Before the invention of printing, knowledge could only be spread orally or manually. Word of mouth is easy to make mistakes, while manual copying is time-consuming and laborious, easy to copy mistakes and omissions, and difficult to preserve and spread knowledge, which not only hinders the development of culture, but also causes delays and losses in cultural communication.
It was not until the Sui Dynasty that block printing began. When I arrived in Song Renzong, there was a lettering worker named Bi Sheng. He made a long square cylinder out of fine and sticky clay, carved the characters on it, one by one, burned them in a kiln to make movable type, and then arranged the characters in turn according to the content of the article to make a printing plate. This is the invention of movable type printing. Although this printing method is primitive and simple, it is the same as the principle of modern printing. Later, wooden movable type, metal movable type and clay movable type appeared in China, which made printing more and more progress.
With printing, human knowledge, experience, works, history, etc. It can be preserved more widely and accurately, and will not be fallacious or lost because of the dilemma of handwriting. It has played a great role in the inheritance of knowledge, so that human beings can get education and inspiration from the works of predecessors, accumulate the research results of predecessors, and continue to carry forward. Therefore, printing has become a great contribution to human culture and a great leap forward in culture. Moreover, the invention and development of movable-type edition enable human beings to enjoy convenient, fast and low-cost books and printed materials. Through the process of printing and copying in large quantities, knowledge can be widely circulated, and cultural exchanges are more common and frequent through the extensive circulation of these crystallization of human wisdom. Moreover, because knowledge and books are easier to obtain, the general public has the opportunity to receive education. Knowledge books will no longer be just the rights of a few powerful people, accelerate the popularization of knowledge education, and have a significant and far-reaching impact on the evolution of human civilization.
Therefore, the invention of printing in China can be said to be the dawn of human culture, creating unprecedented conditions for the wide spread, exchange and inheritance of culture. The invention of printing is called "great" because its influence is not limited to China, but global, and it has contributed to the cultural development of all mankind. According to historical records, China's woodblock printing technology was introduced to Japan and Korea in the 8th century, and14th century wood movable type technology was introduced to Korea and Japan, and then from Xinjiang to Europe via Persia and Egypt.
It made the science in medieval Europe advance by leaps and bounds after a long night, and provided important material conditions for the emergence of the Renaissance. Therefore, the invention of printing has made great contributions to the culture of all mankind.
Francis Bacon once said in the book New Tools: "We should pay attention to the power, efficiency and consequences of various inventions. The most notable examples are printing, gunpowder and compass.
These three inventions have changed the face and state of the whole world. The first is academic, the second is military, and the third is navigation, which has produced countless changes. This change is so great that no empire, no sect, and no famous figure can exert greater power and influence than these three mechanical inventions in the cause of mankind. "
As it says, printing has an extremely important and far-reaching influence on the spread of world knowledge and the evolution of civilization. Without the invention of printing, human culture might still stumble in the long night full of mistakes, the spread of knowledge would be hindered, and the appearance of modern civilization would be delayed for hundreds of years, so the world would not be as prosperous as it is now.
Nowadays, we can enjoy the rich knowledge, prosperous civilization and other achievements brought by the great invention of printing. While being grateful, we should cherish and make full use of these resources, embrace our dreams, inspire ourselves in the wisdom of our predecessors, look forward to Excellence, and continue to promote human civilization.
2. Help write an article about printing. Application of about 1500 word contrast prepress technology in domestic newspaper printing and commercial printing. The application of prepress technology in newspaper printing has the following characteristics: first, it pursues technical safety and is too conservative about technological innovation; Second, the blind pursuit of technical security makes the configuration matching between equipment and application software not scientific and reasonable enough; Third, up to now, there is no awareness of standardizing homework with processes, and it still stays at the stage of "emphasizing hardware over software".
There are three main reasons for these characteristics: first, newspaper printing pays more attention to technical security and political security than commercial printing, which is an inherent feature of newspaper printing and is difficult to change; Second, the technology used in newspaper printing, especially the software, is relatively closed, and it is difficult to integrate other advanced technologies; Thirdly, few domestic suppliers are willing to actively promote the prepress technological innovation of the newspaper industry, because the process of this promotion will be long and difficult.
To change this situation of newspaper prepress technology, the most important thing is to change the closure of newspaper prepress technology into openness. Once the technical conservative barriers are removed and excellent prepress technology is adopted by newspaper printing, newspaper printing practitioners will emancipate their minds and eliminate their fear of technical safety, thus boldly introducing new ideas, models and technologies.
Judging from the newspaper technology introduced by international manufacturers such as Agfa, Kodak Polaroid and Klaus in China. , are based on post-RIP 1-bittiff, so many well-known manufacturers build newspaper data flow by post-RIP, which at least explains one truth. Post-RIP technology has unique advantages in newspaper industry, which are reflected in the following aspects.
* Security. PDF is safer than PS, and 1-bittiff is safer than PDF. For newspaper printing, when the layout is determined and the editor enters the plate-making process, it is no longer necessary to modify the file. The editability of PDF is useless here, but it has become a security risk. The invariance of 1-bittiff can ensure the absolute security of files.
* Compatibility. There are three typesetting systems in domestic newspaper industry: Founder, Huaguang and Adobe. No process before RIP can be compatible with these three typesetting systems at the same time, but it can be easily realized after RIP.
* Multi-purpose. On the basis of ensuring security, the same 1-bittiff file can be used for many purposes, such as imposition, digital proofing, ink preset, CTF, CTP output and so on, and the consistency of the results can be guaranteed. This is also unmatched by PDF or PS before RIP.
In the process of newspaper printing plant, there are three most important links, one is imposition, the other is proofing, and the third is ink preset. Many processes are not recognized in the newspaper industry, which is related to the fact that these processes are mostly evolved from commercial prepress processes, which are more suitable for commercial printing, and the characteristics of newspaper printing are not considered more. The communication process of Gao Gong Bao advocated by Gao Gong Bao focuses on solving several main problems existing in the newspaper industry before it goes to press, and adopts a step-by-step approach from easy to difficult. Newspaper users can use some or all of the processes, but in either way, users can directly see the obvious effects brought by this process. Moreover, because the post-RIP technology is adopted in the high-tech newspaper process, all typesetting files will be converted into the standard post-RIP data format before entering the high-tech newspaper process, which effectively avoids the invalid work caused by inconsistent typesetting file formats. This post-RIP technology really supports "RIP once, multi-output". As long as the standard data after RIP is formed, these data can be transmitted to imposition, proofing, output and other systems without obstacles, which ensures the unification of data to the greatest extent.
Newspaper printing will change the consciousness of "emphasizing hardware over software", and digital processing, color management and other technical means will be widely used in newspaper printing. At the same time, the software for newspaper printing will become more and more professional, instead of simply moving the software for commercial printing to newspaper printing. CTP will be accepted by more newspaper printing, but more newspaper printing enterprises will improve their application software to achieve the effect of improving efficiency and stabilizing quality that CTP can achieve.
3. How is this book printed? Twenty years ago, it was like this:
First, use the method of "movable type printing", fill pages with type, and watermark a piece of paper with ink.
Send this paper to the plate-making factory.
The plate-making factory took a negative of this paper. The places with words on the negative are black, and the places without words are transparent.
Brush a layer of acid-resistant liquid with copper plate or zinc plate to form a protective film. This acid-resistant coating is afraid of light and decomposes at the sight of light.
Put the negative on the copper-zinc plate and use it up. The place where there should be no words is illuminated, and the protective film is gone; Where there should be words, the light is blocked by the negative film and the protective film is still there.
Then put the copper-zinc plate in hydrochloric acid, and the place where there should be no words will be corroded; The place with words will not be corroded because it is covered with protective film.
After a few hours, the whole version will be corroded and then modified. If the extra parts are removed, the missing parts will be made up from behind.
After that, the plate-making factory will hand over the finished copper-zinc plate to the printing factory for batch printing.
This is only one page of this book. It should be said that it is two pages, that is, the whole face after opening. Make as many editions as you have.
Then it was handed over to the bookbinding factory. Each piece of paper is folded into four pages (front and back) and stapled into a stack every dozens of pages. The books needed for a book are stacked together, the spine is coated with glue, the cover is affixed, and the other three sides are cut off, and the book is finished.
Later, there was a computer and typesetting was done with computer software. When the printer typed it, it was handed over to the plate-making factory, and the movable type printing and typesetting were eliminated.
Later, about ten years ago, the copper-zinc plate technology was out of date, and now it is almost eliminated. I switched to so-called "offset printing", so I don't understand.
4. Paper and printed compositions Before writing, our ancestors recorded them with knots.
By the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago, there were the earliest physical books-documents carved with Oracle bones. Armor is the tortoise's belly armor and back armor; Bones are the shoulder blades of cattle.
Carved on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions in hieroglyphics, it recorded the war, hunting, begging for rain and so on. In addition to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there are bronze books ── bronze inscriptions, stone drum books ── Shi Guwen.
Official books in China are made of bamboo and wood, which also appeared in the Shang Dynasty. They split trees and bamboo into thin slices, called wooden slips and bamboo slips, and wrote on them. Each book should be made of many Jane, woven with silk rope or tape.
These books are heavy. It is said that the documents reviewed by Qin Shihuang every day weigh about 120 Jin.
In the Western Han Dynasty, someone wrote an article to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in which 3,000 bamboo slips were used. Two strong men had to carry them into the court with difficulty. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, people wrote on silk and could roll it up. A book is a roll of silk.
According to legend, paper was invented by a eunuch named Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has been nearly 2000 years.
Cai Lun invented paper while working in the Palace Appliance Factory. He made hemp paper from hemp, grain paper from branches and mesh paper from old fishing nets.
The specific method is: mash all kinds of materials into paste, then dilute it, and after removing water, it becomes a thin sheet, which is paper. The invention of paper also brought about changes in writing tools. Brush, fountain pen, pencil and ballpoint pen are all designed to adapt to writing on paper.
By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper had become the most important material. In this process, the level of preserving paper characters is also constantly improving.
At that time, the paper used for writing was often dyed first, mainly to prevent insects from eating and rotting. For example, the scrolls of the Tang Dynasty in Dunhuang stone chambers have been preserved for more than 1000 years. Although they are damaged, the paper is intact and there is no moth-eaten phenomenon.
Another great invention brought about by the appearance of paper is printing. At first, the rulers had to use hundreds or even thousands of people to copy a standard book or legal provisions nationwide. Now we can find the sutra depository in a temple with a long history, which shows that the number of sutra depository was very small at the beginning, so it is very precious and cannot be lost.
The appearance of printing made it possible for books to be available to the public. The appearance of printing can't be a day or two.
Generally speaking, it comes from impression first. Impression appeared earlier. For example, when Qin Shihuang promulgated the standard measuring tool, he used the impression mold to print the full text of the imperial edict on pottery.
After the paper is used, the printed matter previously covered on other materials can be directly covered on the paper. However, at this time, it is only printing, not printing. Printing must have the action of "brushing", that is, printing words on paper with objects on the back of the stamp.
It was Bi Sheng who made a qualitative leap in printing. He invented movable type printing, because it is very difficult to make a full-page printing with woodcut, and it is very troublesome to change it once there is an error. Bi Sheng invented the use of clay to carve characters, each character carved a mold, and carved more commonly used characters, which were strengthened by fire.
Then arrange them on the iron plate as needed. In this way, the font of the same word can be reused, and it is convenient to find mistakes and change them.
Before computer typing appeared, movable type printing was always used, but the materials used were getting better and better. Now, the emergence of computers has made a qualitative leap in the way words are spread.
I've always wondered how newspapers are made.
Today, I have the honor to feast my eyes. First, we came to the printing room on the second floor. Here, I learned how to correct the mistakes in news, how to typeset, and the four colors commonly used in editing newspapers-blue, red, yellow and black.
But what impressed me most was visiting the printing workshop. As soon as I entered the door of the printing workshop, a strong smell of ink came to my nose. I can't help asking the commentator Uncle Wang, "Uncle, do all the employees here have to work here all the time?" "Yes, the taste is still light now, and it will be stronger when printed."
Ah! The staff here are really hard! I saw five big machines again, and I heard Uncle Wang say that each one was imported from Germany and the price was very high. Each of them is very efficient, and the speed of printing per hour shocked me: the four can print about 70,000 copies per hour on average, and the most efficient one can print about150,000 copies per hour! It would be better if we could observe the internal structure! How high-tech it is Moreover, these machines are very advanced and agile. They can automatically clean, check and correct errors. If there is a fault, they will automatically stop running. If the paper is damaged, they will be replaced with new paper.
What an automated machine! I can't help being shocked by the speed and efficiency of these printing machines. In this activity, I not only feel that my uncles and aunts in the workshop are very hard, but also realize that our country is getting richer and richer! .
6. How to write a comment about visiting the printing factory? I am a strong person. Visiting a printing factory can write a review of nearly a thousand words, so the last half-day visit to the printing factory was expanded. I admire myself. I always thought that the printing factory was such an existence, with factories and printing presses.
However, it turns out that my idea is all wet. Chutian Printing, located behind Hubei Daily, has a pocket-sized facade, which hides its huge true face. The whole printing plant is intricate, with staggered lanes and many buildings connected together. Because of the printing press, the floors are different. So the whole visit feels like going up and down stairs, from one corridor to another. If no one leads the way, you will really get lost in it.
The most spectacular thing is the newspaper printing workshop, where many sets are arranged side by side. The transmission channel of printed matter hangs from the ceiling like a steel dragon, and being in the workshop is really like being in a behemoth. Because the workshop didn't work when we visited, we couldn't see the newspaper printing.
But looking at the rolls of paper 1000 kg and the narrow stairs connecting the upper and lower machines, you can imagine the busyness and shock of those machines when they are running. The roll paper enters from the entrance of the machine, passes through four units, and is printed with four colors of red, yellow, green and black, and becomes a newspaper. Then enter the conveying channel, pass through the ceiling, and finally reach the exit. The whole process was extremely fast, during which the machine roared and the staff went up and down, which was really busy.
I saw the well-known CTP in the CTP room, but because it didn't run, I didn't have an intuitive feeling about the running state of the whole machine, and I didn't see the PS version with my own eyes. It's a pity. According to the staff, CTP is expensive, so few publishers adopt this method.
Chutian Printing has the most advanced binding line in Hubei at present, but like CTP, it has not run, but has seen the workflow of many ordinary binding lines. First, the paper to be bound is put on the conveyor belt in sequence, and bound at the binding place, then there is trimming equipment, and finally the parcel is bound by hand.
According to different binding lines, paper placement is done manually and by machines. Personally, although the two methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, the efficiency of the machine will be better. However, due to the expensive printing equipment, the old model will not be easily abandoned. This is also the reason why all kinds of old and new models of this printing factory coexist and work at the same time. It is precisely because of this that we can see the earliest newspaper printing machine. According to reports, this printing machine is still in use today, but it can only be used for monochrome printing.
What surprised me most during the visit was the origami machine. I have never thought about how the folding of newspapers and magazines is formed. I saw it today and suddenly realized. There is a caliper on the paper folding machine that can adjust the position of the paper to be folded.
However, because the paper is placed manually, it is easy to cause paper folding errors due to improper placement. Only a few minutes after our visit, three pieces of paper were folded wrong. If there is a machine to perform it, the error rate may be lower. Generally speaking, this visit has gained a lot, which completely changed my misunderstanding of the printing factory.
On April 26th, 20 1 1, our teacher organized us to visit the printing factory. In my eyes, such a great and proud thing is at best an easy thing. But I didn't feel relaxed afterwards.
Our visit process is far from what I expected, but I am not interested in pursuing this gap. I wish I hadn't participated in this visit, because it made me hate the printing industry even more. Here's the process. We came to the printing factory and were led into a place that should be regarded as a meeting by a woman who at least I don't know her name. We sat inside carefully, like a group of idiots always trying to prove something.
As for what I did in it, I almost forgot, but I was deeply touched by the simple safety training. The profound reason is that I didn't feel any training content, but let's add a safety accident table. I think everyone knows it's a fucking waste of time, and a fool is deceiving us. What China people are good at is following you and then dismissing you. After a while, we were led to the workshop and walked into the factory building. I smelled a pungent smell in an instant. My thought at that time was: damn it, is this the place I should pursue? We were dragged away by the plan, and then we saw the legendary printing presses such as Roland and Heidelberg. Faced with these big machines, which are very powerful compared with people, I didn't want to conquer them, because I don't think these machines need me either. My idea has nothing in common with its function. I didn't even think I would become a printer.
The workshop ended in a few minutes. I know only a few of them graduated from college, because this fucking job doesn't need to learn anything about being a man, improving quality, and packaging technology and design. It's a five-star major that enrolls students independently. As long as you have hands and a fearless spirit of being content with the status quo and willing to dedicate your youth, then you are fully qualified for this job.
I have nothing to do with these two points. In the face of the printing work that teachers have painstakingly and indirectly recommended to us, I would like to express my gratitude. There are not many opportunities, so leave it to the majority of printing enthusiasts. After the visit, we returned to the conference room and the finale appeared. Snow Song Xue Jie appeared in a very low-key way. Brother Xue was promoted to sales assistant. When he didn't speak, my admiration for him rose in my heart. Later, brother Xue's speech made me dumbfounded. I didn't understand a word. He is even more involved than Jay. Later, we all wondered how he became a sales assistant. At this time, a female leader replied:
7. How to write your own composition collection If you want to write an editor, it is mainly divided into three steps: collecting materials-designing and typesetting-printing.
collect material
First of all, we should collect enough composition materials and make a composition collection. These compositions can be excellent compositions that teachers have given high marks or won prizes, or they can be compositions that they prefer although they are not recognized by teachers. Personal subjective feelings should also be considered in personal composition collection.
Secondly, so many composition materials should be classified. It can be classified according to the time span of the content, or according to the subject category of the composition. Each category has a title, such as Those People, Travel Experience, King of Fairy Tales, Eating Notes and so on.
The combination set also needs a special name. Such as "XXX children's words are unscrupulous" and "flowers bloom and fall" blablabla. Can you play XXX no matter how bad it is? Grade composition selection ",this can be designed before typesetting, or you can draw up a draft first, and then make sure that the best inspiration will be generated."
Prepare the composition, give the composition set a good name, and the composition set can be done. But if you want to make the content vivid, you can also refer to the following methods and prepare more materials!
Adding interesting photos to the composition can enrich the content of the composition collection. You can prepare corresponding photos according to the content mentioned in the composition.
Composition collection also belongs to prose collection. You can have a brief introduction, name, age, school, hobbies, specialties and personality of the young author. In short, readers can get to know young readers before reading.
If you want to publish a collection of essays, you can invite well-written parents, teachers or good friends to preface it.
Foreword, preface and editor's words and conclusions: Foreword, preface and editor's words are generally placed at the beginning, and conclusions are generally placed at the end. If you want to add this part to the composition set, you can write out the ideas, processes and experiences of this composition set. You can also reserve space before typesetting and then fill in the content.
Design typesetting
Unless you want to make a manual composition collection, you should know some basic computer operations, especially WORD.
All the compositions to be included in the composition set are entered into the electronic version in WORD, and each article is saved as an independent file.
Download and install a DPS typesetting and printing sharing software, which has the format and template for making typesetting sets. Select a new composite collection. If you think your design is too troublesome, choose a ready-made template. Templates have a variety of themes, all of which are childlike. The front cover and back cover, table of contents, page number, text position, character size and spacing, including title size and position, are all ready-made, and the background of each page is also set. If you don't like it, there are many beautiful pictures in the system that can be replaced by yourself, and there are also many beautiful stickers to choose from.
According to the previously classified composition, directly import it into a WORD file for automatic typesetting, and just drag the photo directly to the desired location.
After placing the position of each article, modify the table of contents according to the page order of each article.
If you don't like the template composition name set on the cover, you can also change it to your own name. Remember to change the author's name to your own.
When you are finished, choose to share-share all the pages, and you will generate a 3D e-book, which can be sent directly to others by scanning the code mobile phone, and you can also like comments.
In fact, WORD can also be directly used to make printed documents, and PS, COREDRAW and other software can also be used to design, mainly because the composition suit is more troublesome to design, and the latter two softwares are generally more difficult to learn. In addition, you need to go out and find a quick printing shop and print these documents after the production is completed. Before printing, you need to export the document to PDF format before printing. If you don't communicate with the fast printing shop face to face, it will be difficult for them to figure out the page number order of the documents you bring, which may lead to binding errors.
Continue to talk about DPS, you can print an order directly in the software, and you don't have to go out to find a quick print shop. Because it is a special printing and typesetting software, the following printing and binding technologies are considered in the design.
Before placing an order, preview the page and select 3D Preview to confirm the page order of the final physical book. If it is correct, you can print it-place an order, choose the paper and technology you want, make a self-help quotation, fill in the receipt information, submit the order, pay with WeChat or Alipay, and you will receive the printed composition collection in a few days, and the quality is still very good ~