Liu Zongyuan's major works include: Jiang Xue, Early Plum, Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States, Farewell to Dreams, Reading Classics with Zhao in the Temple in the Morning, etc. Font size: font thickness. Time: Tang Dynasty. Ethnic group: Han nationality. Place of birth: Chang 'an. Date of birth: 773. Time of death: 819165438+1October 28th. Nicknames: Mr. Hedong, Liu Longzhou. Main achievements: Advocating the ancient prose movement, which is one of the "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
About the details of Liu Zongyuan, we will introduce you from the following aspects:
I. Liu Zongyuan's Poems Click here to view Liu Zongyuan's details.
Xiao Shi Tang Ji, Jiang Xue Ji, Eight Records of Yongzhou Ji, Cobalt Tanxi Mountain Ji, Fisherman's Father, Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States, Snake Catcher's Talk, Playing Chrysanthemum, Drinking, Camel Planting Biography, Biemeng, etc.
Second, literary achievements.
Although Liu Zongyuan only lived to be 46 years old, he made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, ci fu, prose, travel notes, fables, prose, literary theory and so on. Liu Zongyuan left a lot of poems in his life. His poems are mainly about expressing melancholy, grief, homesickness and friendship, and they are deep and gloomy, forming their own family. What is most praised by the world is those leisurely landscapes with deep feelings. Wen's achievements are greater than poetry. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which have not broken away from the habits of parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, but there are also masterpieces like Yunsuiyang Temple Monument in Antarctica. The anthology of Liu Zongyuan, edited by Liu Yuxi, is called the anthology of Mr Hedong, which was published by Mu Xiu in the early Song Dynasty. There are 45 volumes of Liu's Exegetical Collection of Song Dynasty collected in Sikuquanshu, including 2 volumes, and the newly compiled volume 1, which is the earliest extant Liu Collection. There are 43 volumes, 2 of which are collected by him and 2 of which are collected outside. The Collected Works of Mr. Song Tongzong, Zhang Dunyi and Pan annotate 1 volume, and there are four copies, which are the earliest photocopies at present. Song Tongzong said that the 45-volume New Collection of Liu Tang's Works was printed by Song Jianzhou and is now in the Beijing Library. In Song Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong edited and annotated 500 Collected Works of Mr. Liu, including 2 volumes of Waiji, 65,438+0 newly edited Waiji, 2 volumes of Longcheng Record, 8 volumes of appendix, and a photocopy of Wenyuan Pavilion. The Collection of Mr. Hedong compiled and annotated by Liao in Song Dynasty consists of 45 volumes, with 2 volumes outside, with addenda and appendices. , is the last annotation of the Song Dynasty. There was a rare edition of Song and Tang Dynasties, which was printed by Shanghai Editorial Department of Zhonghua Book Company and reprinted by Shanghai People's Publishing House. In the Ming Dynasty, forty-five volumes, five volumes, legacy notes and appendices of Liuhe Dongji compiled by Jiang adopted the old notes, but most of them were made by Jiang himself. There are three classics of Ming dynasty, and four sets of typography. Liu Zongyuan attaches great importance to the content of the article, advocates that the text should be the main one, and believes that "Tao" should benefit the country and the people and is practical. He attaches importance to the social function of literature and emphasizes that literature should be beneficial to the world. He advocates the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form, points out that writing must be serious and emphasizes the importance of writers' moral cultivation. He admired the articles of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and proposed to learn from Confucian classics, Zhuangzi, Laozi, Li Sao and Historical Records. And learn from it, thinking that it can be used by me, but don't give up eating because of choking. In terms of poetic theory, he inherited the tradition that Liu Xie advocated Bi Xing and Chen Ziang advocated Ji Xing. It is consistent with Bai Juyi's proposition about satirical poems in the Yuan zaju Jiushu. His theory of poetry and prose represents the progressive tendency of the literary movement at that time.
Liu Zongyuan's poems, with a collection of more than 140, are one of the few in the Tang Dynasty. Many people come forth in large numbers and a hundred flowers blossom, but many of them have been handed down from generation to generation. On the basis of his unique life experience, thoughts and feelings, he drew lessons from the artistic experience of his predecessors, exerted his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing one school at that time. Liu Zongyuan's existing poems are mostly works after being relegated to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and diverse genres. His narrative poems are simple in writing and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. Lyrics are better at expressing their feelings euphemistically and profoundly with fresh and cool writing. No matter what genre it is, it is meticulously written and has a long lasting appeal. It shows extremely deep feelings in a simple style and presents a unique look. Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes. There are more than 40 pieces of Liu Shi/KLOC-0, all of which were written after relegation. He, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei are also called "Wang Meng". Some of his five ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language and elegant and meaningful style. Influenced by Xie Lingyun, other ancient Five Dynasties coined exquisite words, mixed with Hyunri, and even learned from Xie Shi when doing problems. However, Liu's poems can contain bitterness, similarities and differences in beauty. In addition, Liu's poem "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States", which is famous for his generosity and compassion for health, is a famous work of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains of Jiang Xue are also rare in the Tang Dynasty. In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. & lt& lt Eight Chapters of Yongzhou; ; It became the masterpiece of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes. Liu Zongyuan's comments include philosophy, political theory and other essays mainly focusing on comments. Sharp pen, accurate argument. Tian Shuo is a masterpiece of philosophical papers. Feudalism and Heavenly Punishment are representative works of medium and long political papers. Jin Wengong's "Defending the Original Motion", "Debate between Dong Brothers" and Yi Yin's "Five Opinions on Street Praise" are representatives of political papers. There are simple materialistic elements in his philosophical thoughts, which are embodied in the theory of heaven, the opposition of heaven, non-official language and feudalism: (1) denying the mysterious heaven, the chaos of the universe and the vitality of movement. The so-called sky is an element of nature, and there is no supreme sky that can dominate people's destiny. Everything in the world changes as a result of vitality movement. There is no mysterious external force. (2) Heaven and man do not predict each other. In the relationship between heaven and man, he believes that heaven and man do not interfere with each other, and advocates attaching importance to personnel rather than empty talk about destiny and ghosts. ⑶ Explain the superstition of ghosts and gods from the source of epistemology. People's superstition of ghosts and gods is a sign of weakness. If people master norms and laws and have enough manpower to dominate nature, they will not believe in ghosts and gods. His political thoughts are mainly embodied in the progressive social historical view that emphasizes "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought. But also influenced by Buddhism, especially when they are frustrated politically, they often seek spiritual liberation from Buddhism.
Allegory Liu Zongyuan's fables inherited and developed the traditions of Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lu Chunqiu, Liezi and the Warring States Policy, and were mostly used to satirize and attack the ugly phenomena of the society at that time, bring forth the new and skillfully use various anthropomorphic animal artistic images to express philosophical or political views. Representative works include Three Commandments (Linjiang Elk, Guizhou Donkey, Yongmou Mouse), Biography, Lieshuo and so on. Laughing and cursing, because things are small, show a high degree of humor and irony.
Biography inherits the tradition of Historical Records and Hanshu, and makes some innovations. Representative works include Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Biography of Zi Ren, Biography of Hejian, Theory of Snake Catcher, etc. Some works are exaggerated and fictional on the basis of real people and stories, just like fables and novels. Such as Biography of Song Qing, Biography of Planting Trees and Camels, Biography of Children's Areas.
Yan Yu, a poet of Sao Dynasty, said: "Only Hou Zi of Tang Dynasty got Sao studies." This theory is very pertinent. Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. His ci and fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan. This may be because although they are separated by thousands of years, they are similar in thought, experience, ambition and personality. "Old Tang Book" said that Liu Zongyuan was "a fugitive with a bumpy life (family B). There are dozens of essays that express the sorrow of Sao people, write emotional narratives, and the words are moving, and all visitors are sad. " How similar it is to Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Poems" and "Ten Sao Poems" are really excellent works in the prose literature of the Tang Dynasty. Whether focusing on expressing feelings or reciting things, they are sincere and rich in content. The forms of Li Sao and Nine Chapters are used in Punishment and Blame Fu, Sheng Min Fu, Dream Gui Fu and Prison Mountain Fu. Or express one's mind directly, or borrow ancient times to hurt oneself, or borrow fables to express irony and think hard, which won the essence of Qu Sao. "Tian Dui" and "Jin Wen" are another type, imitating Tian Wen and Qi Fa, with strange and profound words. In addition, there are many Buddhist steles, inscriptions, notes, prefaces and postscripts, poems and other works in Liu Jizhong, involving Zen, Tiantai Sect, Buddhism and other theories.
Landscape Travels Liu Zongyuan's travels are the most popular, all written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are even better. Eight Notes of Yongzhou: Travel Notes on the First Banquet of Xishan Mountain, a total collection of altars, a total collection of Xishan Mountain, Xiaoshitang, Yuanjiake, Shiqu, Shijian and Xiaoshicheng Mountain. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. Eight Records of Yongzhou was written four years after Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was exiled to Yongzhou, which is now Yongzhou, Hunan Province, because of the failure of political reform. The articles are all some scenery near Yongzhou at that time. The article is short, light, concise and fluent, which has been praised by all previous dynasties. Among them, the story of Xiaoshitang is the most famous. Through his own pen, the author described a quiet and peaceful scenery in Xiaoshitang. The article is fascinating and endless. At first, Xiaoshitang was presented by hearing its sound first and then seeing its shape. Write a pool with fish, then the clarity of the pool water can be imagined; People who write about fish are happy beyond words. The author's image is vivid, subtle, economical and superb. At the end, it is written in a quiet and quiet environment, a sad feeling and a blend of scenes.
Third, family background.
When his family was in the Northern Dynasty, Liu was a famous aristocratic family, and he was also called "Hedong Three Surnames" with Xue and Pei. Liu Zongyuan once proudly said: "The division of Liu nationality is higher in the north. It is filled with stones, and the world is heavy. " Liu Zongyuan's eighth to sixth ancestors were court officials, and the fifth ancestor was the secretariat of Sizhou. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the Liu family had a close relationship with the Li royal family. During the reign alone, 23 members of the Liu family lived in Guanshu at the same time. However, during the Yonghui period, the Liu family was repeatedly persecuted by Wu Zetian. By the time Liu Zongyuan was born, his family had declined, and Liu Zongyuan's great-grandfather and grandfather were only small officials like county magistrates. His father, Jin Ryu, served as a doctor in the last years of Tianbao in Xuanzong, and continued to be an official after the Anshi Rebellion. His official position has been very low. Liu Zongyuan's mother, Lu, was born in the famous Lu family, but her family has declined. She has two daughters and one son, and Liu Zongyuan is the youngest. His two daughters, Cui Shi in Shandong and Shi Pei in Hedong, are both declining old aristocrats. Liu Zongyuan said with emotion that by his generation, Liu had "studied for nothing since May and June". The Anshi Rebellion caused another great impact on the Liu family. During the war, Jin Ryu sent his mother to the King of Wu for refuge, and she and her family fled to Wudi. In the south, it was once hard to make a living, and sometimes there was no salary. Liu Zongyuan's mother often starves herself to feed her children. Liu Zongyuan's family background has made him yearn for the "virtue" and "success" of his ancestors. He often describes the status and glory of his ancestors in a proud tone, showing a strong desire to revive our nation and a persistent pursuit of fame.
The Liu family, whose date of birth and death is unknown, is famous. He was born in Hedong (now Yongji West, Shanxi). Poets in Tang Dynasty. He is the same clan as Liu Zongyuan, a famous scholar in the middle Tang Dynasty, and a poetry friend with Li Duan, a ten-gifted scholar in Dali. Xiao is a famous scholar, likes his talent and marries his daughter. He was appointed as Cao Taizu of Hongzhou, but he did not accept it. Liu Zongxuan is the cousin of Liu Zongyuan, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty. He was once mentioned as "fellow traveler, Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Jade Emperor Zong Xuan, and then a servant, Cui Shi Erxiaosheng, who said that he would forgive himself and serve him." Other details of him are unknown.
Liu Zongyuan, his wife and children, first married Yang's wife Hong Jia. Tang Zhenyuan died at the age of 27 on 15 (799). When he was in Yongzhou, Ji Bo, a Mourning Tomb, showed that he had a daughter and a mother who died later. After Zongyuan died in Liuzhou, his friend Liu Yuxi said in the article "Sacrifice to Liu Yuan": "I swear to make Saturday my own son." Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou said: "Zi Hou has two sons, one is Saturday, the other is four years old, and the other is qi zhou. Zi Hou died and was born. " Liu Zongyuan has two sons. But where will you go after Saturday and July? What did you do? There is no record. Liu Zongyuan has two sons and two daughters, the eldest son is Saturday, the second son is Monday and the two daughters are unknown. "Zi Hou has two sons and two people, who are longer than Saturday and began at the age of four; On the seventh day of the season, Houzi was born; Both women are very young. " -Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou
Four. introduce
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), a native of Hedong County (now Yuncheng Yongji), was called "Liu Hedong" and "Mr. Hedong". Liu Yuxi, also known as Liu Liuzhou, was a writer, philosopher, essayist and thinker in the Tang Dynasty. His ancestral home was Hedong (now Yongji and Ruicheng in Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province). He and Han Yu jointly advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty, known as Liu Han. Also known as "Liu Liu" with Liu Yuxi. Also known as "Wang Meng" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. Together with Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Tang Dynasty, they are called "the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". One of the "Four Great Writers". Tang Dezong was a scholar in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) and passed the course of erudition and macro-speech five years later. He has successively served as Zheng Yu of Jixian Hall, He Wei of Lantian County, and served as the supervisor of the empire (that is, the trainee empire). During Yong Zhenyuan's reign (805), he participated in the political reform movement led by Wang. After the failure of innovation, Wang was killed, and Liu Zongyuan was demoted from the central government to the local government, first as the secretariat of Shaozhou, then as Sima of Yongzhou (now Hunan), and ten years later as the secretariat of Liuzhou. 8 19 died in Liuzhou.
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