First of all, humanitarianism and democracy are still important ideological weapons for writers. In the first half of the 20th century, "Roland Doctrine" was the basic position of realistic writers. They lashed out at the inhuman social reality, criticized the alienation of people by society, condemned the cruelty of rulers and the atrocities of fascism, sympathized with the insulted and damaged lower class people, sympathized with the proletarian revolution, and yearned for a better future without oppression. However, due to "fraternity" as the starting point and destination, advocating "love can save everything" and taking equality between the rich and the poor as the ultimate goal, it essentially inherited the tradition of19th century and failed to reach a new height. However, there is also a spirit of exploration. For example, in the 1920s and 1930s, a group of writers observed the social reality from the viewpoint of class struggle or socialist ideology, and tried to analyze the problem from a brand-new and contemporary perspective. After 1950s, humanitarianism in realistic literature showed revolutionary tendency. The working people in the works are no longer little people at the mercy of fate, but "strong people" who dare to fight against evil forces.

Secondly, writers always insist on authenticity, which is the basic principle of realistic literary creation. This paper takes the realistic, concrete and ever-changing human spiritual world and life experience as the description object, discusses the details of life from the relationship between people and the surrounding environment, and makes a real aesthetic reflection. They look at the complex and cruel reality with great enthusiasm and critical eyes, show the development process of the objective world historically, and try to answer the problem of "always existing but unable to solve" by artistic generalization of characters' personalities, destinies and environments, and convincingly reveal the irreversible decline trend of the old system and old life. Compared with19th century realism, century realism has gone a step further in reflecting the timeliness of reality and refining the political nature of the theme. Many works are often written after or even before the events described. Moreover, in reflecting the reality, he has placed a desire to change the reality, and the political color of his works is very distinct. Some also directly take major political events as the theme to show the political activities of famous politicians.

Third, the description pays attention to introversion and subjectivity, and the artistic form is eclectic and inclusive. "Digging the inner century" is a trend of European and American literature and aesthetics in the 20th century. The sensational effect caused by various schools of modernism in expressing subjective truth makes realistic literature cause artistic introspection and self-adjustment. The great difference between realism in the 20th century and traditional realism lies in highlighting the description of subjective feelings and spiritual exploration of characters. The writer constantly innovates in synthesis, which not only combines the objective realism of naturalism, but also absorbs the artistic skills of modernism such as symbolism and stream of consciousness. Such as inner monologues and dream descriptions. Subconscious expression, sexual psychological description, time sequence inversion, absurd deformation, multi-angle plot development and multi-level structure form. These techniques, which were not adopted or even rejected in traditional realism, became commonplace in realistic works in the twentieth century.

Fourthly, characterization emphasizes the multiplicity of personality and downplays the description of typical personality. The loss of rational belief is a basic feature of western culture in the 20th century. Realistic writers always face life, the complicated social life and the vagaries of the world in the 20th century. In the process of investigation and analysis, they strengthened their objective and pragmatic stance and alienated or abandoned their idealized and simplified way of thinking. Therefore, in their works, the tall and perfect heroes gradually disappear, and the protagonists who take their place can be roughly divided into two categories. One is a positive person, who has persistent pursuit of life goals and a high sense of social responsibility, but his inner world is complex, with some bright spots and many noble and even immoral ideological qualities. The other is ordinary people with defects and weaknesses, who are low-energy, clumsy, fragile and sometimes timid; A little confused about life, maybe a little cynical; But they are good people. They don't do evil or harm the interests of others. On the contrary, they have actually done a lot of neglected and despised things that are beneficial to society. The world is made of them.

1. Novel is the main literary form in this period.

2. 1830, the publication of Hugo's play Onani, which marked the decisive victory of romanticism, and Standahr's masterpiece Red and Black, the First Step, showed that the birth of French critical realism refuted romanticism, but it was not a complete denial.

3. The founders of French realism are Standahr and Balzac.

4. The standard literary essays Racine and Shakespeare were the first realistic declarations.

5. Starr's novel Red and Black practices the principle of realistic creation, and its publication marks the formation of realistic literature.

6. Balzac's Human Comedy perfected realism from theory to creation, representing the highest achievement of realism in Western Europe.

7. prosperity? Merime, French. Masterpieces: Gao and Jamaan Jamaan.

8. Flaubert,1an important representative of French realism in the late 9th century, was a representative who emphasized the scientific spirit and showed an objective and cool style in French realism after 1950s.

9. Dumas in France. Masterpiece: La Traviata.

10, alphonse? Dude is a realistic novelist with naturalistic tendency in France 19 century. Representative works: Little Things (an autobiographical novel) and The Story of Monday (a collection of short stories mainly describing the Franco-Prussian War, including The Last Lesson and Around Berlin).

1 1, the representative writers of Paris commune literature are: ou ren? Portal, Louis? Michelle, Yule? Jean-batiste Willers? Clemens. Paris commune literature laid the foundation for the development of world proletarian literature in the 20th century.

12, The Internationale was written by portal. The Internationale is an artistic summary of the Paris Commune Revolution. It vividly and incisively expounded Marxist theory, and showed the spirit of heroism and optimism of the proletariat's United struggle for the liberation of all mankind.

13, Louis? Michelle is known as the "Red Saint". Masterpiece: red carnation.

14, British realism came into being in 1930s and flourished in 1950s. At this stage, there appeared "a group of outstanding novelists" praised by Marx, namely Dickens, Thackeray and Charlotte? Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, etc.

Thackeray 15, UK. Classic: Collection of Snobbers. Masterpiece: Vanity Fair.

16, the three Bronte sisters in Britain are: Charlotte? Bronte, masterpiece: Jane? Love "; Emily. Bronte, masterpiece: Wuthering Heights; Annie. Bronte, masterpiece: Agnes? gray

17, Mrs Gaskell, UK. Masterpiece: Mary? Barton is the earliest novel in the history of European literature that touches the contradiction between labor and capital.

18. The representative writers of late English realistic literature are Hardy, Bernard Shaw and John Galsworthy.

19, the rise of British detective stories, represented by Conan? Doyle.

20, the representative of the chartists is Ernest? Jones, William? Linton, Gerald? Macy.

2 1, the main representatives of German realistic literature are: Heine, Georg? The representative of the latter is Bischner in Death of Dandong.

22. George Wilt is a worker poet who appeared in the German workers' movement. Masterpiece: Just turned 18 years old, gunman, I want to be the police chief. Engels called him "the first and most important poet of the German proletariat".

23. gottfried? Keller is a German writer in Switzerland. Masterpieces: The novel Green Henry and the short story Celtic.

24. The representatives of Nordic realistic literature are: Andersen of Denmark, who is famous for fairy tales; Georg, a famous Danish literary critic and historian? Brandeis, masterpiece:/kloc-the mainstream of literature in the 0/9th century; Ibsen in Norway is the most important writer of Nordic realistic literature. His Drama on Social Problems has aroused great repercussions in Europe and greatly promoted the innovation and development of European drama. Beyonston? Martini? Beyonson is a Norwegian playwright, novelist and poet. His main works are Bankruptcy and Gloves of Challenge 1930. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his outstanding achievements in drama.

Pushkin, 25, is the founder of Russian realism, and his book Eugene? Onegin created the first image of "superfluous man" in the history of Russian literature, and his short story "Postman" initiated the description of "nobody" in Russian literature.

26. Mikhail? Jurjevich? Lermontov has made great contributions to the development of Russian realistic literature. In memory of Pushkin, he wrote a lyric poem "The Death of a Poet", attacking the rule of the czar. Qiao Lin is the second "superfluous man" image after onegin.

Nikolai Nikolai Gogol inherited and developed the tradition of realism initiated by Pushkin and lermontov, and formed a "naturalist" in the history of Russian literature-Russian realism.

28. Alexander Rovich? Goncharov's representative work, Ober Lomov, created the image of the last "superfluous man" in the history of Russian literature.

29. In the novel Father and Son in 1960s, Turgenev created the image of civilian intellectuals with the image characteristics of "newcomer". These images show the transformation process from "redundant people" to "newcomers", but they are not typical "newcomers" images.

30. Nicholas? Gavrilovic? Chernyshevski is a revolutionary Democrat, literary critic and writer. What should I do with his novel? It is a social and political novel with the subtitle "The Story of a Newcomer". It is this novel that shapes the image of a "newcomer" like Rakhmetov. This novel is strongly political. Chernyshevski also wrote a series of articles on aesthetics and literary criticism, such as The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality, A Survey of Russian Literature in the Period of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, and expounded materialistic aesthetic thoughts.

3 1, dobrolyubov is also a famous literary critic. Famous papers include: What is the Character of Hobreau Muff, A ray of light in dark kingdom, When will the real day come.

32. Alexander? Nikolayevich? Ostrovsky, a playwright from all over the world, is called "the father of Russian national drama". The famous drama Thunderstorm.

33. Nicholas Alexeyevich? Necrasov was a Russian revolutionary democratic poet in the middle of19th century. His masterpiece is the long poem Who Can Have a Good Life in Russia.

34. Saltikoff Shedrin was a famous Russian satirist in the late19th century. His novels attacked the reactionary rulers with Aesop-style language and various satirical techniques, which was the essence of Russian society at that time. Representative works: Mr. and Mrs. Golov.

35.richard White slaves and Harriet in Hildreth? Beecher? Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is a representative of American abolitionist literature.

The popular and easy-to-understand "local novel" which appeared in the western frontier of the United States in the late 1930s and 1960s is a kind of literature with realistic tendency. Brother? Hart's Lucky Camp Roar is its representative.

37.mark? Twain is the most outstanding writer of American realistic literature. He absorbed some expressions of local novels and made great contributions to the prosperity of American national literature. He is called "Lincoln in literature".

38. Henry James is an important writer of American realism (some people think he is an English writer), and his novels pioneered psychoanalysis in the history of American literature. Masterpiece: Tesser? Miller, a portrait of a lady. His novels focus on the "psychological complexity" of characters.

39. Frank Norris, USA. Masterpiece: Octopus.

40. Stephen? American Klein. Masterpiece: The novella Ji Mei, A Street Girl. His novels tend to be naturalistic. The Red Medal of Courage is an anti-war novel.

4 1, Europe? Henry is a famous American short story writer. He is good at exposing the inequality and hypocrisy of capitalist society by describing the unfortunate fate of "little people" in art. His novels often impress readers with "tearful smiles" and spicy joy, and are good at conceiving unexpected endings. This writing is called "Europe? Henry's brushwork. " Masterpieces: Maggie's Gift, The Last Leaf of the Rattan, The Police and Hymns, The Room with Furniture for Rent.

42. jack London is an important American realistic writer in the late19th century. Masterpieces: The Call of the Wilderness and White Teeth express the idea of "the law of the jungle, the survival of the fittest" through the description of animals; Iron hoof is political fantasy novel; Nietzsche's "superman" thought is also revealed in his novels, such as Martin? Eden.