Introduction to Mao's Preface to Poetry
As the first collection of poems in the history of China literature, The Book of Songs, which was produced in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, contains the earliest pure literary works of China. Therefore, in a long historical period, poetry is actually synonymous with literature, and the theoretical criticism of poetry has universal guiding significance for literary criticism. Pre-Qin poetics originated from Confucianism and patriarchal Confucianism, which emphasized the expression of ambition in theory and put forward it long ago? Poetry expresses ambition? This groundbreaking program (Zhu Ziqing's Poems, Words and Meaning). "History? Yu Shu? Shun Dian once said: poetry expresses ambition, songs always say, sound is eternal, and law is harmonious. Even if Shun Dian is not a work of three generations, it may come from the Warring States period or even later. Poetry expresses ambition? Views must have a long history. " Zuozhuan? In the twenty-seventh year of "xianggong", Wen Zi told his uncle: poetry expresses ambition; In the warring States period, "Zhuangzi? The world "and" Xunzi? Is the Confucian effect also mentioned separately? Poetry is based on Tao, and poetry is based on ambition? In that case. What does it say here? Pool? It refers to the ambition and embrace closely related to self-cultivation and governing the country, that is, politics and education, which belong to the rational category. This shows that the pre-Qin poetry theory has not clearly involved the emotional characteristics of poetry, and has not expressed inner feelings? Poetry? Conscious understanding, so it is one-sided and incomplete. The Preface to Mao Shi, written in the Han Dynasty, first came into contact with the emotional characteristics of poetry, and systematically discussed it in connection with Ci and Zhi.
On the other hand? Pool? The content of expression is not limited to the rational category, that is, it is not limited to self-cultivation and governing the country, that is, the ambition and embrace closely related to politics and education.
Example: Zhi, Shuowen is based on the voice of the heart. Where there is will, there is also a place of mind.
There are so-called big preface and small preface in Preface to Shi Mao. The small preface refers to the solution of 305 articles in Shi Mao handed down from the early Han Dynasty, and the big preface is the preface of The Book of Songs after the solution of the first article "Nan Zhou Guanju". The preface to Mao Shi mentioned here refers to a grand preface. As for when and by whom the Preface to Shi Mao was written, it has been a controversial case since the Han Dynasty, and it has not been satisfactorily resolved so far. According to Hanshu? At that time, Shi Mao had 29 volumes and Biography of Shi Mao had 30 volumes. Ban Gu only said that Han Xing and Lu were exegesis of the poem, while Qi Yuangu and Yan Hansheng were biographies. There is also the study of Mao Gong, known as Xia Chuan, and Hejian offers a good king. In the Scholars, it is still only said: Mao Gong and Zhao Ren. Doctor Mao's name is not recorded in The Book of Songs, and Wang Dafu is not recorded in Hejian. Later, Wu went from Zheng Xuan to the Three Kingdoms, and it was reported in succession that Mao Heng of Lu was Mao Gong and Mao Ji of Zhao was Xiao Mao Gong, both of whom were in charge of poetry in the early Han Dynasty. As for Preface to Poetry, there is a passage by Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius. It was not until the Qing dynasty that everyone held their own words and argued endlessly. The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu synthesizes all the expositions, and holds that the first two words of the Preface, namely, the small preface of Guanluojie, were handed down by the former teacher of maoji. The big preface after the small preface was attached by the disciples below the clam. This view is generally close. That is to say, The Preface to Mao's Poems summarizes the theoretical opinions of Confucianism on the Book of Songs since the pre-Qin period, which was further developed by Mao's collection of Zhao people during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, forming an article, and then revised and improved by his disciples.
It is understandable that the former king said filial piety, good ethics, beautiful education and husband and wife changing customs. It is precisely because poetry has great artistic appeal and unique social value of understanding the world, transforming the world and cultivating temperament that the former kings used it to improve morality and implement enlightenment. It doesn't exist here, and it shouldn't be concluded that poetry can only serve morality and enlightenment, but can't have other conclusions such as pleasure and aesthetic function. However, Preface to Mao's Poems came to the conclusion that lyricism should stop at propriety. Therefore, it deviates from the broad inclusiveness of emotion in the middle and speech in the front, degenerates into emotion that must be adjusted within artificial ideological etiquette, loses the freedom of enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and becomes a tool in the hands of rulers. Therefore, it is people's nature to express their feelings; Stop at courtesy and righteousness, and the first king's ze is also. This feeling will no longer be allowed to be truly natural, but will become a false feeling to cater to the autocratic taste of the rulers; The upper part is weathered, and the lower part is stabbed by the wind. When stabbing, we should also remonstrate, avoid and tactfully, which is the only purpose and destination of poetry creation. Anyway, everything goes back to Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period? Naive, gentle and sincere? In poetry teaching, the light from the previous emotional theory began to dim. As Lu Xun sharply criticized in "On Moro Poetry", such as China's poems, following Yun Biao's ambition, and later Li Xian said, the cloud holds people's temperament, aiming at three hundred, which is covered up by innocence. Now that my husband has expressed his ambition, why should he hold the cloud? Being strong and innocent is not human ambition. It is almost impossible to get rid of the shackles of bone spurs. Therefore, when discussing the six meanings and four beginnings, only the four beginnings closely related to the content of serving the king's politics and religion are involved: style, elegance, elegance and praise. As for the fu, comparison and honor in artistic expression, there is no mention at all. This opened the door for post-secular Confucianism to completely abandon emotion and advocate the backward theory of expression and ambition in pre-Qin.
In a word, Preface to Mao's Poems is actually a contradictory mixture of profound opinions and fallacious conservative opinions in literary criticism. Whether it is an excellent emotional interpretation or a backward and erroneous interpretation, it has had a far-reaching impact on later poetic theories. The reason why a monograph has such contradictions is probably because it is not the work of one person. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty written in the Song Dynasty said in The Scholars that Xie Chu lived in Jiujiang and was good at training. (Wei) Hong Yiman was educated and elegant because of his Preface, which was spread all over the world. It is also pointed out that Wei Hong wrote Preface to Mao Poetry in the heyday of the restoration of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is inconsistent with the Three Kingdoms in the Eastern Han Dynasty. If Wei Hong really participated in the word processing of "Preface to Shi Mao", and Confucianism at that time even reached the level of myth serving the kingship, then it is possible to tamper with the argument of Scapharca subcrenata in the early Western Han Dynasty.
In the history of China's poetic theory, Preface to Mao's Poems is of special significance. Although its length is not long, only 600 or 700 words, it is an out-and-out and pioneering monograph on poetry theory, with extremely rich content. In a few hundred words, Preface to Mao Poetry systematically and clearly expounds the nature, content, classification, aesthetic characteristics, expression methods and social functions of poetry.
Mao Zedong's Poems
"Guanju", the virtue of empresses, the beginning of the wind, so the wind is the world and the couple are also. Therefore, it is necessary to use the country. Wind, wind, teaching, turbulence, teaching change.
Poets, with aspirations, have ambitions in their hearts, take poems as words to express their feelings, and lack words, so they sigh, sigh and sing, but they don't know how to dance.
Emotion comes from sound, and sound is written as sound, which governs the vocal music of the world and its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry. The former king learned from the husband and wife, became filial, virtuous, beautiful and civilized, and changed customs.
Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, the sixth is fu, the upper is weathering, the lower is wind thorn, the main text is remonstrated, the speaker is innocent, and the listener is warned, so it is called wind. As for the decline of the monarch, the abolition of etiquette and righteousness, the loss of politics and religion, the foreign affairs of the country, the strange customs of the family, and the elegance of the wind. The history of the country clearly shows the traces of gains and losses, hurts people, laments the harshness of criminal politics, recites family ties, rides the wind, achieves things and cherishes old customs. Therefore, the wind becomes sentimental and stops at comity. It is human nature to express feelings; Stop at courtesy and righteousness, and the first king's ze is also. It is based on the matter of a country and the foundation of one person, which is called the wind; It is an elegance to talk about everything and form a wind in all directions. Ya, yes, Wang said that it is also a waste. Politics is big and small, so there are few elegance. Praise, the description of beauty and virtue, is also told to the gods through its success. It means four beginnings, and poetry is the most important.
However, the change of Guanju and Linzhi was the wind of kings, so it was the Duke of Zhou. South, the word turns from north to south. The virtue of "Quechao" and "Li Yu" is also the wind of princes. The late king taught it because it was Zhao Gong. "Nan Zhou" and "Zhao Nan" are the starting point and the foundation of Wang Hua. Therefore, "Guan Yu" is Mrs. Le, who should be a gentleman, worry about the virtuous, and not commit adultery; Sad and graceful, thinking only without hurting kindness. It also means Guan Ju.
Style, elegance and praise are variations of this poem; Fu, Bi and Xing are different words in The Poem. Those of different sizes have six meanings. Fu, Bi and Xing are the language forms of poetry, while style, elegance and ode are the language forms of poetry. Because it is used on these three things, it is called the same. Justice.
The six poems taught by the master: Yue Feng, Yuefu, Yuebi, Lexing, Leya and Yuesong, are based on Liu De, and the six rhythms are the sounds.
(According to Ruan Yuan's Justice, Volume I, Notes on Thirteen Classics) A Brief Introduction to Shi Mao.