In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1908), he graduated from Shi Jing University Hall. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), he obtained a bachelor's degree from Cornell University. In the seventh year of the Republic of China (19 18), he received a doctorate from Cornell University. Ice has a wide range of research fields, including entomology, neurophysiology, animal taxonomy, anatomy, vertebrate morphology, physiology and paleozoology, and has a deep research on evolution. In his later years, he engaged in the study of experimental morphology of carp, systematically and comprehensively studied the experimental morphology of carp, enriched and improved the theoretical basis of fish biology, and made a historic contribution to the creation and development of biological undertakings in China.
Scientific research achievements (citing network links)
Entomology research
1913-1918 During her doctoral studies at Cornell University in the United States, Bing Zhi engaged in entomological research and published three papers. His first paper, Several Insects in Gall on Golden Grass in Canada, was published in 19 15. His doctoral thesis "Biology of brine flies" was published as a monograph in the special issue of Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station. In this paper, the morphology, ecology, growth, metamorphosis, overwintering and other laws of a fly whose larvae live in salt water are studied in detail and comprehensively, especially the habits, adaptability, body color and morphological structure of each insect state are observed and analyzed for its important protection. This paper is an excellent research achievement of aquatic entomology.
Study on the growth of nerve cells
19 18- 1920 When he was engaged in the research of vertebrate neurology at the West Institute in the United States, Bingzhi made a detailed study on the growth of the large nerve cells in the cervical sympathetic ganglia of rats and wild black mice, including the source, growth mode, growth process and morphological changes of the large nerve cells, with special emphasis on the growth of the large nerve cells and their age (sexual maturity) and gender.
Anatomical research
With superb anatomical skills, Bing Zhi studied the anatomy and histology of vertebrates such as finless porpoise and tiger in the 1920s, especially the viscera, tiger brain and tiger bone of finless porpoise, with outstanding achievements. The anatomy of ice describes most of the internal organs of finless porpoises in detail. In the study of tiger brain, he found that the motor cells in the frontal cortex of tiger brain are very large, which is the most prominent feature, indicating that the muscles related to these cells are highly developed to meet the needs of its powerful strength and carnivorous activities. The study of tiger bones focuses on the description and measurement of different parts from other carnivores, especially the comparison of relative cranial cavity volume. These unprecedented studies provide very valuable and important information.
Study on the function of cerebral cortex
The depth of ice studies the function of mammalian cerebral cortex. He conducted a series of experiments on the cerebral cortex function of mammals such as guinea pigs, rabbits and rats, focusing on the position of the motor area of the cerebral cortex and the influence of cerebral cortex injury, and put forward the universal law in mammals with highly developed and differentiated cerebral cortex. In 1937, he published a comprehensive review on the function of mammalian cerebral cortex, systematically introduced the relationship between the development of animal center and sensory center of different mammals and the systematic development, and pointed out the necessity of comparative study on the function of various mammalian cerebral cortex, the research gaps that existed at that time, and the means that must be taken to fully understand the development of the whole mammalian cerebral cortex function from low to high, and also specifically discussed the advanced functional center of human cerebral cortex (such as
Animal classification survey
In the Fauna of Zhejiang Coast published by 1923, Bing Zhi pointed out that the Fauna of Zhejiang Coast is a part of the survey plan of coastal animals in China. The plan has four purposes: (1) to study the classification and distribution of marine animals in China, (2) to exchange specimens with museums in Europe and America, (3) to provide experimental materials for universities in China, and (4) to study marine products to promote the development of fisheries. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, Bingzhi conducted a large number of investigations on the fauna of China coastal areas and the Yangtze River basin, collected a large number of specimens (including 8 phylum, 22 classes, No.6000 specimen, with the size of * * *), accumulated valuable information, and successfully completed the four tasks put forward by himself, laying an important foundation for the development of animal resources in China coastal areas and the Yangtze River basin.
The classification of molluscs conducted by the Institute of Static Biology mainly focuses on gastropods. Gastropoda mollusks have flat fleshy feet on the abdomen and spiral shells on the back, such as snails and snails. Shell is their important feature, and the main study of ice is snails. He collected a large number of mollusk specimens in China coastal areas, North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, Xinjiang and Hongkong, and identified many new species. For example, Gastropoda Mollusca in Xinjiang published by 1932 describes terrestrial Gastropoda 10 species, representing 3 families and 4 genera, half of which are new species.
Fossil research
Bingzhi has done a lot of research on the fossils of insects, mollusks, fish and turtles, and identified many new families, genera and species. The fossils he studied were collected from Shandong, Jehol, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Zhoukoudian, Shanxi, Fushun, Zhejiang, Xinjiang and other places, including Pliocene, Oligocene, Eocene and Cretaceous samples. His research on Cretaceous insect fossils in China has made remarkable achievements and has an important position in the world. The paper "Cretaceous Insect Fossils in China" was published in 1928, and a new genus of Hemiptera 12 and 65438+ were reported. Bing Zhi's research on the classification and distribution of Cretaceous insects in China proves that China is extremely rich in Mesozoic insect fauna, and analyzes its relationship with other insect fossils in Asia, which greatly enriches the relatively blank research on Mesozoic insects and is a great contribution of academic circles.
The experimental morphology of carp is unique.
In the mid-1950s, Bingzhi made a long-term research plan to study the morphology, embryology, physiology, biochemistry and experimental biology of carp. Unfortunately, he only completed morphological research in his life, published the monograph "Anatomy of Carp" and completed the manuscript of the monograph "Carp Tissue". In addition, nearly 10 academic papers have been published. These works enrich and improve the theoretical basis of fish biology, which is an important reference for scientific research and teaching. The research of carp ice focuses on skeletal muscle, nervous system, hydrostatic mechanism and balance system. In the past, there was no comprehensive and detailed study on the skeletal muscle of carp, especially the study linking morphology with function. Bingzhi's research on carp skeletal muscle is meticulous and accurate. Every muscle has been dissected and observed many times, and its structure and relationship with bones are analyzed, from which its function is deduced. There are 344 skeletal muscles in carp. Except for 4 single muscles, the other 340 muscles form 170 pairs, which are symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the fish. According to their physiological functions, Bingzhi divided all skeletal muscles into three categories, and proved that the skeletal muscle development of carp was the result of adapting to their living habits and physiological needs. The depth of ice studies the structure, function and evolution of fish brain. He published a comprehensive review of fish brain, discussed the structure of fish brain from the evolutionary position of fish, compared the differences of various fish brain structures, and analyzed the relationship between the characteristics of fish brain and the survival and competition of fish in nature. The study of carp nervous system includes not only brain, but also cranial nerve, spinal cord, spinal nerve, sympathetic nervous system and various sensory organs. All of them were studied from macro and micro levels, and the characteristics of carp nervous system were discussed in combination with physiology and evolution. The hydrostatic mechanism of ice on carp was studied comprehensively. He not only studied the morphological structure of each part in detail and accurately from anatomy and histology, but also observed the dynamic relationship between each part through experiments to clarify its physiological function and the importance of adapting to the environment. Bingzhi studied the morphological structure of each part of the carp balance system in detail, and combined with the life habits of carp, proved the functions of each part of the balance system through various experiments, how they are interrelated, coordinated and coordinated, and how the balance center regulates the balance of fish.