Author: Wu
Co-sponsored by the Landscape Design Branch of China Survey and Design Association and the Information Committee of China Landscape Architecture Society, and hosted by Beijing Jinghua Landscape Engineering Design Company of Beijing Botanical Garden, the Third Landscape Architecture Planning and Design Exchange Conference was held in Beijing from February 265438 to February 22, 2002. The main purpose of this exchange meeting is to "exchange industry information, reflect the development trend of the industry, comprehensively look at the changes in the market structure, train and train new people, and promote the rapid development of the landscape architecture industry in China." The author believes that the projects discussed at the meeting not only represent the current level of landscape architecture industry in China, but also reflect the development trend of landscape architecture industry in China, mainly including the following four aspects:
Ecological 1 design
At the exchange meeting, whether it is small-scale environmental design of local lots or large-scale and regional landscape planning, designers strive to adopt the concept of "ecological design and sustainable development". In large and medium-sized landscape planning and design projects, "ecological landscape exhibition area" (or ecological garden area) is often set up separately, and even some projects are named after "ecological park, ecology ...". It can be seen that paying attention to "ecological design" has become an important criterion for contemporary landscape architects to plan and design projects. However, what kind of design can really be called "ecological design" with good ecological benefits and sustainable development? Can we achieve the requirements of improving the ecology only by relying on "multiple plants, introducing water into the park, reducing the area of architectural sketches and hard paving"? Some design projects use "artificial plant community" with great "artificiality" and "decorative beauty" to replace the original "natural plant community" and label it as ecological design. The author thinks that this practice will not only help to improve the ecological benefits, but also lead to misunderstanding of the ecological design concept.
In recent years, domestic landscape experts and scholars have conducted extensive and in-depth research and discussion on the theory of "ecological design", but there are not many truly meaningful practical projects. Although theoretical research is very important, the practice of theory should be the focus of landscape designers. Landscape design projects of different scales and levels are located in different ecosystem layers, and the relationships between the components in the human settlement system are also very different, so it is not possible to generalize them, but to analyze them in detail. Only in this way can a virtuous circle ecosystem be established. At this exchange meeting, Professor Wang Shaozeng introduced the basic ecological principles of urban open space planning and its application in Jiangmen planning practice. Scientific research based on urban ecological mechanism should be able to receive good ecological effects.
Ecological design should not only adjust the virtuous circle of logistics and energy flow in the ecosystem and maintain the dynamic balance of the ecosystem, but also pay attention to the relationship between cost and benefit. Just as there is no implementable design without considering economic budget, there is no implementable ecological design without considering ecological costs, including resource consumption, pollution generation and habitat loss. Designers use ecological calculation methods such as "life cycle analysis and energy flow logistics tracking" to increase their sensitivity and attention to the ecosystem, and try their best to protect and save natural capital by means of "protection, reduction, reuse and regeneration", thus improving the comprehensive benefits of ecological design. In addition, the evaluation of ecological effect should also be considered, which is the key to test the success or failure of ecological design. In the early 1970s, the United States Congress called for environmental impact assessment of large-scale projects, so as to assess the impact of the projects, such as atmosphere, water quality and biology, including aesthetic evaluation.
Ecological design is increasingly becoming the most important part of landscape design, but its connection with culture and art can not be ignored. "Ecological design without cultural significance and aesthetic feeling cannot be accepted by society, so it will eventually be forgotten and forgotten, and the value of design cannot be reflected [1]".
2. Culture-oriented design
In addition to the important concept of "ecological design", the 25 projects discussed at this exchange focused on the concept of gardens, that is, the rich spiritual culture contained in the projects themselves.
As we all know, the creation of artistic conception was once the unique essence of China classical gardens: the pattern of "one pool and three mountains" in the palaces of Qin and Han dynasties was an important embodiment of the ancient emperors' desire for immortality; In the landscape gardens of Jiangsu and Zhejiang freehand brushwork school in Qing Dynasty, the theme of "one mountain, one water, one grass, one tree and couplets" shows the attitudes and feelings of the garden owners and gardeners towards life. The cultural connotation of classical garden landscape provides a vast world for tourists to "touch the scenery". Descendants of ancient gardeners, contemporary landscape designers who grew up in the fertile soil of China's 5,000-year civilization, under the influence of western modernism and postmodernism, while paying attention to the use function of gardens, have not completely abandoned the fine tradition of China's classical garden culture, and are still painstakingly managing landscape designers and trying to endow the landscape with certain cultural connotations. For example, the "Jiutian-Xu" Square introduced by Daqing Petrochemical Design Institute at this exchange meeting takes the theme culture of "Houyi shooting the sun" as the source of landscape creation; China Garden Planning and Design Center introduced the project of Baoding Ring Park, and designed eight scenic spots with the theme of Baoding historical and cultural allusions and the characteristics of historical sites.
The theme artistic conception of the garden, that is, the spiritual and cultural connotation to be shaped by the garden, is the soul of the garden. Whether its positioning is correct or not is related to the existence and development of the garden, and also determines the level and status of the garden itself. Proper theme cultural orientation can make the garden landscape icing on the cake, while improper theme orientation will make the garden landscape vulgar and even cause bad social impact. Zheng Yuanxun wrote in the inscription of "Garden Metallurgy": "Gardens are different, so we can't get it and spread it". What should I do? Jane's prose is also expensive, followed by Hua Lin; The wealth of Jilun is also the golden valley; If the neutron is poor, it stops at the bell; This person is different, the difference between rich and poor, don't let it be reversed. If there is no seclusion in the mountains, it is fake water; Abatis and satellites are rarely prosperous, but relying on Wangchuan is not as good as' Mo Mu' for profit. This place is different, so be careful. However, if the owner has a gap in his chest, he can be beautiful and simple. Otherwise, it is artificial. Only the engineer of the First Committee, Dow, can't feel the affection of the water, the mountain can't recover, and the vegetation can't cover it. Can it be fun to participate in a day? ".It means that the construction of gardens should be adapted to local conditions. Without the elegance of mountains, we seldom win the reputation of "Abatis" and "satellites" by borrowing the reputation of "flowing water and winding water", but the nickname of "Wangchuan Bieye", like "Mo Mu", can only make it look uglier. Therefore, gardening, like poetry, can only be a masterpiece if the topic is relative, and it can't be a good article without Wan Li. Therefore, it is not accidental inspiration for landscape designers to be cautious when positioning the theme of gardens, to build on a deep understanding of the site conditions of gardens-natural geographical structure and spiritual and cultural background, and to care for the psychological characteristics of garden users' behavior. In addition, the expression of landscape cultural connotation should take the form that the public likes, not too abstract and obscure, nor too specific and lacking implicit beauty; Or use vulgar means to express the theme of low taste and so on.
"Design Towards Culture" is an important symbol of the rapid development of landscape architecture industry in China, representing the arrival of a new era in landscape architecture industry. As early as 1998, Beijing Bureau of Landscape Architecture clearly put forward the policy of "building gardens with culture", pointing out that "building gardens with culture means deeply understanding the cultural attributes of gardens, mastering the cultural connotations of all kinds of gardens, and endowing the construction and management of garden cities with strong spiritual and cultural colors from the combination of carrying forward the excellent culture of the motherland and showing the civilized demeanor of the times, and creating garden culture with China characteristics in the new era [2]". Landscape architecture is not only the carrier of culture, but also a practical plastic arts. As landscape designers and practitioners in the new era, we should not only attach importance to the cultural connotation of landscape in thought, but also combine it with the requirements of ecology, economy and use in design practice to create high-quality boutique garden culture with the characteristics of the times.
3 the design of the strike zone
The business scope of contemporary landscape architecture industry has greatly expanded, from traditional gardening (classical gardening) to "landscape planning of the earth". In "Encyclopedia of China: Architecture, Gardens and Urban Planning" (1998), Mr. Wang Juyuan put forward that "the research scope of landscape architecture is expanding with the development of social life and science and technology, and now it includes three levels: traditional landscape architecture, urban greening and landscape planning". These three levels are closely related to ecology, and appear to cope with the increasingly prominent modern environmental problems, especially the third level of land landscape planning.
The 25 projects discussed in this exchange basically cover the above three levels and small garden projects, such as the environmental renovation design in front of the office building of the Ministry of Construction; Medium-sized city greening projects, such as Hetao greening in Baoding High-tech Development Zone, and large-scale landscape planning projects, such as Shenyang-Dalian Expressway planning. No matter what level the planning project is, it can't be divorced from the ecological requirements and the people-oriented concept. The fundamental purpose is to "regard the lithosphere, biosphere and wisdom sphere in human living space as an organic part of the whole human ecosystem, study the structural and functional relationship among landscape elements, and make the space-time structure, energy flow, logistics and information of the whole human ecosystem (landscape) reach the best state through human design and management" (Yu).
4 Design moves towards the combination of science and art.
4. 1 the relationship between science and technology and landscape architecture
(1) The development of science and technology has improved the design means and research methods of traditional garden industry. On the one hand, the popularity of computers and the advent of the network era have liberated landscape designers from heavy manual drawing work and replaced them with computer-aided drawing, which greatly improved the work efficiency and increased the accuracy of drawing. The popularity of the Internet makes it possible for designers from different places to cooperate. For example, in 1993, Carl Steinitz, a famous American landscape designer, completed a three-year regional landscape planning study in cooperation with designers from five organizations in Oregon, Nevada and Washington, D.C. through the Internet. On the other hand, the popularization of computer technology and the development of application software provide a brand-new method for landscape designers to analyze problems. In the 1960s, Lan. L.Mcharg uses computer technology to analyze the layered and superimposed regional landscape elements, which lays a foundation for designers to grasp the characteristics of the environment more comprehensively and compare the schemes [3].
(2) The development of science and technology affects the changes of garden theme culture. The changes of information society, virtual space, human communication and lifestyle, and the change of attitude towards the environment determine that the theme creation of modern gardens must adapt to the behavioral psychological needs of modern people. It is out of date to restrict the construction of modern gardens with traditional gardens. Modern gardens must absorb the essence of traditional gardens and reflect and satisfy the desires of users in the new era in combination with the changes of the times.
(3) The progress of science and technology has promoted the change of the position of landscape architecture industry, and also caused the change of design procedures. Modern landscape design is no longer a subsidiary of architectural design and urban planning, but should be ahead of them, even at the same time. Only in this way can we better meet the ecological requirements of landscape planning and design and achieve the goal of improving the global ecology. In addition, scientific design procedure is also the main problem that modern landscape designers think about, and the importance of project feasibility analysis is increasingly prominent. Designers began to contact the entrusting unit from the project establishment stage, making suggestions for the entrusting unit, and achieving high standards of scientific project establishment, scientific planning and design, and scientific implementation and management. The "Feasibility Study of West Lake Westward Project in Hangzhou" introduced by Beijing Duoyi Landscape Design Company at this exchange meeting reflects the trend of increasingly scientific landscape design procedures.
4.2 the relationship between landscape architecture and art
Landscape architecture itself is a plastic art, and it has always permeated, influenced and developed together with art. A high level of gardening is a high level of artistic creation. The influence of art on gardens is mainly manifested in the following three aspects:
1. Art (such as painting and poetry). ) Provide scene examples (templates or blueprints) for landscape design. /kloc-In the 0/8th century, the picturesque landscape gardens in Britain and the traditional literati gardens in China all drew creative inspiration from the landscape paintings at that time, or directly expressed picturesque poetic feelings through the organization of gardening entities.
Followed by artists (painters, sculptors, etc. ) Go out of the studio, leave the canvas, personally participate in the creation of modern gardens, organically combine landscape and art, and create landscape design works with rich artistic flavor. For example, the earth art that rose in the United States in the 1960s. There are also some artists who make great efforts in both landscape and art, and vigorously promote the innovation and development of landscape design. The typical representative is martha schwartz, a famous American designer.
Thirdly, landscape designers absorb nutrition from modern art theory and apply it to landscape design practice to create landscape masterpieces with strong artistic realm. For example, Peter walker, a famous American landscape designer, was influenced by minimalist art in 1960s and designed a series of landscape works with minimalist artistic characteristics. Some projects discussed at this exchange meeting also reflect the designers' pursuit of landscape art and strive to create high-level landscape works.
To sum up, modern landscape architects in China must deeply understand and grasp the four main directions of the development of contemporary gardens in China, and consciously cultivate and improve their own "ecological consciousness, cultural concept, regional vision, scientific and artistic accomplishment" in order to create garden products with China characteristics in the new era.