A survey conducted by the Ministry of Education on the job-hunting behavior of some college graduates shows that 66.67% students expect to find jobs in coastal open cities, while only 6.37% and 2.59% people choose provincial capitals and small and medium-sized cities in the mainland. As for towns, rural areas and remote areas, almost no one wants to go. It can be seen that it is difficult for graduates to find jobs, and the surplus of talents is only a relative surplus. Large cities, large enterprises and large companies with relatively concentrated talents are absolutely insufficient in the vast rural areas and western regions.
(2) University graduates are elites.
Higher education in China has been transforming from elite education to mass education for decades, and it is becoming more and more popular.
However, students and parents' understanding of graduates' employment still stays in the concept of elite education more than ten years ago. They think that as long as they graduate from college, it means that they are "elites" and must have a decent job. Therefore, graduates and parents pay too much attention to the size, geographical location and starting point treatment of the unit. The crux of graduates' employment difficulty lies in their inability to innovate in time and keep pace with the times. The value created by fresh college students is very limited in all aspects, so give yourself a more accurate positioning rationally.
(3) Highly educated people have high employability.
This is a common misunderstanding in current society. Employers spend a lot of talents, and students and parents blindly pursue high education, mistakenly thinking that high education equals high working ability. In fact, knowledge and employability, education and employability cannot be equated.
Higher education is academic education and vocational education, which can be both academic education and vocational education. China's universities have long been characterized by over-emphasis on academic professional education, so college graduates under this education are more prone to the imbalance of knowledge and ability development. Employment requires relevant professional qualities and abilities. Obviously, a considerable number of graduates who read only sage books lack the ability to turn what they have learned into professional competence.
2. The employment situation of the whole society is not satisfactory.
Unemployment is a social problem, which is mainly related to a country's employment demand, industrial structure adjustment and national economic policy imbalance. China is in a transitional period, and the reform of government institutions and the transition of economic system have forced state-owned units to reduce staff and increase efficiency, and their absorption capacity has dropped significantly. The employment situation in the whole society is getting more and more severe. At present, the labor market in China is facing great pressure from about140,000 laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises,150,000 rural surplus labor force and nearly100,000 new labor force in cities and towns. The government has been trying to relieve the pressure by developing the service industry and other means. However, according to authoritative prediction, in the next three to five years, 22-23 million people in China will be employed in cities and towns. Even if the economy maintains a growth rate of 7-8%, there will still be tens of millions of "job gaps" every year. Under the background that the absorption capacity of the social employment market has not increased correspondingly, undergraduates graduated after more than one year of large-scale enrollment expansion in Chinese universities. Therefore, the employment problem of graduates is more prominent and noticeable.
3. There are problems in higher education itself
The enrollment of colleges and universities in China lacks autonomy, the trace of planned economy is still strong, and there is no "zero distance" contact with the market. First of all, the proportion of training levels in colleges and universities does not meet the market demand, the employment rate at all levels is inversely proportional to the hierarchical structure of enrollment in the same period, the supply of graduate students is less than the demand, the supply and demand of undergraduates are basically balanced, and the supply of junior college students exceeds the demand. Secondly, there are problems in the existing discipline structure in colleges and universities. The dislocation of supply and demand of disciplines and specialties and the convergence and centralization of specialty settings will inevitably lead to the rigidity of curriculum structure, behind closed doors and divorced from reality. Schools cannot be guided by the needs of the market and knowledge structure, and the discipline and curriculum structure need to be adjusted urgently. Third, pay more attention to education than occupation. No matter what type and level of colleges and universities, they are always moving closer to comprehensive research universities. Most graduates should go to the production line, but the guiding ideology and curriculum of running a school are academic, ignoring the vocational skills training needed for students' employment, and the school education is seriously out of line with the market requirements.
2 countermeasures for college students' employment and entrepreneurship
1. government: create a good environment for employment and entrepreneurship
First of all, the government should speed up economic development and create a good macro-environment for college graduates' employment. Secondly, the government should continue to attach importance to and promote social employment, further rationalize the employment system for graduates, always adhere to market orientation, and improve the mobility of the labor market. Weaken the restriction of hukou on the independent choice of supply and demand sides in the labor market, dilute the welfare guarantee function of the unit, and give corresponding supporting social security in hukou, file management and labor insurance. At the same time, preferential policies are provided to encourage college graduates to find jobs in rural and western regions and encourage self-employment. College graduates should not only be competitors of existing jobs in society, but also pioneers of new jobs, bringing employment opportunities to society. The government should introduce preferential policies to encourage all kinds of capital to invest in high-tech entities founded by graduates; Establish a college student entrepreneurship base to provide professional guidance, legal advice, market analysis and other services for entrepreneurial college students; Give special preferential treatment to self-employed college students in examination and approval procedures, financial loans, industrial and commercial registration, taxation, etc.
2. Society: the concept keeps pace with the times and the service is really thoughtful.
It is an urgent task for our society to change college students' employment concept. We must completely get rid of the shackles of feudal ideas such as five grades for the people and nine grades for the officials, truly understand the concept that workers have no distinction between high and low, and form a social consciousness of talented people. At the same time, it will also provide more services for graduates' employment.
Graduates should adjust their employment expectations according to the supply and demand of the talent market. Universities not only train social elites, but also train ordinary social workers. It is normal that "Peking University gifted scholars sell meat". After all, there are few economically developed areas and hot industries, and their ability to attract graduates is limited, while a considerable number of places and industries that are not optimistic about college students have great demand for them.
At the same time, it is suggested to establish a national employment information network, strengthen the research and reporting of social demand prediction, and truly provide meticulous and thoughtful employment services for graduates.
3。 Colleges and universities: it is urgent to reform education and teaching.
(1) The employment situation of graduates has become an important symbol to measure the effectiveness of a university. The employment rate of colleges and universities announced by the Ministry of Education every year will inevitably bring pressure and motivation to schools. It is not feasible for schools to only care about education regardless of employment.
(2) Who will fill the gap between school education and market demand and professional ability? Under the current circumstances, colleges and universities must bear this great responsibility. Teaching reform in colleges and universities needs to be closely integrated with social development and national construction. Specialty setting and curriculum structure should adapt to market demand; Establish systems such as "feedback of employment rate of college graduates" and "early warning of enrollment ratio of college students", and formulate the scale of enrollment expansion according to different professional sciences; It is necessary to increase the number of students who are in urgent need of majors in society, control the development scale of long-term majors, and reduce or even stop enrolling students for majors with low teaching quality and unreasonable professional settings.
(3) Develop vocational training institutions and boldly try the marriage between schools and enterprises. Students who have just left school are not only weak in practical ability, but also have problems in expression and communication skills. Schools should set up vocational training institutions or increase vocational quality education courses, including business etiquette, mental health, communication with people and integration into teams. Only by combining professional quality training with practice can we really narrow the gap between school education and market demand.
(4) Colleges and universities should strengthen employment guidance for graduates. Employment guidance has become a part of college students' ideological and political education. As a student's life guidance, it meets students' needs for life development and career design, and runs through university education, which not only makes up for the shortage of previous employment guidance, but also enriches the ideological and political education system for college students. Strengthen the theoretical research and practical operation of employment guidance. Colleges and universities should build an employment guidance system that adapts to social development, establish complete employment guidance objectives and guidance contents, form effective employment guidance methods and means, and gradually run employment guidance through the whole university, promote students' life education while promoting employment guidance, and improve students' recognition and enthusiasm for quality education.
(5) Self-employment is the requirement of the times, and it is also a direction of the reform of the employment system for college graduates in China, and it also puts forward higher requirements for the employment guidance for college students. It is better to teach people to fish than to teach them to fish. According to UNESCO, the "third passport" for learning is entrepreneurial ability. It has become a trend of higher education in China to attach importance to college students' entrepreneurship education and regularize and institutionalize it in university courses.
Entrepreneurship education is a systematic project. Through various available educational methods, we can cultivate entrepreneurs' comprehensive qualities such as entrepreneurial awareness, entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial skills, and finally make the educated have certain entrepreneurial ability. Entrepreneurship education should pay attention to the change of students' employment concept, make students change from passive employment concept to active entrepreneurship concept, encourage students to take entrepreneurship as their career choice, and combine their professional skills and interests to create their own expected value. Self-employment is an important form for individuals to exert their subjective initiative to solve employment problems. At present, Shanghai has launched a pilot program for college students' entrepreneurship training, and established the Shanghai Entrepreneurship Education and Training Center specifically for fresh graduates for the first time. Its entrepreneurship training plan includes introductory training, practical and entrepreneurial training, personalized counseling and follow-up support for business opening. Government subsidies for college students' entrepreneurship training shall be implemented by qualified entrepreneurship training institutions entrusted by the labor and social security departments. College students who are interested in starting a business can be trained first, and then start a business practice. Although only a few students start their own businesses after graduation, it is necessary to carry out systematic entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship training for all college students during their college years. Efforts should be made to cultivate their entrepreneurial ability and quality, enhance their entrepreneurial awareness, and prepare them for starting their own businesses and starting their own businesses in their future lives. At the beginning of last year, Jiangsu University established the College of Student Entrepreneurship. Wuhan University has also announced that it will allow students to drop out of school to start businesses, set up a college student entrepreneurship fund, organize experts and professors to compile textbooks for entrepreneurship courses, add "entrepreneurship courses" for all undergraduates, and teach capable students to be "bosses". The research on graduates' self-employment policy, the possibility and quality requirements of self-employment, the implementation way and development trend of self-employment and the guidance for graduates' self-employment are also topics that colleges and universities should strengthen their research.
The solution to the employment problem of college students depends on economic development, as well as system reform and concept renewal. It involves the government, society, schools and students themselves, and needs the joint efforts of the government, universities, society and graduates themselves. References: