First, I advise you not to expect too much in the short term. Classical Chinese will not be greatly improved in the short term. In fact, many studies are like this. The improvement of classical Chinese ability is a long-term accumulation process, and haste makes waste.

Secondly, I want to give you some advice. I don't know what level you are now. Learning classical Chinese can be said to be a bit like learning English. First of all, you must master the meaning and usage of every verb, noun and modal particle in classical Chinese. A verb in classical Chinese has many explanations and different meanings on different occasions. Choose its meaning according to the situation, of course, provided that you have mastered all its meanings. Nouns are used flexibly in classical Chinese, nouns are used flexibly, adjectives are used flexibly, and the interpretation of nouns is different from that of modern Chinese.

It is best to find some historical allusions and events, start reading small articles and gradually accumulate and master them. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, so don't rush for success. You'd better get into the habit of taking notes. If you can't see clearly, write it down, look it up, buy a reference book in classical Chinese, and remember it well.

We opened the biography of talented people in Tang Dynasty and said in the biography of Wang Bo, "Six years old, good at talking." He could write poetry when he was six years old. Poetry at that time was classical poetry, regular poetry and quatrains, while prose at that time was ancient prose and parallel prose. How can you write such a poem at the age of six? Look at "Biography of King Zhigeng" again, saying that "you can write poetry at the age of seven"; "Li Bai Yao" biography, called "seven-year-old Wen Neng"; There are many similar records in Liu Shenxu Biography "Returning to the Book at the Age of Eight". In other words, in the Tang Dynasty, children aged seven or eight could not only read ancient prose, parallel prose and old-style poems, but also write ancient prose, parallel prose and old-style poems. Were people particularly clever at that time? That's not true. Let's look at modern people, such as Kang Youwei. "You can be a writer at the age of seven." Liang Qichao "graduated from the Five Classics at the age of six, learned to write essays at the age of eight, and could write thousands of words every day at the age of nine." It can be seen that the intelligence of ancient and modern people is similar. Then, no matter people in the Tang Dynasty or modern times, they can read ancient prose from an early age, not only reading it, but also writing ancient prose and old-style poems. Why do people have problems reading ancient Chinese nowadays? This should be related to reading.

I once heard Mr. Zhang, the founder of the bookstore, talk about his childhood study. When I first started reading four books, the children didn't understand at all, so the teacher stopped talking. Have a class every day, only teach children to read, and be sure to recite it after reading it. Have another class the next day, and then teach the children to read and recite. On holidays, such as Duanyang Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, Beggar's Festival on the seventh day of July, Double Ninth Festival on the ninth day of September, we won't teach it, so we should recite it in a warm book. For example, on the Duanyang Festival, you should review all the books you have read before and recite them all. By the end of the year, you should review all the books you have read in the past year and recite them all. By the end of the second year, in addition to reciting the books read in the second year, you should also carry the books with you, that is, recite the books read in the first year together. Therefore, like Liang Qichao's "Five Classics when he graduated at the age of six", that is, when he was six years old, he had already recited all the Five Classics; So he "can write thousands of words every day at the age of nine." Therefore, according to "Biography of Talented Scholars in Tang Dynasty", they can write poems at the age of six and at the age of seven. By the time they were six or seven, they must have learned more than 300 poems and Tang poems by heart, so it is not surprising that they can recite poems.

I asked Mr Bird how he studied when he was a child. What he said is similar to what Mr. Zhang said. He said that when he first started reading, he couldn't understand the book at all. After reading for several years, once you suddenly understand what you don't understand, and it is a "three-dimensional understanding", the key is to study hard and keep all the books you have read in your mind. If you don't memorize all the books you have read, put them in your head, read a lesson, and remember how many new words and sentences, this is just a "point understanding". The new words to remember are dots and the sentences to remember are lines. I don't understand the dotted line enough. Because the interpretation of a word often changes in different sentences because of the context, a word will have different uses in different structures. Remember one explanation and one usage of a word. When the explanation and usage of the word change, it is difficult to understand. Read a lesson and remember the new words and sentences in this lesson. This is called flat understanding. Plane understanding only knows the meaning and usage of the words in this lesson book; If the meaning and usage of the same word change in other textbooks, it will be incomprehensible. So plane understanding is not enough to solve the various changes in the interpretation and usage of a word. Reading a book thoroughly is different. You didn't understand it at first, but you'll understand it after reading more. For example, if you read The Analects of Confucius, you don't understand the word "benevolence". The word "benevolence" appeared in The Analects of Confucius 104 times. When you read the word "benevolence" for more than ten times, you will gradually understand its meaning. When you read it dozens or hundreds of times, you will understand its meaning. Because you are familiar with reading and reciting, you can remember all the sentences with the word "benevolence" in the book and remember the context of all the sentences with the word "benevolence". This is the so-called "three-dimensional understanding", whether the interpretation of "benevolence" changes with the context or the usage of phrases with the word "benevolence" changes with different structures.

This "three-dimensional understanding" has three aspects: on the one hand, it is a concrete interpretation of words; On the one hand, when a word is used as a term, it is necessary to understand the theoretical meaning of the term; On the one hand, we should understand the intention of the article. As for the specific interpretation of the text, such as the word "benevolence" in the Analects of Confucius, in the chapter "learning": "filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence!" The word "benevolence" refers to a very high moral standard, that is, benevolence, and filial piety is the basis of benevolence. In the same article, it says, "Love all people, but be kind." This "benevolence" refers not to benevolence, but to people with benevolence, and the interpretation of "benevolence" has changed slightly. The article "Establishing People" says: "How can you know that it is not a blessing to establish people's beauty and choose those who are not kind?" "Li" refers to living, and these two "benevolence" refer to a place with benevolence, which is equivalent to a good environment, and the interpretation of "benevolence" has changed a little. The article "Luz" says: "If there is a king, he will die." If a king rises, it will take 30 years to implement benevolent government. The word "benevolence" refers to the implementation of benevolent policies, which explains some changes. This "benevolence" is interpreted as the practice of benevolent government, which has become a verb and its usage has changed. In these sentences, the meaning of the word "benevolence" as a kind of virtue has not changed, but its specific interpretation has changed due to different contexts and usages. I don't understand this change in detail. I only know that "benevolence" means benevolence, but I can't understand the changed sentences. If you read all the above sentences and understand the changes in these specific explanations, this is the three-dimensional understanding of the word "benevolence" in interpretation.

Once upon a time, when people read The Analects of Confucius, they had to read and recite the whole book, so as to understand the changes of the specific interpretation of the word "benevolence" in different contexts. Taking the word "benevolence" as an example, I read and recited the Analects of Confucius. Many other words in the Analects of Confucius, their changes and usages in different contexts are also understood. With this foundation, we can read other ancient texts, such as those since the Tang and Song Dynasties. No matter how many changes have taken place in the specific interpretation and usage of words in ancient Chinese since the Tang and Song Dynasties, we can understand them. This is the advantage of three-dimensional understanding of reading ancient Chinese. Once upon a time, when people were studying, why did children aged six or seven or seven or eight know ancient Chinese, not only reading but also writing? It is precisely because they memorized all the Analects of Confucius when they were young that they had a three-dimensional understanding of the words in the Analects, so they could learn ancient Chinese when they were six or seven or eight years old. Besides, after the Revolution of 1911, the imperial examination was abolished and schools were promoted. Instead of reading The Analects, we read textbooks at school. At that time, all the students who graduated from school could read ancient Chinese. How did they come from? It turned out that the school also taught classical Chinese at that time. Once in middle school, they taught ancient Chinese, not only teaching ancient Chinese, but also familiarizing themselves with reciting. At that time, I graduated from middle school, studied in middle school for four years, read a lot of ancient prose and recited a lot of ancient prose. With this foundation, they have a three-dimensional understanding of many words in ancient Chinese. On this basis, we can understand the ancient prose since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Even if you don't know some words, look them up in the dictionary. Therefore, if you want to read ancient Chinese, it is not necessarily like the teaching method of private schools. You should read and recite all the four books and five classics, just as you can teach students how many ancient texts to read and recite at school after the Revolution of 1911.

Learning to read ancient Chinese is similar to learning to read foreign languages. I asked Mr. Lv Shuxiang, a great linguist, how he learned foreign languages when he was a child. Teacher Lu said that when I was a child, the teacher had to recite a foreign language, not the whole class, but the books he learned. The teacher picked out the wonderful paragraphs and asked the students to recite them. Wonderful paragraphs are not long and can be recited. Recite one paragraph this time and another next time. Many a mickle makes a mickle, so many paragraphs are memorized. This is why Mr. Lu and others have a three-dimensional understanding of English. Zhuzi's Genre 1 1: "When people read history books, they must recite them procedurally. For example, when reading Hanshu, Emperor Gaozu wrote about Pei Gong, Emperor Wudi sent Pei Gong to go through customs, and Han Xinchu said about Hanwang and Shi Zan's On Qin. , all memorized. If you just look at it a little, it seems that there is nothing in your heart, which is very helpful! " Zhu talked about reading history books and choosing important programs, which is similar to what Mr. Lu said. Teacher Lu recited a wonderful joke, which was more flexible and feasible. This method is feasible whether reading ancient or vernacular Chinese. Mr. Lu's methods of learning English as a child can be used for reference, which enables us to have a three-dimensional understanding of ancient Chinese or foreign languages.

In addition, teacher Zhang Yuanshan's "three-dimensional understanding" combined with familiar reading and recitation has another meaning, which is to cultivate a sense of language. Learning ancient Chinese is also learning a language. "Mencius? Teng Wengong II: "With Dr. Chu here, if you want your son to speak with one voice, let Qi people help you, and Chu people help you?" "said:' make qi people serve the public'. As the saying goes,' When all the people work together, all the Chu people whew (shout). Although they criticize each other every day, they can't get it. Zhuang Yue (the name of Li) has been introduced for several years, although it is rare. ""Send children from dialect areas to Beijing to study, and don't teach them northern dialects. In a few years, he will be able to speak the northern dialect well, from pronunciation to diction. When he got home, he heard that the adults in his family did not meet the standards of northern dialect, and he would get up and correct them. He already has the feeling of northern dialect. The same is true of learning ancient Chinese. You will be familiar with how many ancient texts you recite, and you will cultivate a sense of language for ancient texts. You will understand when you are familiar with the words and sentences in ancient Chinese, especially the use of function words.

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First, learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is the knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns. Only by accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently.

1. Pay attention to preview and learn to teach yourself.

Be sure to translate word for word with the help of notes before class, and don't wait for the teacher to explain. Pay attention to find out difficult sentences and submit them to class discussion, and ask teachers and classmates for advice. It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are many notional words in classical Chinese that are polysemy and multi-purpose. We should be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting out, and learn "words" vividly.

2. Follow the principle of "word for word" to understand and experience.

Whether it is a notional word or a function word, its meaning and usage are always displayed in a specific language environment. When accumulating classical Chinese words, don't memorize them by rote, but try to figure them out in combination with "context".

3. Remember the main classical Chinese sentence patterns

There are five kinds of Chinese classic sentence patterns: judgmental sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, and each sentence pattern has several different forms. Remember the form that is easy to remember and understand.

Second, Chinese textbooks emphasize the reading and reciting of classical Chinese, with the intention of enabling students to master the knowledge of classical Chinese, understand the meaning of the text and cultivate their language perception ability through more reading and reciting. Reading can be divided into four steps:

1. Read the text roughly with the help of notes.

Finish the rough reading task in the preview. The primary task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Combine your notes, read it two or three times according to the context, and then guess, you should be able to understand the text. In rough reading, you should draw difficult words for discussion in class.

2. Ask questions, solve problems and read the text carefully

Through intensive reading in class, we should be able to correct pronunciation, orthomorphism and sentence break accurately, solve the problems encountered in rough reading and analyze the structure of the article. We should improve our understanding of the content of the article.

3. Deeply understand and read the text.

Try to read tone, intonation and rhythm in intensive reading. Through intensive reading, we can deeply comprehend and understand the work, feel the emotion of the article and grasp the characteristics of the article.

4. Appreciate and evaluate, and be familiar with the text

This step mainly depends on the initiative of students after class. We should be familiar with reading, strengthen the learning effect of classical Chinese vocabulary, and deepen our understanding of the content and structure of the text. We should consciously improve our literary appreciation and evaluation ability.

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