The world today is undergoing complex and profound changes. The old pattern of international relations has disappeared, while the new international political and economic pattern has not yet formed. In the process of this change, the relationship between China and Russia, two world powers, is one of the issues that the world cares about. Under the new situation, Sino-Russian relations stand at a new historical starting point and face new development opportunities. We should work together to establish the long-term goal of the development of Sino-Russian relations and promote the sound and rapid development of bilateral relations.
We should adhere to sincerity and mutual trust and consolidate the political foundation of Sino-Russian relations. We should enhance political mutual trust, always regard Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership as the priority of our diplomacy, and constantly inject new impetus into our relations.
We must adhere to mutual benefit and win-win results and consolidate the economic foundation of Sino-Russian relations. We should maintain and continue to promote the positive trend of pragmatic cooperation in various fields, explore new ways and means of cooperation, find more points of convergence of interests, deepen economic cooperation between the two countries and achieve common development and prosperity.
We should adhere to friendship from generation to generation and lay a solid social foundation for Sino-Russian relations. We should actively promote extensive exchanges between all walks of life in the two countries and strive to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between the two peoples.
We should adhere to close cooperation and firmly safeguard China-Russia strategic security interests. The two sides should increase mutual support, strengthen consultation and cooperation in international and regional affairs, actively respond to the impact of the international financial crisis, actively participate in changes in the international political, economic and security fields, and make unremitting efforts for the lofty cause of peace and development of mankind together with the international community.
With the pace of historical progress, China-Russia strategic cooperative partnership is welcoming new development prospects. Let's inherit the traditional friendship, persist in friendship from generation to generation, deepen strategic cooperation and create a bright future for Sino-Russian relations!
China and Russia are both new-type economies with great influence on the world. Strengthening bilateral economic and trade cooperation is conducive to promoting the all-round development of bilateral relations and promoting the prosperity and stability of the world economy. Many projects between China and Russia have developed smoothly, such as the new phase of Tianwan Nuclear Power Station and the construction of Russian-Chinese pharmaceutical center in Moscow. A series of large Russian enterprises, including Rosneft and Alcoa, plan to launch new large-scale investment projects in China. Russia-China cooperation in helicopter manufacturing, machinery manufacturing and energy, forestry and innovative economic development has developed very smoothly. The two countries must move towards a new level of cooperation.
1. American factors affecting Sino-Russian relations
From the perspective of global geostrategy, both China and Russia are facing the geostrategic pattern of "one super and many strong". As the only superpower, the United States is in a hegemonic position in world affairs. Although its unilateralism policy has suffered many setbacks, it has not fundamentally changed the geopolitical pattern of the world. As big developing countries, China and Russia are just two powerful countries in this pattern of "one superpower and many strong countries". They can only maintain and fight for their own interests by actively participating in the existing order on the basis of being forced to recognize the hegemonic position of the United States. At this level, the relationship between China, the United States and Russia is still the most important.
Although the contradictions and conflicts between China and the United States have been increasing in recent years, they are still in a relatively stable period of development. But in the long run, the rise of China will inevitably change the pattern of the world political arena and shoulder more important responsibilities. At the same time, it will also challenge America's global hegemony and global strategic interests. Therefore, cooperation and containment have become the dual strategic cornerstones of American relations with China. On the one hand, the United States realizes that the realization of its global strategic interests increasingly needs the cooperation of the increasingly powerful China, and implements the strategy of maintaining contact and even cooperation with China; On the other hand, the United States is not reconciled to the rise of China, and actively extends its strategy to the surrounding areas of China and implements a containment strategy against China. On the one hand, by constantly strengthening relations with Japan and India to contain China; On the other hand, by strengthening military deployment in the Asia-Pacific region, it poses a threat to China's security. The uncertainties in China, Taiwan Province Province and the Korean Peninsula have added many variables to Sino-US relations, and there are many unstable factors in Sino-US relations in the future, which is not optimistic.
When the Soviet Union just disintegrated, Russia-US relations had a short honeymoon period. With the outbreak of the Kosovo war and the Iraq war, and the acceleration of NATO's eastward expansion, Russia-US relations began to crack and showed a deepening trend. Especially in 2007, after the United States announced that it would deploy anti-missile defense system radar stations in the Czech Republic or Georgia, and set up a military base with 10 interceptor missiles in Poland, Russian-American relations once again fell into crisis. At present, Russia-US relations are generally in a state of contradiction and coordination, with more struggle than cooperation. The trend of Russian-American relations is essentially determined by the major strategic conflicts of interest between the two countries. With the soaring price of the international energy market, revitalizing Russia's economy, enhancing its comprehensive national strength and revitalizing its status as a big country are the main strategic needs of Russia in recent years, but this is exactly what the United States cannot tolerate and accept. Preventing the re-emergence of Russia from endangering the global interests of the United States and doing everything possible to suppress and weaken Russia have become the strategic policies and goals of the United States towards Russia since the Cold War. In fact, in the field of diplomacy and security, the United States has never relaxed its squeeze on Russia and constantly built a barrier to prevent and weaken Russia. Despite Russia's opposition, the United States expanded NATO eastward to the Baltic Sea, pushed Georgia and Ukraine to join NATO, and squeezed Russia's strategic space. Take the opportunity of anti-terrorism to parachute into Central Asia, actively promote the strategy of "Greater Central Asia" and compete with Russia for energy in Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. A series of "color revolutions" were carried out within the traditional sphere of influence of Russia, which weakened Russia's control and influence on CIS countries. Nevertheless, the two countries still need to cooperate on counter-terrorism, nuclear non-proliferation, the Iranian nuclear issue and the DPRK nuclear issue. In addition, Russia needs to create a relatively stable international environment to develop its domestic economy and enhance its comprehensive national strength. Therefore, Russia will not choose a full-scale confrontation with the United States. In the future, Russia-US relations will continue to maintain the pattern of coexistence of struggle and cooperation, and maintain the situation of fighting without breaking.
China and Russia are also facing the pattern of "encirclement". Both China and Russia need to establish a peaceful and stable surrounding environment in order to concentrate on solving security threats and economic development problems.
Since the reform and opening-up, China has persisted in taking economic construction as the center and devoted itself to domestic development, and has made great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. Russia also recognizes that the key to ensuring its status as a great power lies in revitalizing the economy. Putin stressed: "A stable economy is the main guarantee of a democratic society and the foundation of a big country that is respected in the world." Revitalizing the economy is the most basic national interest of Russia. "If Russia can't concentrate on revitalizing the country and restoring the economy and people's welfare in the near future, the country will be doomed to stagnation and eventually disintegrate." For China and Russia, the next decade will be an important opportunity for their economic development. Both countries hope that the surrounding environment will be peaceful and stable. However, the surrounding environment of the two countries is not peaceful. Russia spans Eurasia, and its political and economic center is located in the European part. In Europe, the eastward expansion of NATO led by the United States has greatly squeezed Russia's strategic space and brought potential threats to Russia's national security. At present, NATO has pushed the border to Russia's doorstep, and Kaliningrad, an enclave adjacent to Lithuania and Poland, has been completely surrounded by NATO. As the strategic support of Russia, the centrifugal tendency of CIS is increasingly obvious. 1In March 1999, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan withdrew from the CIS security system. In Asia, Russia and Japan have territorial disputes over the "four northern islands". The United States and Japan are constantly strengthening their military alliance and actively developing the theater missile defense system, which poses a potential threat to the security of the Russian Far East.
China is a land and sea country, connected with many countries by land or sea, with the largest number of neighboring countries, and its geographical relationship is very complicated. To the east, Japan has continuously strengthened the US-Japan security system, expanded the functions and scope of the US-Japan alliance, and actively developed the theater missile defense system, posing a threat to China's security, and Sino-Japanese relations have been in a tense situation for a long time; In the southeast, while developing relations with China, ASEAN has continuously strengthened bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the United States to contain China; In the south, although the relationship with India has improved to a certain extent, the two sides have not yet reached an agreement on the border issue, and mutual distrust is deeply rooted; In the west, the United States has stationed troops in Central Asia in the name of anti-terrorism, endangering China's security.
In this political environment, the two countries should establish good-neighborly relations of friendship and cooperation and rely on each other to make each other a reliable rear. Both countries need each other's support to achieve common prosperity. Faced with the aggressive policies of the United States and the European Union, Russia was forced to revise its "one-sided" diplomatic strategy towards the West, attach importance to strengthening its diplomacy with Asian countries, especially China, and create a stable strategic rear for the struggle between Russia and the West, so as to avoid the geographical situation on the east and west lines deteriorating at the same time and falling into a situation of being caught between Scylla and Charybdis. China is Russia's largest neighbor, with a border of 4,300 kilometers. China is also an economic and military power in Asia, and its comprehensive national strength is constantly rising. The objective geopolitical relations between China and Russia and China's important geostrategic position are one of the important factors for Russia to strengthen its relations with China. Developing friendly and cooperative relations with China can not only win a stable strategic rear for Russia, but also be an important bargaining chip for Russia to maintain a balance with western forces.
At the same time, Russia is China's largest neighbor and plays a very important role in China's geopolitical strategy. Russia has a great influence on the three Central Asian countries, Mongolia and India in China's neighboring countries. Developing friendly and cooperative relations with Russia will help China to establish a good relationship of mutual trust with these countries, ensure the geopolitical security of China's northern, northwest and southern lines, and give China a reliable strategic rear. Strengthening friendly relations with Russia is also the need for China to carry out great power diplomacy and maintain the strategic balance of great powers.
China and Russia need to support each other in cracking down on domestic separatist forces and safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Russia has the problem of Chechen terrorist forces, and the Russian government has been accused by western countries in dealing with Chechnya. Russia is worried that "Russia is in danger of disintegration due to the development of national culture or regional separatism, and it is conceivable that this danger will be even greater after the Chechen war." China faces the problems of "Taiwan independence", "Xinjiang independence" and "Tibet independence", especially the "Taiwan independence" issue, which is in danger of triggering a Sino-American war. Both the Chechen separatist forces in Russia and the "Tibet independence" and "Xinjiang independence" elements in China are supported by foreign forces and often involve complex religious and ethnic issues, which makes the domestic problems of China and Russia international and extremely difficult to solve. At this time, the two countries have given full support and understanding in cracking down on domestic separatist forces and safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity. "Russia believes that the issue of Taiwan Province Province is an internal affair of China, and external forces have no right to interfere. Russia adheres to the one-China principle, opposes any form of "independence of Taiwan Province Province", does not accept "two China" and "one China, one Taiwan", opposes China and Taiwan Province Province's joining the United Nations and other international organizations that only sovereign countries can participate in, and does not sell weapons to Taiwan Province Province. Russia understands China's efforts to achieve peaceful reunification of the country in accordance with the Anti-Secession Law. " China insists on staying out of Russia's domestic problems, supports Russia's opposition to separatist forces in Chechnya, fully understands and supports sensitive issues concerning Russia's sovereignty and national security, and "firmly supports Russia's efforts to safeguard national sovereignty and unity and combat separatism and terrorism". Only by supporting each other can the two countries win more space for cooperation in the international community.
2. China and Russia share the same position and viewpoint in promoting world multipolarization.
Both China and Russia oppose the establishment of a unipolar world by the United States, and are committed to promoting the development of multi-polarization in the world and establishing a new international political and economic order. Russia advocates multipolarization of the world, "because it does not want to be controlled by the United States" and "does not want to play the role of a small partner of the United States." Only in a multipolar world can Russia hope to become an independent pole. Multi-polarization is to carry out multi-faceted and multilateral diplomatic actions with the goal of establishing a multi-polar world, which is the core of Putin's diplomacy. This is first determined by the decline of Russia's strength, which makes it difficult to form a world pole independently, and also by the strategic goal that Russia must become a world power. After China's reform and opening up, the rapid economic growth has made China an increasingly important force in the world economy. Anyway, China is a pole in the world. Both China and Russia are capable of becoming a pole in today's world. For the fundamental interests of their country, they chose to move closer politically and strategically, vigorously develop mutual relations, and strengthen coordination and cooperation within the framework of international law to balance the attempt of the only superpower to monopolize the world. This new trend of great power reorganization is conducive to maintaining the balance and stability of the world's strategic forces. China and Russia depend on each other and support each other, jointly safeguard world peace and promote the development of world multipolarization and democratization of international relations.
China and Russia share many common interests in domestic and international fields, and it is in this international political environment that they have laid a solid political foundation for oil cooperation between the two countries.
Premier Wen Jiabao put forward five suggestions to create a new situation and push bilateral economic and trade cooperation to a new level. First, deepen cooperation in energy and resources. Energy cooperation should change to intensive processing, and promote cooperation in the fields of resources, equipment and technology such as oil and gas, nuclear power, forests and minerals; Second, deepen trade and technical cooperation, expand the proportion of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products in trade, and promote cooperation in aerospace and information and communication fields; Third, deepen financial and investment cooperation and explore policies and measures to deal with the global financial crisis; Fourth, deepen the cooperation between local and surrounding areas, especially strengthen the policy coordination and overall planning to revitalize the development of northeast China and the Russian Far East; Fifth, deepen cooperation in international economic affairs and cooperate closely to promote the establishment of international economic and trade rules.
Under the new economic conditions, the two countries must make joint efforts, have a new international financial order, and need to reform the international financial institution system and financial supervision institutions. We must establish new organizations and institutions to supervise and guard against financial risks, promote the construction of a diversified international monetary system, and ensure the stability of the international exchange rate system. China supports Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization as soon as possible and opposes politicizing this issue. Russia has made great contributions to world trade, so it is very important for Russia to join the World Trade Organization. Putin said that Russia attaches great importance to strengthening pragmatic cooperation between the two countries and is willing to work with China to take active measures to promote cooperation between enterprises of the two countries, promote cooperation in trade, investment, electromechanical, energy, scientific and technological innovation, agriculture and infrastructure construction, and further enhance the quality and level of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
For Russia, developing modern forestry processing and increasing the export of high value-added forestry products is one of the most important priorities. Russia is interested in domestic and foreign companies investing in Russian forestry. One of the source countries of investment is China, and China is one of the traditional big consumers of Russian forest products. Putin also said that Russia is ready to cooperate with China to implement large-scale scientific and technological projects. He pointed out that there is great potential for cooperation in civil aviation manufacturing. Russia is aware of China's decision to implement the "big plane" project. Russia is willing to cooperate with China in this regard, which is in line with the level and scale of strategic cooperation between the two countries.
Putin also suggested gradually abandoning the US dollar in the Russian-Chinese trade settlement and using the national currencies of the two countries instead. He said that the dollar-based world is facing serious problems and chaos, and the global financial market is still in trouble. Both sides should consider improving the trade payment system, including taking coordinated measures to use their respective currencies more widely. Putin also stressed that this is not a one-off process, but a complex task, but the necessity of this phased transition is obvious.
Sino-Russian relations are firmly based on the Five Principles of Peace, with the interests of the two peoples and the maintenance of world peace and security as the starting point, bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms as the carrier, political mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation as the driving force, obeying and serving the major premise of the economic development of the two countries. This new state-to-state relationship, which pays attention to the status quo and long-term, highlights the new security concept of cooperation, dialogue, mutual trust, mutual benefit and development, conforms to the trend, conforms to the interests of both countries, embodies the aspirations of the two peoples and has strong vitality. Sino-Russian relations have a clear development direction, that is, a strategic cooperative partnership of equality and trust; Sino-Russian relations have a solid political foundation, that is, the principles stipulated in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation; Sino-Russian relations have been guaranteed by effective mechanisms, namely, the mechanism of regular meetings between heads of state and prime ministers of the two countries and the multilateral mechanism of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The two sides should further strengthen cooperation in international and regional affairs, thus further vigorously promoting the cause of world peace and development. We have every reason to believe that Sino-Russian relations will be greatly enriched and deepened, continue to benefit the two countries and peoples, and make new contributions to world peace, stability and development.