186 1- Empress Dowager Cixi of China launched a seven-lane coup and began to listen to politics.

186 1 year-1870-risorgimento, and the war of reunification lasted until 1870.

186 1 year-1864-American civil war.

1863-The war between Germany and Austria against Denmark was the first step of German reunification.

1863- 1867- France occupied Mexico and established a puppet regime. 1867 forced to leave Mexico. The ousted Mexican President Benito Juarez returned to power.

1866-Germany War, Prussia defeated Austria and became the most powerful country in Germany, and the North German Confederation was established, which was the second step of German reunification.

1866- 1869- Meiji Restoration in Japan.

be born

1867 —— wilbur wright, American aircraft designer and inventor.

1867 —— Marie Curie, Polish-French physicist

1869-Indian statesman Mahatma Gandhi

stop

186 1 year-Emperor Xianfeng, the ninth emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

1863- Si Tong Walter Jackson, a famous Confederate general during the American Civil War.

1867 —— michael faraday, British physicist.

2. The following is a model essay.

In 2007, the college entrance examination in Shanghai was a small paper, with more than 20 points.

First, the birth of 1860s —— On the great role of 1860s in historical development.

Turning over the annals of human history, it is not difficult to find that 1860 has played a great role in promoting all countries and the world. This turbulent era has greatly promoted the progress of human civilization, both for capitalist countries and for China, which was relatively backward at that time.

Globally, the first key words of 1860 are unity and human rights. The American Civil War is a typical example of both. The victory in the north consolidated the unity of the Federation, and the promulgation of the declaration on the abolition of slaves was also a manifestation of safeguarding human rights. Another factor that includes unification is that when Japan was backward in fashion, the emergence of national crisis and the start of domestic capitalism led to the collapse of Japan, and finally the unified political power of the Mikado system was established, which also laid the foundation for the Meiji Restoration. The reform in Russia 186 1 embodies human rights elements. Although the abolition of serfdom is not complete, it is also a major event in the history of human rights. Since then, Germany, another big country that rose rapidly, also started the road of reunification in the dynasty war in the1860s. It can be seen that the1860s played a great role in promoting the world, and reunification and human rights laid the foundation stone for the subsequent world economic and political development.

On a global scale, another set of key words in the1860s were technology and industry. During this period, some countries completed the industrial revolution, and the rapid development of science and technology paved the way for the second scientific and technological revolution. The rule of all countries is accompanied by the rapid development of plunder and expansion, but the advantages of Britain and France in this period also planted the seeds of the crisis at the end of 19. Virtue gained momentum in this period. The Changes of the World Situation in the Early 20th Century —— The Rise of America and the Contradiction between Britain and Germany. It can be seen that the1860s played an important role in the next century's history, and the law of political and economic imbalance was influenced by this era in both world wars.

In China, the key word of 1860s is Westernization Movement. China, which experienced two Opium Wars in this period, finally began to change, and the Westernization Movement began a long road to saving the country. Anqing Ordnance Institute, China Merchants Bureau and Wentong Museum, these actions are of epoch-making significance to modern China. It is true that the Westernization Movement could not and did not shake the foundation of China's feudal rule, making China prosperous. However, the Westernization Movement resisted the invasion of foreign capitalism to some extent, stimulated the emergence of national capitalism, and really played a great role in the development of China's modern history.

Throughout the history since 1860s, it is not difficult to find that the great influence of 1860s is both positive and negative. But for China today. Most importantly, in the process of building a harmonious society, China will truly become a dragon standing in the east of the world by seizing the opportunity of historical development, drawing lessons and speeding up development.

Second, the birth of1860s-the difference of modernization between China and Japan

During the 65438+60s, a turbulent era, many countries behind Europe began to learn from the West and vigorously developed capitalism. This also makes capitalism widely established on a global scale. China and Japan, both in Asia, have embarked on two different modernization paths.

China, under the banner of "seeking wealth and strengthening itself", failed to truly achieve prosperity. After seeing the huge gap in military science and technology between China and the West, the Westernization School in China decided to learn from the West. But what it learned was only "tools". It established military industry and introduced western technology to establish modern civil industry, which stimulated the emergence of national capitalism. Sending overseas students is a new atmosphere in thought. However, the Westernization Movement never made China rich and independent, because it did not touch the foundation of the feudal system, and the economic foundation decided the superstructure. Under the impact of the wave of capitalism, the small-scale peasant economy has completely failed to adapt to such a backward feudal country as China. Only by breaking through the shackles of the feudal system can we achieve self-improvement and get rid of the national crisis. In A.D. 1860, an egg without cracks was born in China. It can't grow into a rooster tomorrow.

Japan, which worships Fukuzawa Yukichi's theory of "leaving Asia and entering Europe", will truly leave Asia and enter Europe and become a capitalist country. Facing the serious national crisis, the anti-Japanese clique, with the middle and lower samurai as the main force, overthrew the Tokugawa era and implemented a series of top-down reforms. From "returning official titles" to "abolishing vassals and establishing counties", Japan gradually became a unified central country. Abolish the ban on land sales, establish private ownership, implement compulsory education, and abolish the domestic guild system and checkpoint system. Japan has provided a broad living space for the development of capitalism, which has developed rapidly and become an Asian power. Born in Japan in the1860s, it is more like a baby boy who needs to be preserved. As long as he is raised a little, he will grow into an indomitable spirit.

From the great differences between China and Japan in seeking modernization, we can see that only by conforming to the trend of historical development and keeping up with the pace of the times can the country be truly prosperous and independent. Modernization is not only economic modernization, but also political modernization. Only by realizing political and economic modernization can we realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 1860 broke the egg, and the rooster has since stood in the forest of the East.

Three, the 2007 Shanghai college entrance examination nine small papers.

(The title is abbreviated)

There is a nebula mage in Taiwan Province Province. He once said: in the face of suffering, there is sweetness without taste; Facing the past, the past has its own unknown past. Recalling the turbulent times 150 years ago, exploring that history is like tasting the unknown past. I want to talk about it! It made me understand a profound truth, conform to the development of history and be a trendsetter of the times.

As Toynbee pointed out in Historical Research, the modern western world is supported by two pillars. One is the economic system of factory production, and the other is the democratic political system. The reason why the west has become the forefront of the modern world trend depends on the idea of conforming to the historical trend.

Capitalism became the mainstream regime in modern times, and its cornerstone should be traced back to17-18th century. The whirlwind of bourgeois revolution in Britain, France and the United States swept through every corner of Europe. At that time, the feudal autocracy had obviously failed to keep pace with the times, and capitalist democracy took its place and became a move in line with the trend of the times. Also in 1860. After the baptism of the industrial revolution, Europe once again came to the crossroads of the times, and finally chose the rapid development of modern science and technology at that time, thus increasing the productivity stronger than ever before. And all this is also a measure to adapt to the development of the times.

On the other hand, in China in 1860, the decadent feudal system had not been broken, and it refused to communicate with foreign countries. The state of self-sufficiency finally reaped the consequences. The extremely backward eastern civilization is vulnerable to western industrial artillery fire. Under the situation that democracy has become the mainstream of the world, feudal rule runs counter to the concept of the times, leaving only a century of bitter humiliation and endless regret.

Comrade Sun Yat-sen said that the world trend is vast, those who follow it prosper, and those who go against it perish. The predecessors painted a magnificent historical picture for us with their own personal experiences, successes and failures, joys and sorrows. Looking back on the history of 1860, we deeply feel that the rolling Yangtze River is gone forever. It is the primary task of our new generation of young people to be at the forefront of the wave and conform to the development of the times in the future.