Shang Dynasty: East to the sea, west to the west of Shaanxi, northeast to Liaoning and south to the Yangtze River basin.
Qin Dynasty: East to the sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea.
Tang Dynasty: East to the sea, west to the Aral Sea, northeast to Waixing 'anling and Sakhalin Island in the north of Heilongjiang, and south to the South China Sea.
Yuan Dynasty: North to the north of Yinshan Mountain, south to the South China Sea Islands, northeast to Sakhalin Island, northwest to Xinjiang and Central Asia. Today, Xinjiang, Tibet, Yunnan, Northeast China, Taiwan Province Province and the South China Sea Islands are all within the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.
Qing Dynasty: It straddles the Green Ridge in the west, connects Lake Dabakash in the northwest, connects Siberia in the north, connects Xing 'an Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, connects Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands such as Diaoyu Island and chiwei yu in the southeast, and connects the South China Sea Islands in the south, making it the largest country in Asia.
Throughout the history of China, the formation of the unified territory of China is the inevitable development of history and the result of the common struggle of people of all ethnic groups. In the process of its formation, the Han nationality has made great contributions, and ethnic minorities have also made irreplaceable contributions to the formation of a unified territory. The development of productive forces in past dynasties promoted the formation of a unified territory. The ruler's policy of conforming to the historical trend consolidated the territory of China. In the late feudal society, backwardness and corruption led to the demise of large areas in China.
Geography: Knowing the changes of China's ancient territory in different historical periods, we can correctly understand the map and grasp the boundaries of important dynasties.
We can correctly identify the current administrative map of China, especially the geographical locations of South China Sea Islands, Diaoyu Islands, Huangweiyu and chiwei yu.
Politics: Understanding the territorial changes of past dynasties requires us to love the motherland more, love the people of all ethnic groups, and cherish the reunification of the motherland and national unity more; Resolutely oppose all acts that split the country and undermine the great cause of national reunification.
In the new era, China has solved the historical boundary problems with most neighboring countries through equal and friendly negotiations. According to the agreements reached between the China government and the British and Portuguese governments, Hong Kong and Macao returned to the motherland on 1997 and 1999 respectively.
Our government has repeatedly stated that the South China Sea Islands, Diaoyu Island, Huangweiyu Island, chiwei yu and other islands are the territory of China and will never be infringed upon.
9. Ancient capital city
History: The capital of a country is the seat of the highest organ of state power. It is not only the political center of the country, but also the economic, transportation and cultural center of the country in most cases. It can be said that the capital is a symbol of the development level of material civilization and spiritual civilization in a certain period.
Six ancient capitals at that time and their names:
Xi 'an: Western Zhou Dynasty (Haojing); Western Han, Pre-Qin, Post-Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang Dynasties (Chang 'an).
Luoyang: Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Luoyi); Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Later Tang Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty and Northern Wei Dynasty (Luoyang).
Kaifeng: Guo Wei (girder); Hou Liang (Kaifengfu); After Jin, Han, Zhou and Northern Song Dynasty (Tokyo).
Beijing: Guo Yan (thistle); Liao (Nanjing); Gold (Zhongdu); Yuan (mostly); Ming and Qing Dynasties (Beijing).
Nanjing: Wu Dong (Jianye); Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties (Jiankang); Southern Tang Dynasty (jiangning house); Ming (Ying Tianfu).
Hangzhou: wuyue (Hangzhou); Southern Song Dynasty (Lin 'an).
In ancient history, rulers moved the capital seven times for the need of rule:
In14th century BC, Pan Geng, the king of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin.
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi.
In 494 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.
After Song and Jin made peace, Jin moved the capital to Yanjing and renamed Zhongdu.
142 1 year, the Ming government moved its capital to Beijing.
After Jin seized a large area of land in the Liaohe River Basin, he moved to Shenyang.
1644, the Qing government moved its capital to Beijing.
Geography: Ancient capitals were generally located in areas with developed economy and convenient transportation to obtain needed food and materials.
The three early ancient capitals of Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng are all located in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have mild climate, vast plains and loose land, which is convenient for early development. Before the Tang Dynasty, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were the most economically developed areas in China.
Since the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the south has become the economic center of gravity. Due to the rising economic status, the political importance of the South is also rising. Kaifeng is close to Jianghuai, and it is also convenient to control the southern region, which is the national economic center and prone to division.
Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, was mainly produced under the background of national struggle. The Ming government's move to Beijing was also inseparable from the background of national struggle.
Politics: It is gratifying that the six ancient capitals have been rebuilt and transformed many times, and some of them have developed into important big cities in China today.
The ancient capital and its cultural relics are the products of the hard work and wisdom of the ancient working people and the essence of ancient culture that has survived to this day.
The tourism resources of the ancient capital are increasingly valued and developed, and the ancient capital welcomes tourists at home and abroad with a brand-new look. Vigorously developing tourism is another way of economic growth in China.
Using the advantages of tourism resources, Henan Province has carried out the activities of creating "three points and one line" civilized scenic spots and civilized cities in Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Kaifeng, and achieved remarkable results, becoming another shining economic growth point in the Central Plains.
10. Reasons for ancient economic development
History: Developing economy and prospering society is the eternal theme of historical development from ancient times to the present. In different historical periods, although the reasons for economic development are different, it is still of great practical significance to analyze the factors of ancient economic development for our socialist economic construction.
The reasons for ancient economic development mainly include the following aspects:
Policy: land policy and tax policy made by rulers of past dynasties that are conducive to economic development, or political reform and reform that adjusted ruling policies in a certain period.
Science and technology: working people improve tools and production technology; Build water conservancy projects to avoid floods and droughts; The government promotes excellent varieties; Works summarizing the production experience of past dynasties can guide people to directly transform advanced technology into productive forces.
People are industrious: people of all ethnic groups integrate with each other, work together, learn from each other and improve production technology.
Politics: Ancient economic development was due to policies, science and technology and people's efforts, which has certain reference significance for our modern economic construction.
Agricultural development must first stabilize and improve the party's basic policies in rural areas; The key is to develop agricultural science and technology; Increase capital and material investment in agriculture, but also improve the cultural and scientific quality of agricultural workers.
Industrial development mainly promotes the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. To strengthen the reform of state-owned enterprises, we must change the management system of state-owned enterprises and establish a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government from enterprises and scientific management. At present, we should focus on several links: continue to separate government from enterprises and further rationalize the relationship between them; Actively explore the effective management forms of state-owned assets and carry out standardized corporate reform for large and medium-sized enterprises; Focus on changing the market operation mechanism. Enterprises should speed up technological progress and industrial upgrading, change the mode of economic growth, and train high-quality workers and managers. At the same time, it is necessary to introduce a competitive mechanism to arouse the enthusiasm and creativity of employees.
Connecting with current events, this paper analyzes the causes of China's economic development, correctly understands the temporary difficulties in the process of China's economic development and how to solve them.
1 1. Economic policies of past dynasties
History: Looking at the history of China's ancient economic development, if the rulers can implement the policy of recuperation and development of production, they can mobilize the people's enthusiasm and creativity in production and promote ancient economic development and social progress.
Qin State: Abandoning the ore field and opening the building; Reward farming and prohibit abandoning agriculture for business.
Qin dynasty: unified currency, weights and measures.
Western Han dynasty: implementing the policy of recuperation; Demobilize soldiers and return to the fields and houses of fugitives; Release maids as civilians; Reduce land rent.
Eastern Han dynasty; Implement a rest and recuperation policy; Reduce land rent; Abolish Wang Mang's exorbitant taxes.
Three kingdoms: Zhuge Liang of Shu implemented the policy of reducing taxes and emphasizing agriculture; Cao Wei attached importance to protecting agriculture and mulberry trees.
Southern and Northern Dynasties; Liu Song pays more attention to developing production and reducing farmers' burden. The Northern Wei Dynasty practiced the system of equal land.
Tang Dynasty: Following the system of equal land, the system of rent was implemented. Wu Zetian rewarded agricultural production.
Ming dynasty; In the early Ming dynasty, land reclamation was rewarded, taxes were reduced and implemented; Promote cotton planting.
Qing dynasty: rewarding reclamation; Declare "renamed field"; Implement "spreading land into mu".
Politics: Analyze and understand ancient economic policies by using the principle of the relationship between productive forces and production relations: the economic policies of past dynasties were all adjustments to rural production relations. When this adjustment was adapted to the development level of productive forces at that time, it promoted the development of production at that time and promoted the progress of society.
The dialectical relationship between subjective motivation and objective effect is used to analyze and understand the economic policies of past dynasties: from the perspective of motivation, it is to develop the feudal economy and safeguard the fundamental interests of the landlord class; But from the effect, it is beneficial to social stability and economic development, promoting social progress, in line with the interests of the people and the country, so it should be fully affirmed.
Contact: During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China implemented relevant policies to strengthen the basic position of agriculture and strive to increase farmers' income. Understanding the appropriateness of China's agricultural policy and the great significance of stabilizing agricultural development.
Contact the reform of taxes and fees proposed by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and understand the political, economic and philosophical principles embodied in the reform of taxes and fees.
Dialectical relationship between politics and economy in rural tax and fee reform: reflecting the internal functions of the country; Reflect the principle of governing the country according to law by the party and the state; It embodies the party's fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and the principle that state organs are responsible for people's organization activities.
The reform of rural taxes and fees embodies that agriculture is the foundation of national economy; Reflect the differences and differences between taxes and fees as a form of national fiscal revenue; Reflect the national macro-control function.
The reform of rural taxes and fees embodies the principle of dialectical relationship between material and consciousness; It embodies the principle that things are generally related; It embodies the principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction; It embodies the principle that practice is the only criterion to test whether understanding is correct or not.
Improvement and development of production tools
History: Production tools are the objective measure of the development of productive forces and the material symbol of human ability to transform nature. The elimination of old tools and the birth of new tools are essentially concrete manifestations of the progress of ancient productive forces.
Primitive man: using stone tools and natural fire.
Clan commune: use ground stone tools, bows and arrows, and make artificial fires.
Xia Dynasty: Sowing seeds with wooden plows and harvesting crops with stone knives and mussels.
Shang and Zhou dynasties: the production and use of bronzes.
Spring and Autumn Period: Iron was used in agricultural production, and Niu Geng appeared.
Warring States Period: More iron farm tools were used to promote Niu Geng.
Western Han Dynasty: Iron farm tools and combined tillage were widely used, and horse tillage appeared. Use plough method, sow seeds with plough.
Eastern Han Dynasty: Du invented "water platoon", blast ironmaking and manufacturing farm tools.
Three Kingdoms: Cao Wei and Ma Jun invented rollover for irrigation and drainage.