1 What is hemoptysis? Hemoptysis refers to any part of the throat and its lower respiratory tract that coughs up through the mouth. Cough blood volume is not completely related to the severity of the disease. A small amount of hemoptysis should be differentiated from nasopharyngeal and oral bleeding. Nosebleeds often flow from the nostrils, and the bleeding focus is often located in the front and lower part of the nasal septum; There is bleeding in the back of the nasal cavity, and the patient feels that there is a foreign body in the pharynx because the blood flows down from the back nostril along the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall.

What is the problem of hemoptysis? Hemoptysis is often caused by respiratory and circulatory diseases, but also by trauma, other systemic diseases or systemic factors. The amount of hemoptysis depends on the etiology or the nature of the lesion. When a large number of hemoptysis occurs, blood is ejected from the nose and mouth, which can sometimes block the respiratory tract and cause suffocation, or cause severe blood loss and shock. According to literature reports, the mortality rate of asphyxia or hemorrhagic shock complicated with massive hemoptysis can reach 50% ~ 100%, among which the number of asphyxia deaths is more than hemorrhagic shock. A small amount of hemoptysis is sometimes only ignored by blood in sputum.

Causes of hemoptysis 1: Respiratory diseases Bronchial diseases are common causes of hemoptysis, including bronchiectasis, bronchial lung cancer, bronchial tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis. Its occurrence is due to the damage of inflammation and tumor to bronchial mucosa and capillaries at the focus, which increases their permeability or causes the rupture of blood vessels under the motor membrane.

The common diseases of lung disease are tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung abscess and so on. In China, tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of hemoptysis. The common pulmonary tuberculosis lesions that cause hemoptysis are infiltration, cavitation and caseous pneumonia. Its mechanism is that pathological changes increase capillary permeability, which can be bloodshot, blood spots or small blood clots in sputum; Small blood vessels burst due to pathological erosion, showing moderate hemoptysis; Small aneurysm or rupture of arteriovenous fistula caused by secondary bronchiectasis can cause massive hemoptysis.

4 Causes of hemoptysis II: Common causes of circulatory diseases include rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis, hypertensive heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, aortic aneurysm, pulmonary infarction, etc. Mitral valve stenosis can lead to pulmonary congestion, leading to the rupture of capillaries in alveolar wall or endobronchial membrane, and often a small amount of hemoptysis or congested sputum. Bleeding from the rupture of bronchial submucosal varicose veins is often massive hemoptysis. Some congenital heart diseases, such as atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, can also cause pulmonary hypertension. Because there is collateral circulation between pulmonary vein and bronchus, the increase of pulmonary vein pressure can increase the pressure of subendothelial venules in bronchus, leading to varicose bleeding.