1 diet care
1. 1 reducing salt intake with high sodium and low potassium is the main dietary structure feature of China people, which is closely related not only to hypertension, but also to the occurrence of stroke. Under normal circumstances, the human body needs 0.5 ~ 1.0g sodium salt. In daily life, the salt content of most people's diet is 10 ~ 15g, which far exceeds the body's needs. Therefore, it is suggested that the daily intake of salt per person should be below 5.0g. WHO believes that the salt intake of patients with hypertension should be controlled at 1.5 ~ 3.0g, that of patients with mild hypertension is less than 5g, and that of patients with moderate hypertension is less than 3g. Nurses should teach patients and their families to estimate the daily amount of salt. For example, the salt in a big toothpaste cover is 2g, and the salt in a 5ml soy sauce is 1g (a medium spoon is 1 spoon), so as to avoid salty food as much as possible. Preservatives in monosodium glutamate, baking soda and drinks should also be used less because they contain sodium salt.
1.2 Increase foods containing potassium, magnesium and calcium. Potassium, magnesium and calcium have antihypertensive effects, and their contents are high in beans, vegetables, fruits and milk. Patients with hypertension should eat more bean products, potatoes, pumpkins, Chinese cabbage, wax gourd, Chinese cabbage and fruits to enhance the antihypertensive effect of low-sodium diet. Green leafy vegetables, beans and roots in fresh vegetables are rich in potassium, fruits such as bananas, apricots and plums are rich in potassium, and poultry, fish and lean meat are rich in potassium. Normal people should eat vegetables and a certain amount of fruit every day. Increase calcium intake: Milk is rich in calcium, which can provide more than 100mg per 100ml. Therefore, drinking milk is worth promoting. Beans, shrimp skin, sesame sauce, cabbage and cauliflower also contain more calcium.
1.3 Limit energy intake, control weight and reduce cholesterol. The patient's fat intake should be controlled below 25% of the total heat energy, mainly plant fat, and the cholesterol intake should be less than 300mg per day. Hyperlipidemia is the condition of atherosclerosis. Lipids in blood are deposited on the arterial wall, forming atherosclerosis, decreasing elasticity and increasing blood pressure. Patients with hypertension can eat lean meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and so on. And eat more lipid-lowering foods, such as onions, garlic, mushrooms, fungus, seaweed, kelp and so on. And try not to eat irritating food, such as pepper, pepper, cinnamon, etc.
Reasonable adjustment of the ratio of fat, fatty acid and protein may be beneficial to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The intake ratio of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in patients with hypertension should be 1 ~ 1.5. Eating a low-fat and low-egg diet, mainly vegetable oil, and eating more fish protein, which is rich in methionine and taurine, is helpful to reduce the incidence of hypertension and stroke. Soy protein can also prevent stroke, so patients with hypertension can eat more fish and bean products, especially marine fish, and increase the intake of high-quality protein and unsaturated fatty acids.
1.5 Avoid excessive drinking and quit smoking. Patients with hypertension should drink less than 25g (50g liquor) and give up alcohol completely if necessary. Patients with hypertension should not smoke. Smoking can promote the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic heart disease, and its harmful components nicotine and carbon monoxide are harmful to cardiovascular system. Drinking less coffee can raise blood pressure, so you can drink more tea, especially green tea, which contains a lot of active substances, such as tea polyphenols, which have antioxidant, scavenging oxygen free radicals and protective effects.
1.6 Supplementing crude fiber and dietary fiber can make patients eat more carbohydrates, protein and vegetables with low fat content but high cellulose content, thus improving dietary fiber. Dietary fiber refers to the ingredients in food that cannot be absorbed by human intestine. Dietary fiber can delay the absorption of sugar in food and reduce fasting and postprandial blood sugar. Eating more vegetables containing cellulose can not only control thermal energy metabolism, but also increase satiety, promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, prevent constipation, reduce the absorption of sugar and fat, and reduce the damage of hyperlipidemia to blood vessel wall, thus reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Wheat bran, gum, oat bran or mixed fiber can be used as substitutes for foods with high fat, high cholesterol and high calorie.
1.7 Adequate serum vitamin C content is negatively correlated with blood pressure, so it is necessary to ensure the intake of green vegetables and fruits rich in vitamins.
1.8 In addition, patients with hypertension should adjust their diet structure with the alternation of four seasons, mix meat and vegetables and whole grains, avoid partial eclipse and develop the habit of balanced diet.
2 Chinese medicine dietotherapy
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that hypertension is mostly due to yin deficiency and water does not contain wood, so liver yang is hyperactive, liver fire is vigorous and blood pressure is elevated. Treatment should be based on tonifying liver and kidney. In terms of food, we should eat more tonic foods, such as celery, lettuce, bamboo shoots, seaweed, kelp, day lily, Malantou, water bamboo, mung beans, tea and so on. Flat food is also suitable, but it is not suitable for spicy and warm food, such as pepper, coffee, coriander, oysters, sparrows, dog meat and so on. It is also not advisable to eat fatty foods.
3 Treatment of common problems in diet care
3. 1 Develop good eating habits and eating rules, avoid overeating, avoid eating at night, rationally arrange the diet structure, avoid partial eclipse, diversify the recipes, and eat more cellulose-rich foods such as vegetables, fruits and grains. Vegetables contain high fiber, such as roots, wild vegetables, radishes and melons. Fruits include apples, bananas, pears and oranges, and miscellaneous grains include oats and beans. Drink plenty of water and a large glass of warm water every morning, which will help to clean and stimulate intestinal peristalsis, avoid drinking strong tea and spirits, and eat less irritating food. Fatty foods have a good laxative effect, and you can drink some appropriately, including vegetable oil, sesame seeds and walnuts.
3.2 Develop good defecation habits, defecate regularly, and usually go to the toilet in the morning or after breakfast. During this period, colon promotion activities are more active, and it is easy to start defecation, which is an essential part of daily life. Go to the toilet when you feel comfortable. When defecating, concentrate and exhaust as much as possible.
3.3 Proper exercise can strengthen the contractility of abdominal muscles, promote gastrointestinal peristalsis and increase defecation motivation. In the morning, you can take a walk, jog and do gymnastics. Usually, you can exercise more and be quiet, and you can also do long-distance running, swimming, ball games, Tai Ji Chuan, Qigong and other sports. You can also use health care techniques, such as regular clockwise abdominal massage to increase gastrointestinal peristalsis and promote defecation.
3.4 Keep happy physically and mentally, arrange work and life reasonably, ensure adequate rest and sleep, combine work and rest, feel refreshed, and do more things that interest you, such as raising fish and flowers, painting and calligraphy, listening to music, strengthening exercise, strengthening physical fitness, adapting to weather changes, cooperating with a good mental state, eating a reasonable nutritious diet, and keeping blood pressure stable, which is conducive to prolonging life.
3.5 Medication should be cautious. Many drugs may have constipation side effects, such as gentamicin. Observe the stool when taking it, and use laxative method if necessary. When the condition requires laxatives, they should not be abused by themselves under the guidance of doctors.
4 psychological care
We believe that psychological care is also very important, keeping a calm mind and avoiding excessive anxiety, sadness and excitement. Take things lightly, teach patients to relax therapy, communicate with patients frequently, encourage friends or relatives to accompany them, and tell them the relationship between emotions and diseases, so that patients can correctly understand diseases and actively cooperate with nursing. In a word, diet nursing plays an important role in the treatment of hypertension. It is very important to contact patients' families and hospital treatment. It runs through the whole process of disease treatment and complements drug treatment. We think it is necessary to rise to this height and realize the importance of diet health care.