urgent need to protect and continue the historical and cultural heritage.
From June 5438 to October 2004 10, the ancient city wall of Pingyao, which has a history of thousands of years, suddenly collapsed in a large area, which attracted extensive attention from domestic and foreign media and triggered a debate on the living state and management mode of historical heritage. From the perspective of landscape culture, the experience of Pingyao ancient city wall at least brings us the following two inspirations: First, historical and cultural heritage is a non-renewable scarce resource. When we turn it into cultural capital, we must adhere to the principle of moderation. If we over-exploit, or even regard the historical heritage as a "cash cow", we will lose the precious place to educate future generations on history and culture prematurely. Second, historical heritage is also a living objective existence, which needs human respect and protection. Otherwise, the living landscape will be destroyed or die out in the rolling world of mortals. Therefore, strengthening the construction of landscape culture is essentially to create an environment conducive to the survival and development of landscape, an effective measure to maintain and extend historical and cultural heritage resources, and a concrete manifestation of the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development.
Second, the basic connotation of landscape culture
Culture is a concept without a unified definition, and there are hundreds of definitions of culture in academic circles. But as far as its essence is concerned, it is generally believed that culture is the product of unique creative activities of human beings and the result of humanizing nature by adding humanity to it.
The so-called landscape culture refers to the spiritual concept created and formed by people in their long-term interaction with the landscape, which is embodied in all aspects of landscape construction, maintenance and appropriate development and utilization.
In the specific tourist landscape, landscape culture is roughly reflected in the following four aspects:
(A) the historical origin of the landscape. Any cultural landscape is a product under specific historical conditions and a cultural symbol of the times. A landscape often records a period of history, a story, a symbol and a kind of meaning and value. Landscape is meaningful because of its additional historical and humanistic value, but it is full of vitality and vigor. Without historical and humanistic values, landscape will become unnecessary. The historical and humanistic values of landscape are developing and changing, and the connotation of landscape culture lies in discovering, preserving and enriching this meaning and value first.
(2) The representative symbol of the landscape. Landscape is the carrier of a certain meaning and idea, which is expressed by a series of external symbols. The symbol mentioned here is a broad concept, specifically the physical existence of the landscape, such as the terrace courtyard of the landscape, couplets inscriptions, and even the layout and furnishings. , can be regarded as concrete symbols, and it is these symbols that constitute the solid cultural connotation of the landscape.
(3) Unique ceremony and activity landscape. As a tourist landscape, it is not enough to have solid cultural symbols. Modern tourists hope to see unique ceremonies and activities with traditional culture as the background in a specific landscape. For example, the ceremony of the emperor of Jincheng Imperial City as the city, the scene of the county magistrate's verdict in Pingyao's "The Romance of Yaxian County", and some folk performances of tourism landscape development are all lively cultural contents that tourists like to see and hear.
(4) The humanistic quality and code of conduct of the garden team. Tourism landscape is managed by specific people, and landscape culture is largely reflected by the management concept and mental outlook of the landscape team. As the saying goes, "When you look at a person, you should not only listen to his words, but also observe his actions." People's understanding of a landscape is the same. It depends not only on how the landscape publicizes and promises to the society, but also on how the landscape management team does it. This requires all the staff of the landscape to show certain literacy and cultural connotation when serving tourists, so that the public can feel the excellent culture of the landscape.
Third, the general elements of landscape culture
Elements are the necessary elements of things. The general elements of landscape culture mainly include the following five aspects:
(1) physical environment. Physical environment is the basic element of landscape culture. If there is no visible and tangible landscape entity as the support, landscape culture is impossible to talk about. The physical environment of landscape includes two major contents: First, the internal environment. Mainly garden buildings, cultural relics and facilities. The second is the external environment, mainly the external atmosphere of the scenic spot. Judging from the situation in Shanxi, the internal environment of most tourist landscapes is reasonable at present, but the problem is that the external environment is not satisfactory. For example, in some scenic spots, tourists are chased by various promoters as soon as they get off the bus, which makes the landscape image greatly discounted in the eyes of tourists.
(2) Symbolic system. White, a western scholar, pointed out: "Symbols can be defined as things that users give meaning or value." Therefore, the application of symbols is the production and existence of culture. "All cultures (civilizations) depend on symbols. It is precisely because of the emergence and application of symbolic ability that culture can emerge and exist; It is the use of symbols that makes culture last forever. Without symbols, there is no culture. " According to this theory, we can simplify landscape culture into a system composed of a series of symbols. Specifically, it is divided into two sub-elements: first, fixed symbols, that is, tourists can only experience and share their value or significance if they are there. Second, mobile symbols, such as landscape souvenirs, postcards, atlases and other cultural symbols that tourists can carry. Frankly speaking, Shanxi is far from forming a tourist landscape with a complete symbol system, and the symbol element is a project that every landscape needs to make up lessons seriously.
(3) Read and listen to the text. As the essential content of landscape culture, listening text mainly consists of three parts: one is visual text, the other is auditory text, and the third is network text. Visual texts include scenic spots and objects open to the public, ways to guide tourists to visit and enjoy, and various ceremonies and activities organized by tourists. Auditory texts include commentary, live question and answer, background vocal music, etc. Network text refers to the use of modern high-tech means such as the Internet to digitize and make landscape information dynamic. Good reading and listening to the text can reflect the whole landscape, help the public understand the significance and value of landscape cultural symbols, and bring tourists all-round beauty enjoyment and memory. At present, the vast majority of tourist landscapes in Shanxi do not have reading texts in a strict sense, and they are still at the primary reading level of architecture and tour guides, which cannot meet the diversified reading and listening needs of tourists, which is urgently needed to make up and improve.
(4) tour guide team. "Tourism depends entirely on tour guides." This sentence vividly illustrates the important position and role of tour guides in the spread of landscape culture. In fact, the tour guide is the soul of the landscape, and what kind of tour guide will bring to the public what kind of landscape culture. Not long ago, the author visited Wuyishan, which has the laurel of world natural and cultural heritage. The bamboo raft guide in Jiuquxi Scenic Area left an unforgettable impression on everyone. During the nearly two-hour water tour, the tour guide will tell every scene, answer every question, and connect the significance and value of each scenic spot with today's social life, which is full of fun and memorable. It is understood that in order to make the golden project of bamboo raft tour bigger and stronger, Wuyishan Scenic Area specially holds tourism courses, and selects young and strong young men and women from graduates as boaters and tour guides to expand the visibility of the scenic spot through their explanations along the way. "Southeast Five Wonders" is the creation of nature, but it is also inseparable from a high-quality tour guide team in the scenic spot. Facts show that the tour guide team is an indispensable and important factor in landscape culture.
(5) Humanistic care. Tourism landscape is a special place for humanistic activities, and humanistic care occupies a very prominent position in the construction of landscape culture. Specifically, the humanistic care of tourism landscape is eight words: safety, convenience, honesty and consideration. The so-called safety is to strengthen the safety awareness of tourists in various ways, and at the same time do a good job in dealing with public crises. The so-called convenience is to maximize the convenience for tourists in terms of landscape game rules and service facilities. The so-called honesty means doing everything possible to fulfill the promise and doing our best to meet the legitimate needs of tourists in all aspects. The so-called consideration is to treat VIPs and the masses, groups and individual travelers equally, and never favor one over the other.
Fourthly, strengthen the practical path of landscape culture construction.
Understanding the important role and basic connotation of landscape culture construction aims at solving the problem of how to strengthen the construction of tourism landscape culture. As far as Shanxi is concerned, the following three aspects should be done at present:
First, establish a sense of landscape culture. Tourism is also a kind of cultural productivity, which has become the consensus of the whole party and society. At present, many places have tasted the sweetness of developing tourism economy and are willing to spend time and money on tourism landscape construction, but they have not paid due attention to tourism landscape culture construction. As we all know, the main part of the economic value of tourism products is not material value, but cultural aesthetic value. If we don't pay attention to the development and utilization of landscape culture, we can't produce lasting tourism capital. In this regard, some places in Shanxi have learned a profound lesson. To really attach importance to the tourism economy, we must firmly establish the awareness of landscape culture in thought, attach equal importance to landscape culture construction in specific work, and pay equal attention to both landscape construction and cultural construction.
Second, carry out landscape culture research. The construction of landscape culture involves many disciplines and needs certain academic theoretical basis and support. At present, there are many units engaged in the planning and development of tourist attractions in Shanxi, but there is no institution specializing in landscape culture research. Relevant departments should focus on tourism landscape cultural projects, integrate their strength, build a platform, and carry out relevant research in a targeted manner. We can consider selecting several representative tourist landscapes from the whole province to conduct in-depth and detailed investigation, diagnose the cultural defects of the landscape from the perspective of individual cases, enrich the cultural connotation of the landscape, and then enhance the social image and economic benefits of the whole tourist landscape.
Third, formulate landscape cultural policies. The construction of landscape culture is inseparable from policy guidance. On the basis of investigation and study, formulate the development outline of tourism landscape culture in the whole province, unify the normative requirements of landscape culture construction, and formulate the corresponding evaluation index system and reward and punishment measures. By summing up experience and choosing tree type, we can create a strong atmosphere of landscape culture construction and shape a brand-new image of Shanxi tourism landscape with excellent landscape culture.
In a word, strengthening the construction of tourism landscape culture is a great article related to the sustainable development of Shanxi tourism and an important aspect of a strong cultural province. At present, Shanxi has made remarkable achievements in using unique historical resources to build a strong cultural province strategy and cultural industry, and the time is ripe to strengthen the construction of tourism landscape culture. The author throws a brick to attract jade on this issue, with a view to attracting more extensive attention and deeper discussion.
5A-level scenic spots:
Yungang Grottoes are located at the foot of Wuzhou Mountain, which is 16 km west of Datong City. Dig by the mountain, stretching from east to west 1 km. The national key cultural relics protection unit is one of the three major cave groups in China, and it is also a world-renowned art treasure house. Because the grottoes were built in the foothills of Wuzhou, their highest name was Yungang, hence the name Yungang Grottoes. There are 53 existing caves and 5 1000 stone carvings. The highest Buddha statue is 17 meters, and the smallest is only a few centimeters. The south cliff of Wuzhou Mountain stretches for one kilometer from east to west. The niches in Yungang Grottoes are as dense as honeycombs, and large, medium and small caves are densely embedded in Yungang. Stone Buddha, stone statue, stone horse, stone carving and relief are gathered here, which is one of the largest stone carving groups in China. Yungang Grottoes have a history of 1500 years. It was founded in 453 AD (the second year of Xing 'an in Northern Wei Dynasty) and was excavated by Yao Tan, a monk at that time. Most of them were completed in 495 AD, which lasted more than 40 years. Together with the rest of the caves, it took nearly 50 years. More than 40,000 people participated in the excavation, and even Buddhists in the Lion Country (Sri Lanka) participated in this world-famous artistic creation.
Wutai Mountain is located in the northeast of Shanxi Province and belongs to the northern end of Taihang Mountain System. It spans more than 500 miles across Wuzhou, covering Wutai County, Fan Shi County, Daixian County, Yuanping County and Dingxiang County. Taihuai Town in the central area is 90 kilometers away from Wutai County, 0/60 kilometers away from Xinzhou City and 240 kilometers away from Taiyuan City, the capital of Shanxi Province.
4A-level scenic spot
Qiaojia Courtyard is located in the beautiful and rich Jinzhong Basin, Qiaojiabao Village,12km northeast of Qixian County, 50km away from Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and forms a one-day tour pattern with the famous scenic spots of China Zhouyi Palace, yanshou temple, Jiugou Scenic Area, Qujia Courtyard, Mingqing Street and Changyuchuan in Qixian County.
Jinci, one of the national key cultural relics protection units, is located at the foot of Hanging Wengshan Mountain, 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City. Jinci was originally built to commemorate the second son of King Wu and the establishment of the State of Jin in the early Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century). The founding date is no longer available. There are records about Jinci Temple in Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which shows that it was quite famous at that time.
Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River is located in the bed of the Yellow River in the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge, 45km west of Jixian County and165km away from Linfen City. It is the largest yellow waterfall in the world and is famous for its majestic momentum at home and abroad. There are mountains on both sides of this place, and a huge ditch is washed out on the rocks at the bottom of the river, which is 30 meters wide and about 50 meters deep. The rolling yellow water flows here and flows backwards. If the horse goes straight into the river ditch, the waves will roll and roar, and the shock will be audible for miles. Its shape is like a boiling giant pot, hence the name. The waves of the Yellow River stirred up clouds of fog and smoke. With the increase of water mist, the smoke turns from yellow to gray and from gray to blue, and the scenery is beautiful, which is called "underwater smoke". Hukou Waterfall not only has the wonders of "smoking underwater" and "colorful bridges reaching the sky", but also has the saying of "sailing on dry land". When the upstream ships arrive here, they must go ashore and get out of the water, and they can only enter the water after being carried by people or transported by car around the hukou (so-called "dry land navigation"). For thousands of years, nothing has changed.
Pujiu Temple is located on the Emei Plateau in Yongji County, southwest Shanxi Province. Gupuzhou city site in the south and Xixiang village in the east. The temple site is towering, full of pines and cypresses, with the Yellow River Bay in the west and the water surging; In the east, Zhongtiao Mountain stands like a barrier, with a wide field of vision, which is refreshing. Under the tableland, there is a wide long street at the bottom of the slope, which is the ancient post road leading to Chang 'an. This is the location of China's famous historical drama The West Chamber. There is a square brick tower in the temple, formerly known as stupa, commonly known as Yingying Tower. This tower, together with Beijing Tiantan Echo Wall, Henan Baolun Temple Tower and Sichuan Tongnan Giant Buddha Temple "Qin Shi", is called the four existing echo wall buildings in China. It is also known as the six wonders of the world with the Shaking Tower in Shan State, Szolnok Music Tower, Burj Dubai in Marquez, the Bell Tower in Paris, and the Leaning Tower in Pisa, Italy.
Imperial City Xiangfu Imperial City Xiangfu is the former residence of Chen Tingjing, a teacher of Emperor Kangxi of China in Qing Dynasty, the director of Kangxi Dictionary and a university student of Wenyuange. Located in Huangcheng Village, Beiliu Town, Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province. The pillow mountain is close to the water, the city wall is magnificent, and the building is simple and elegant. It is a unique castle-style building complex.
Lingshi Wang Jia Courtyard is located in Jingsheng Town, about 0/2km east of Lingshi County, Shaanxi Province. It is 35 kilometers away from Pingyao ancient city, 4 kilometers away from Mianshan in Jiexiu, and 2 kilometers away from Zishou Temple, where the 18th Luohan returned overseas Chinese. It is a boutique tourist route launched by Shanxi Province in recent years with the advantages of "famous city, famous mountain, famous courtyard and famous temple". Tongpu Railway and National Highway 108 run through the county. The Lingshi exit of the newly opened Dayun Expressway is 2 kilometers away from Wang Jia Courtyard, and the traffic is very convenient.
Mianshan, a scenic spot in Jiexiu City, also known as Jieshan, is located 20 kilometers southeast of Jiexiu City, belonging to Taiyue Mountain Range, at the junction of Jiexiu, Lingshi and Qinyuan counties, stretching for more than 50 kilometers with an altitude of 2O72 meters. Mianshan is a provincial-level scenic spot, with high mountains and steep cliffs, dense forests of pines and cypresses and beautiful natural scenery.
Hengshan Mountain, also known as Changshan Mountain, is located at Hunyuan South 10 km and 62 km away from Datong City. It is also known as the Five Mountains with Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Hengshan in Nanyue and Songshan in Zhongyue, and is famous at home and abroad.
Pingyao Shuanglin Temple Painted Sculpture Art Museum Pingyao Shuanglin Temple Painted Sculpture Art Museum is a Buddhist art museum. Shuanglin Temple is located in the north of Qiaotou Village, southwest of Pingyao County, Shanxi Province. Shuanglin Temple is a national cultural relic protection unit. 1988, a colored plastic art museum was established here.
Jiezhou Guandi Temple Tourist Area, called Liang Jie in ancient times, is the hometown of Guan Yu, a famous Shu-Han scholar in the Three Kingdoms period. Jiezhou Town, located at the southwest of Yuncheng City15km away. Zhenxi has the largest existing Guandi Temple in China, commonly known as Jiezhou Guandi Temple, which is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Pingyao elegant museum is located in the southwest of Pingyao ancient city, facing south, covering an area of about 26,000 square meters. The county government is divided into left, middle and right roads. From south to north on the central axis, there are yamen, Yimen, archway, lobby, zhaimen, Ertang and Neizhai in turn. , and extend outward to Nanheng Street. At present, the county hall is being restored, and only the hall 2, the inner hall and the wing on the right side of the hall 2 can be seen. These quadrangles basically retain the characteristics of the Ming and Qing governments and have a solemn momentum.
Hongtong pagoda tree roots-seeking ancestral home scenic spot Hongtong County, north of Jia Cun, there is Guangji Temple in Ming Dynasty on the west side, and there is a pagoda tree planted in Han Dynasty on the left side of the temple, which is flourishing and leafy, with several feet high and several acres of shade. Dayun Road runs through its east, and the traffic is very convenient. The Ming government moved Shanxi people to other places many times, and Hongdong, which pursues a large population, and immigrants from nearby areas are concentrated here. Reluctant to leave, the relocated immigrants often look back, and the ancient pagoda has become the most unforgettable symbol when the immigrants leave. Today, in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, there are still two common sayings: "Ask me where my hometown is, the locust tree in Hongdong, Shanxi." The ancient Sophora japonica in Han dynasty has long since disappeared, and the second generation of Sophora japonica has dried up. The third generation of Sophora japonica is thriving and flourishing, as tall and straight as the ancient Sophora japonica in Han Dynasty. In order to commemorate the ancient Huai, in 19 1 1 year, an exquisite and unique pavilion with carved beams and painted buildings, cornices and arches was built in the ancient Huai of Han Dynasty.
China Bank Museum Rishengchang, the first bank in China, is located in the bustling area of Pingyao Gucheng West Street, the first financial street in Daqing. The whole site covers an area of 2324 square meters, with compact land and distinctive functions. It took more than 100 years from the establishment to the bankruptcy of the draft bank in the early years of Qing Daoguang, which was once the "bull's ear" of China finance. Semicolons are distributed in 35 large and medium-sized cities all over the country, and their business is as far away as Europe, America, Southeast Asia and other countries. It is famous for "connecting the world" and is praised by Yu Xiansheng as the "country grandfather" of banks in China. (Yu's Shame on Shanxi) It is such a small courtyard, which pioneered the national bank in China and once manipulated the economic lifeline of the whole Qing Dynasty in the19th century.
Yongle Palace Tourist Area in Ruicheng County The Yongle Palace in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province is a Taoist temple, formerly known as Da Chunyang Wanshou Palace. The ruins of the palace were originally located in Yongle town, 20 kilometers west of Ruicheng. According to relevant books and inscriptions in the palace, it is the birthplace of Lv Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals of Taoism. After Lu's death, the villagers changed his former residence into a "shrine". At the end of Jin Dynasty, the story of Lv Dongbin spread further and further, and the number of believers gradually increased, and the ancestral temple was expanded into a Taoist temple, which was later burned in the third year of Emperor Taizong (123 1). The present Yongle Palace was built in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, Qiu Chuji, the leader of Quanzhen religion, was very popular in the imperial court. This sect was founded by Lv Dongbin, so the emperor ordered the view to be upgraded to a palace. He also sent Pan Dechong, a Taoist priest in the north and south of Hedong, to preside over the construction of the palace. In fifteen years, Zhongtong completed the main building in three years (1262), and Zheng Zheng completed the mural painting in eighteen years (1358). The construction period is more than 1 10 years, which is almost the same as that in the Yuan Dynasty. Although it was slightly repaired in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it basically retained the original appearance of the Yuan Dynasty. After liberation, the former site of Yongle Palace was in the flooded area of Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project, which lasted for 7 years. From 65438 to 0959, all buildings and murals were moved to the new site for restoration and preservation.
Pingyao Confucian Temple Gong Xue Museum Pingyao Confucian Temple is the sixth largest Confucian Temple in China. The earliest existing Confucius Temple in China; The most complete preserved Confucius Temple complex in China; The largest statue group of Confucius and Confucian sages in China; The largest existing exhibition of the history of China Imperial Examination in China; The only professional photography museum in China.