People's Daily played an extremely important role in the occurrence and development of the Revolution of 1911.
According to the decision of the joint meeting of Wuhan Revolutionary Organization, the uprising was originally scheduled to be held on1October 6 (Mid-Autumn Festival) 10, and the uprising headquarters decided to change it to August 20 (1 1). However, at noon on August 8 10/9/kloc-0, Sun Wu, the head of the * * * Progress Committee, assembled a bomb in Baoshan Li 14, a Russian concession in Hankou, which accidentally exploded and many people were arrested. 10 On the morning of June (August 19), Peng Chufan, Liu Fuji and Yang Hongsheng were killed. That night, the first shot rang out from the Eighth Battalion of the Project, and the uprising broke out in an all-round way. 65438+1October11(August 20) Rebels captured the headquarters, Ruicheng fled to Chu-Yu warships, and eight towns ruled Zhang Biao and fled to Hankou. Although the above report in People's Daily is brief, it is generally correct except for a few mistakes.
65438+ 10 65438+March, Yu Youren wrote a short article about the blood in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under the pseudonym SAO Xin. Moire:
Autumn wind rises, horses are fat, weapons fly with blood. Shujuan cried blood, the ghost cried wolf, and the Yellow Crane Tower suddenly raised the revolutionary flag. Hey! The upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are really busy in July and August! What is my song? I cried!
Another kind of cloud:
Oh! The Shujiang tide meets the Hanjiang tide, and the waves are sky-high! I boarded the Wusong estuary yesterday, but overlooking the Yangtze River, all the blood was rolling. These three days, heaven and earth changed color for it! Hey!
Revolutionaries are the sons of all evil, so they do the opposite and want chaos in the world. What is this? Create a revolutionary party.
Oh, my god Oh, my god Who is the culprit, let the world erosion at this point, * * * not guilty!
Wuchang Uprising made Yu Youren very happy. Through the lines, we can see his heart pounding. But at that time, Shanghai was still under the rule of Qing Dynasty, so Yu Youren's article was written implicitly. It mainly blamed the Qing dynasty, but did not directly support the revolution.
(Photo) Song, the chief writer of People's Daily, was a great forerunner of the democratic revolution, the main founder of the Republic of China, and the first politician who advocated the cabinet system in the early years of the Republic of China.
The People's Daily 14 published the editorial "Debate during the War" signed by Fisherman (Song), cheering that "foreign countries have recognized the revolutionary army as a warring group, but remain neutral to the revolutionary army", and at the same time published a small photo of Li, which made the attitude of supporting the revolution more clear. Not only that, it also published "important news about China accident" in columns in London and Tokyo. The Times said: "All the people in China are deeply opposed to bad politics, and this bloodshed is of great benefit to China's future of saving the country." The Tokyo newspaper said: "This time, the Hubei Revolutionary Army took the opportunity to move quickly, saying that its marching laws were strict, did not disturb the people, did not harm the lives and property of outsiders, and protected the public order of the people, which won civilization. This level is indeed higher than that of Turkey and Mexico. "Taking China Uprising as the topic, it is the editor's ingenuity and painstaking efforts to publicize the just patriotic nature and high" civilization "of Wuchang Uprising through the mouth of foreign newspapers.
Oriental times
1904 June 12 was founded by Di Baoxian in Shanghai. At first, the newspaper was funded by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, but his remarks were not completely satisfactory to Kang and Liang. From the main point of view, it is the mouthpiece of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Constitutionalists. Wuchang Uprising was quite unexpected for the newspaper. Because of 65438+1October 1 1, an article was published criticizing the Hubei authorities in the Qing Dynasty for being "suspicious and making much ado about nothing", but the uprising actually happened. 10 10/2, this newspaper published a group of "special telegrams", mainly including:
◆ Hubei Revolutionary Party and Eight Towns New Army joined hands. Last night (the night of 19), the uprising began, the headquarters was besieged and bombs were thrown, and the whole headquarters was destroyed. The Du Rui security team protected the city from being killed, and now it is moved to the Chu-Yu warship (Hankou TEX at noon on the 20th).
First, the revolutionary party is plotting in Wuhan. I communicated with the army a few months ago, delivered ordnance and made various arrangements. It was originally scheduled to respond at the same time as Guangzhou in April. Because of the failure of Guangzhou and the strict defense of Hubei, it was quiet for the time being. Sichuan rebellion, Hubei army rushed into Sichuan, the provincial capital was empty, and took the opportunity to launch an uprising. Originally scheduled for 15, it was rescheduled for 18, and it was planned to besiege the Governor's Office, which was investigated by the British, French and German consuls and reported this change to the Swiss Governor in secret. /kloc-on the afternoon of 0/8, the city was ordered to be closed for search. At first, more than 30 people were arrested in Xiaochao Street, including two women's parties, and several bombs were found. I was told to punish the first three first. The next day, the city was still blocked and searched, but the revolutionary party saw that the plan had been exhausted, so it began an uprising on the afternoon of the 20th. (Defending Hankou TEPCO on 20th)
(Photo) Kang Youwei was once one of the patrons of the times.
The Times is a big newspaper. It has reporters in Hankou, so it can generate electricity continuously from June 65438+1October 1 1 noon to the garrison. The message it sends is also generally correct.
On the same day, the newspaper published a commentary with the signature of "Mr. Leng"-"Unexpected", moire:
Germany and France don't fight, Italy and Turkey fight unexpectedly. Unexpectedly, Hunan and Guangdong are not resistant to roads, and Sichuan is resistant to roads; What is particularly unexpected is that Chengdu did not fall, and Wuchang fell; What is even more unexpected is that Guangzhou did not fall, and Wuchang fell. Alas, from now on, unexpected things, why not stop here! However, * * * is MengMeng!
Cold is the chief writer of that era, Chen, cold-blooded. His commentary describes the great shock caused by Wuchang Uprising, and the author predicts that "unexpected things" will happen constantly, showing a reporter's special sensitivity. The next day, the author once again published a review article entitled "Huang Xing and Yin Chang", moire:
Wuchang fell, Hanyang was in danger, and the revolutionary army had both troops and ordnance, which seemed to confront * * *, and * * also treated each other with confrontation, and ordered the military minister to get off and meet each other between Jianghan. Is it a battle, a civil war? People and * * * war? Revolution and tyranny? If it wins, it will be very different.
This paper points out the essence of war in the form of questions, and predicts that the outcome of the war will profoundly affect the overall situation of China.
As the mouthpiece of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Constitutionalists, The Times disapproved of Wuchang Uprising. 10 10 13 published an editorial, demanding that Sheng Xuanhuai and others be punished for advocating state-owned railways in order to win the hearts of * * * and destroy the revolution. However, the constitutionalists in Jiangsu and Zhejiang were suppressed in four parliamentary movements, especially after the establishment of the royal cabinet in the Qing Dynasty, and they sympathized with the revolution. Therefore, the newspaper opened a column in June 65438+1October 65438+April to report the uprising in Wuchang and other places, revealing the trend of this political faction's transformation to revolution.
Shenbao
(Photo) Shenbao is one of the newspapers with the largest circulation and the widest social influence in modern China, and it marks the beginning of modern newspapers in China.
1872 was established in Shanghai. The original founder was a foreign businessman, and 1906 was owned by Xi Zipei. His political attitude is conservative. 10 On June 5438+02, the newspaper published a series of telegrams with the title of "Wuchang Lost" in the special edition, mainly including:
◆ The Revolutionary Party Uprising was reported before Hubei Festival, and it was initially decided 16. Failing to take precautions, it was changed to 18, which was discovered by secret agents. More than 20 revolutionary party members were captured and dozens of boxes of explosives were taken out. The commander-in-chief of one side was defeated, 19, and the new army hastily revolted, and the city was defeated.
◆ The whole army of Hubei Province defected. The day before yesterday, a team of engineers deployed to the headquarters of the Ministry of National Defense defected when they bombed the headquarters of the Ministry of National Defense. They fought against the internal security forces and the headquarters was burned down.
◆ The revolutionary party attacked the ministries, with Huang Xing as the leader. All sides are brave, brave, but all are dead.
Although the news published in Shenbao is an objective report, the words "failure" and "defection of the whole bank" still express the position of the newspaper. It is worth pointing out that the newspaper will publish everything it hears, and it is not determined solely by whether the editor likes it or not. Some news, such as "all sides are brave, but they are dead", correctly reflect the heroic and fearless spirit of revolutionaries.
Oh! The chaos in Sichuan didn't end, but it started again in Hubei. Why are there so many disasters today? In the spring, the Guangdong rebellion was still on the coast, and this time the Sichuan rebellion was in the west corner. Now the revolutionary forces have spread to the Yangtze River basin! The danger of the situation is incomparable to the Sichuan-Guangdong Rebellion. I hope those in power can make peace as soon as possible because of the riots in our port yesterday.
(Figure) Shen Bao once invited famous writers such as Lu Xun and Contradiction to write articles.
The provincial capital fell, the governor left, the governor's office was destroyed and Zhang Biao was injured. The revolution in Wuchang has become the most successful thing since the revolutionary party took over this matter.
This paper calls it "revolution" rather than "rebellion", which shows that the author has some understanding and sympathy for revolutionaries. Since the 1895 Guangzhou War, the revolutionary party's military actions have failed many times, and the Wuchang Uprising was very impressive at first. Therefore, the author praised it as "the most successful thing since the revolutionary party raised things." The article then analyzes the situation in Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan and other places and thinks that they will rise together. The article said: "The ground is a mess, such as scattered explosives. Today's restoration action is based on the transformation of Wuchang, and some people are not lit! " This estimate was quickly proved by the development of history.
13, "Shen Bao" published a revolutionary notice "big news" in the column, saying:
Anyone who hides officials in Hankou or hurts foreigners, or bullies businessmen, or hinders business, or slaughters people, or burns foreign volunteers will be beheaded; Anyone who helps the revolutionary party with food and weapons, or protects foreign concessions and foreign churches in Hankou, or reports the enemy's situation to the revolutionary party will be rewarded. The Yellow Emperor promulgated it in August 4609.
Ta Kung Pao
(Figure) Ta Kung Pao, which has a history of one hundred years since its publication, was one of the most influential newspapers in China at that time during the Republic of China, and generally supported * * *.
1902 June 17 was established in Tianjin. The founder is Lianzhi Ying, Manchu. The newspaper advocates patriotic reform, implements constitutional monarchy and opposes revolutionary peace. 10 On June 35438+03, the newspaper published a telegram from Ruicheng to the cabinet, the military affairs advisory department and the war department under the title of "Warning telegram about the uprising of the revolutionary party in Wuchang" in the column of "Highlights", and published an "imperial edict" drafted by the Regent in the column of "Imperial edict", accusing Ruicheng of being "unguarded". On the same day, the Smell Review published with innocent signature said:
Guangdong is chaotic, and Sichuan is chaotic; Sichuan can't be chaotic, and Hubei chaos is born again. The potential of chaos is like a ubiquitous spark, which can be triggered anywhere. "I looked around and I was shocked." Today's so-called embarrassment!
The political attitude of Ta Kung Pao is also conservative. Therefore, the Huanghuagang Uprising, the Road Protection Movement and the Wuchang Uprising were all regarded as "troubled times" by Ta Kung Pao, but it was pointed out that the situation in China at that time: "Mars is almost everywhere, and it can be triggered everywhere", which is exactly the same as the estimate in Shenbao, indicating that people of insight have generally felt the coming of a storm. On June 5438+04, the newspaper published a group of news on the topic of "A bunch of recent news about Wuchang riots", among which the more important ones are:
I heard that when the engineering battalion mutinied, Zhang Biao opened fire, but their soldiers didn't respond.
Yesterday, I also heard that Hankou reported to Beijing that Hanyang soldiers had joined hands with bandits and the iron works had been occupied. The bandits dared to note the consul in Korea and put up notices saying that they would not harm businessmen or disturb outsiders, and offenders would be beheaded.
◆ I also heard that the Hubei Army in this rebellion is actually the second standard of the infantry team, the first standard of the artillery team, and the first standard of the workers team, with 6,000 people. Now neither cavalry nor trench team dare to encourage ventilation. After the rebels occupied the provincial wall, all weapons, warehouses and factories were controlled. The rebel artillery corps has more than 100 cannons, of which the first battalion is a mountain cannon, so firearms and bullets are extremely abundant.
◆ I also heard that the revolutionary leader is Huang Xing, a native of Hunan. Huang was the most fierce figure in the Revolution of 1911 and the mastermind of Guangdong and Guangxi. This year, he attacked the Guangdong Governor's Office, fled to Xinjiapo after the defeat, and then went to Shanghai to encourage comrades between Shanghai and Han and party member.
(Photo) Huanghuagang Uprising,19 10/At 5: 30 pm on April 27th, Huang Xing led 120 soldiers to the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi, and launched the first10 armed uprising of the League-Guangzhou Uprising.
In all the above news, except one titled "Revolutionary Party", all the others were moved to "Revolutionary Bandit" and "Bandit Party", which shows the political stance of the newspaper and the seriousness of the pressure from the north. It is worth pointing out that this newspaper regards Huang Xing as the leader of Wuchang Uprising, which is not only famous for Huang Xing's leadership of Huanghuagang Uprising, but also related to the long-term hard work of leaders of Wuchang Literature Society and * * * Council.
After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing Dynasty quickly decided that Wang Yujia, the fourth town of autumn grass in Yongping, would lead the new troops in the second and fourth towns to help, and ordered Yin Chang, the secretary of the army, to rush to Hubei to command various armies to put out the uprising, and ordered the navy prefect to lead the navy division and the Yangtze River navy division to cooperate with Wuhan. Ta Kung Pao disapproved of the practice of "killing * * *" by Qing Dynasty, and published an article on the same day, demanding that Qing Dynasty * * * "repent and turn over a new leaf, rebuild its strength, and be sincere to the people", thinking that only in this way can it "take away the symbol of revolution and save catastrophic disasters".
On the same day, Ta Kung Pao published the article "What the capital heard", which shows that the Qing Dynasty was caught off guard. The article says:
Wuchang fell yesterday, and the revolutionary party was in turmoil. Beijing had to pre-empt the attack and formulated several rules: (1) instructed the civil affairs and postal departments to strictly prohibit the investigation of trains such as Han Jing and Jingfeng. (2) instructing the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to detain telegrams and letters from other provinces coming to Beijing, and those who are slightly suspicious. (3) Instruct the Ministry of Civil Affairs, instruct all police and soldiers in all districts to be alert with guns, and strictly investigate anyone who is suspicious. (4) Instruct the academic department to closely investigate the resumes of students on this trip and those who come to Beijing for re-examination in various provinces, and leave Beijing immediately after the examination and return to their original places. (5) Instruct the Military Advisory Office and the War Department to be on guard against riots against troops stationed in Feng Jingen. The above measures will be implemented immediately.
Shengjing times
(Photo) The Shengjing Times covers a wide range of China's internal affairs, diplomacy, economy, military affairs, culture, education and social customs. , especially the major events in China at that time.
1906101October 18 was founded in Fengtian (now Shenyang). The founder is Mako, a Japanese island. On June 4th 10, the newspaper published relevant news in the column of "Chinese and foreign electricity demand".
One is Wuchang Uprising, which says:
According to a call from Hankou, on the evening of 19, about 300 members of the Revolutionary Party lurked in Wuchang, raided the Governor's Office and set fire to it everywhere, and both the Governor's Office and the vassal office were burned down. Rui Shenshuai and CenXilin both fled Hankou, or told Rui Shenshuai to take refuge on a warship. The New Army of Hubei communicated with the Revolutionary Party and was sent by Du Rui, so it resisted. The barracks were in disorder, and Zhang Biao was shot by his soldiers.
One is Wuchang Uprising Continuation, which published 13 news items, all from Shanghai. The following is a factual record:
◆ There are still loyal ministers in the Second Battalion, the First Battalion, the Engineering Team and the trench team of Hubei New Army rebels.
Those who stayed in Wuchang have now joined the revolutionary army.
◆ The governor's house was burned, the vassal department was destroyed, and all the treasures were taken away by bandits. Now the provincial capital is occupied by Pi Jun..
The vanguard of the revolutionary army, numbering 5,000, is now occupying Hanyang. The occupation of Hanyang Iron Works led to the fall of Hanyang.
On the same day, there was a news in the newspaper that Sun Wen was in Shanghai. Yun Wen said: "It is said that Sun Wen, the revolutionary leader, is in Shanghai, and now he is going to take a photo somewhere (Shanghai)." Although the news is inaccurate, it shows Sun Yat-sen's influence. ..
(Photo) Sun Yat-sen, pioneer of modern national democratic revolution in China, great forerunner of democratic revolution in China, founder of the Republic of China and China.
The first edition of the newspaper not only reported relevant news, but also published a statement entitled "On the Fall of Wuchang" in a prominent position. Firstly, the paper explains that the fall of Wuchang is not a "mutiny", but that the revolutionary party "hung out in various armies, so it took the opportunity to start an uprising"; This further shows that the influence of the revolutionary party is increasing. Once a failure is increased, it will never be eliminated in one fell swoop.
The purpose is to urge the Qing Dynasty to really implement constitutionalism. It says:
If the potential of the revolution is sufficient, those who seek to destroy it will only promote it, and they will no longer deceive the people with masks, which is also important. If everything depends on our people and all measures go against their wishes, then the people will tend to be revolutionary and the loyalty of a few people will be smooth. How do they save the trend?
This article demands that Qing * * * "no longer put on a mask to deceive the people", which shows that the so-called "preparatory constitutionalism" of Qing * * * has long been discredited and no one takes it seriously!
A true patriotic newspaper
1906 165438+1October16 was established in Beijing. The founder is Ding Guozhen. The aim of this newspaper is to respect the monarch, be honest and sincere, advocate public welfare, and persuade scholars to "use only the vernacular". As the center of the Qing Dynasty, the report on Wuchang Uprising was extremely cautious. 65438+ 10/2, which published a telegram from Ruicheng 65438+ 10/0 to the Cabinet, Military Advisory Office and the Ministry of War in the column of "Gongmen Copy" and "Telegraph". Other than that, there was no response. 10On June 5438+03, a report entitled "Warning of the Fall of Wuchang" was published in the column "Highlights of National Politics". Moire:
◆ Yesterday, this newspaper published a telegram from Governor Huguang. I heard that it was sent before noon on 19, and the official residence read the telegram. Fortunately, there is a saying that "it is bitter at the beginning of germination, and it is determined to be chaotic". Therefore, the imperial edict of the 20th is very gratifying. Unexpectedly, the news of the fall of Wuchang came suddenly, saying that on the afternoon of 19, a large group of bandits suddenly attacked all the new troops stationed in the provincial capital, such as the engineering battalion and the trench team, and all of them defected to the bandit party. Under the protection of police, Governor Ruicheng fled to Hankou by warship that night.
◆ Another message. Yesterday morning, the Council received a call from the Governor of Hubei Province from Hankou, which was sent on the evening of 19. This report is very detailed. Finally, he said that he was in Xinjiang and did not dare to die. He had to stay in Hankou for the time being, gather his scattered forces and try to rest. But at present, only 100 people can be trusted in the police force. In addition, the new army dare not say that everyone is connected with bandits, nor dare it say that everyone can be used. So far, it has sent several battalions of Beiyang elite to Han for dispatch.
(Photo) Li is the commander-in-chief of Wuchang Shouyi in the Revolution of 1911.
The above reports are basically based on the official documents of the Qing Dynasty, but the sentences of "a bunch of gangsters" and "all rebels and bandits" fairly truly reflect the great momentum of revolutionaries, while Ruicheng's "only one hundred confidants in the police force" more prominently reflects the governor's dilemma.
On the same day, the newspaper also reported in the column "Highlights of Beijing" that "the Metropolitan Police Department pays attention to public security":
Due to the revolutionary party's uprising in Wuchang, it is urgent for the capital area to take preventive measures to ensure public order. An emergency order was issued yesterday and distributed to all police districts. The general idea is: (1) All patrol officers in each district stand guard with guns. If there is a shortage, please ask for it at any time. (2) Add horses to patrol in all districts and conduct thorough investigation. (3) Send extra guards to the boundaries of the Wangs' districts. (four) the government and other entourage, must hang waist tag, patrol can check at any time. (5) Any additional Mounted Police shall be paid double salary.
This report also shows that the Qing Dynasty was caught off guard.
Later, the newspaper's report on the Wuchang Uprising was suddenly interrupted because the Qing dynasty ordered "suspension".
10 on June 5438+05, the newspaper published an article "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" cloud:
On the 22nd of this month, the General Governor's Office of Outer Cities was set up by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and approved by the War Department through consultation. It heard that there were bandits in Hubei province recently, with the intention of starting chaos. Now it has sent troops to suppress it, and the five miscellaneous offices in Beijing are afraid of ignorant rumors and hope to incite people. We should immediately take strict preventive measures to calm people's hearts and consult relevant banks to take preventive measures so as to spread the news to Beijing newspapers. Regarding the incident that bandits provoked chaos in Hubei Province, cherish this order.
As the saying goes, paper can't wrap fire. Official documents such as "Imperial edict" and "Dianzou" in Qing Dynasty have been leaked first. At that time, the post and telecommunications, news and other industries had begun to take shape, and the lords of the governor's general office thought that a piece of paper could hide people's eyes and ears, which was really stupid. Can the thunder of revolution be quelled?