Modern and contemporary literature model essay 1
The Development of Modern and Contemporary Literature in China
First, modern and contemporary literature in China
In terms of time, China's modern and contemporary literature began in the 1920s, with the famous May 4th literary movement as its source. The May 4th New Literature is a literary revolution in the history of China literature. It is a kind of modern literature different from traditional literature. It is not only inconsistent in artistic form, but also more fashionable and prominent in thought. With the gradual establishment of New China, he pushed the New Literature Movement to a new stage, marking the great beginning of contemporary literature in China. Judging from the diversity of literary development, the trend of themes and the relationship with China society, modern and contemporary literature in China can be roughly divided into five stages: the period of overall cultural criticism, the period of political division and cultural criticism, the period of political division and cultural reflection, the period of political and literary integration, and the period of political change and cultural transformation.
Second, the specific development and changes of modern and contemporary literature in China.
1 Literature covers a wider range of life.
After the May 4th literary movement, China literature entered the beginning of modern literary history. The works created by China writers have undergone obvious changes. Literary creators have incorporated more civilian images and ordinary life into their works. Among them, the works with the theme of ordinary farmers' life are particularly prominent, and the content and life scope involved in the works have been enriched and increased. These works describe the happiness and pain in ordinary people's lives from the perspective of ordinary people, reflect the stability and turmoil of society from the side, and describe the social form in the democratic historical period according to the living environment at that time. With the liberation of China people from oppression, earth-shaking changes have taken place in China. The establishment of the socialist system has obviously expanded the literary field reflecting life and opened up a broad road for literary and artistic creation. Literary creators have broadened their horizons to rural areas, factories, troops, schools and so on. In particular, the theme of industry, science and technology and minority life, which were rare in past literary works, was explored and created, which greatly filled the lack of literary creation themes. China's modern and contemporary literature is more extensive and ubiquitous. This marks the continuous liberation, breakthrough and innovation of modern and contemporary literature in China.
2. New progress has been made in characterization.
"Art comes from life and is higher than life" is applied to literature, which means that the creative source of literature comes from real life. Therefore, it is also the mission and heavy responsibility of literary and art workers to deepen realism and art on the basis of concrete life and promote the development of history and civilization. Since the founding of New China, contemporary literary characterization works have successfully created a number of typical characters. These images include advanced figures who walk in the forefront of the times, negative figures who hinder social development, and various historical figures. It is not difficult to find that the status of working people who once lived at the bottom of society has changed unprecedentedly in their works, and the images of poverty, hardship, bullying and oppression in the past are gone forever. Ordinary workers, peasants and intellectuals have gradually become the favorite description objects in literary creation, and become the heroes and heroines in literary works. These characters have condensed the excellent quality of working people, become examples for people to follow, and filled the blank of characterization in contemporary literature, which is of pioneering significance. The characters presented in modern and contemporary literature are all flesh and blood. They are by no means out-of-touch saints, nor are they unattainable perfection. They are also different from many mediocre and superficial characters. They have the complexity and diversity of life itself, distinctive personality, advantages and disadvantages, but they are more impressive. He is more respectable than perfection, more real than mediocrity and a simple biography of the spirit of the times. The birth of a new image of the protagonist in literary works marks a new breakthrough and improvement in the level of modern and contemporary literature in China, and the use of brand-new literary expression techniques has brought modern and contemporary literature in China to a new level.
3. Breakthrough in artistic style and artistic form.
If a country, a nation and a group of literary creators want to mature, they must first form their own unique artistic style. Rich artistic style is a symbol of the prosperity of national literature and contemporary literature. Ten years after the founding of New China, it had a great negative impact on the development of China literature. In the short and long ten years, the development of artistic style and artistic form of modern and contemporary literature in China has been greatly restricted [3], but the majority of literary creators continue to go deep into life and adhere to the writing concept. Especially before the May 4th Movement, literary writers with unique writing styles made new progress and breakthroughs with the improvement of their ideological and artistic level in the New Culture Movement. After the founding of New China and the people's liberation, some writers gradually formed a unique artistic style through continuous artistic practice. Especially after 《《 The Book of Songs 》, socialist modern industrial civilization has made rapid development, and literary and art creators have explored new art forms to meet the needs of the times. This spirit is very valuable. It is worthy of recognition that this kind of exploration and creation is also based on nationalization and popularization. Such literary works not only have a mass base, but also have valuable artistic value. Undeniably, although the literary creators of the same era have different styles, they must all be labeled as the spirit of the times. The formation of a writer's style certainly includes the influence of living environment, life experience and other factors, and the times and society are the easiest and most important factors. In the history of contemporary literature, there have been a number of writers with similar tendencies and styles. It is the product of personal artistic creation and a literary phenomenon worthy of serious study and summary.
4. Minority literature has new vitality.
China's ethnic minorities have also left a deep impression on the development history of modern and contemporary literature in China. They have created a large number of literary and artistic works with national characteristics, which are also indispensable treasures in China's literary world. In the old society, minority literature not only failed to develop, but even came to the brink of extinction. The May 4th Movement also revived minority literature, and talented writers emerged in batches, creating many excellent original works. The living habits, folk customs and cultural traditions of ethnic minorities depicted in these works give us a deeper understanding of the customs and living environment of ethnic minorities, and at the same time, the works also profoundly reflect the sufferings of ethnic minorities yesterday and their happiness today. The great achievements of minority literature should also be a new chapter in the history of modern and contemporary literature in China.
The achievements have withstood the severe test of the excellent literary and art army.
As early as the mid-20th century, Mr. Zhou Shuren had high hopes that a group of writers with distinctive personalities would appear in China, expecting them to create a new era literature with their own magic pens and break the silence of China literary world. In 1930s, a large number of young writers were trained. They are United by the same goal and the sense of responsibility of the same era, and fight together in the struggle between blood and fire. In the New Culture Movement, a number of outstanding literary writers appeared, such as Zhou Shuren, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Lao She, Ding Ling and Cao Yu.
Since the founding of New China, the China * * * Production Party has made continuous efforts for nearly a hundred years, creating an excellent literary and art team with fighting capacity. This team mainly includes five parts, which are produced in five stages of the development of modern and contemporary literature. The first category is the "May 4th" predecessors who hold high the banner of new culture. They are the products of the new culture tide and have made indelible contributions to the promotion and development of new literature. After the founding of New China, they continued to hold high the banner of new culture and new ideas, and also wrote a glorious historical chapter in the history of contemporary literature through their advanced ideas and hard-working hands. At various stages of China's democratic revolution, many literary creators have emerged who have made selfless contributions to the literary cause. China's democratic revolution has gone through a long and difficult period, including the arduous War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the liberation war, as well as the bloody revolution. Literary creators have not lost their will to create because of the hardship of the social environment. What is more valuable is that they have risen in misery. They shoulder the historical responsibility of inheriting and carrying forward China's modern and contemporary literature and have made great contributions to the cause of socialist literature. After the birth of New China, a number of outstanding writers emerged. Most of them were bathed in the sunshine of New China and grew up in the rain and dew of New China. In addition, a new force has emerged among workers and peasants, and their life-like works have entered the contemporary literary world. Most of the young writers emerging in the new era grew up in a good era. Relatively speaking, they are still a little immature and inadequate, but they are a new force in the new culture, a new vitality, and a vibrant and energetic literary backbone. This outstanding socialist literary and art team has withstood the severe test of history under the guidance of the Party's ideology and the cultivation of cultural waves, and has now grown and matured.
When discussing the achievements of domestic modern and contemporary literature, it should be the sum of the literary works of mainland people and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. I have to say that there are also many progressive literary works by compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Province are part of the motherland, and China people from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Province are also closely linked with the people in the mainland. They are the flesh and blood compatriots of the Chinese nation. In the past century, the progressive trend of thought in Taiwan Province Province has also made some achievements under the development and promotion of the times. In recent years, outstanding literary works from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan published by major publishing houses are well known to mainland writers and literary and art workers. While appreciating excellent works and broadening their literary horizons, they also get some lessons from their works. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the study of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao literature to understand the literature of various regions and strengthen the reunification of the motherland.
To sum up, China literature, which developed in the modern and contemporary social environment of China, has made great innovations and achievements. The history of the development of modern and contemporary literature in China shows that the development of China literature has great vitality and broad development prospects.
Three. conclusion
In a word, the outbreak of the May 4th Movement marked the beginning of the history of modern and contemporary literature in China. In the past 100 years, modern and contemporary literature in China has gone through a glorious and difficult road, but its breakthrough and achievements are immeasurable. Literary workers should strengthen the study of modern and contemporary Chinese literature, constantly study and summarize the development laws and characteristics of Chinese literature, promote the development of literature and art, and accelerate the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
Modern and contemporary literary essays II
On the Resurrection of Wolf Image in Modern Literature
Abstract: Every historical period has its own culture, so it is impossible for us not to examine the object in the culture when we reflect. This paper mainly discusses the phenomenon of re-enchantment in modern literature by combing the "wolf image". Explore the relationship between literature and human spiritual world.
Keywords: literature; Wolf image; Revive one's charm
1, the deterioration of the wolf image
With the evolution and development of civilization, the image of the wolf has gone through a long process of "demonization". From myth and totem worship, the half-man-half-god wolf gradually evolved into a half-man-half-beast wolf, and was characterized as an animal symbol simply symbolizing animality and wildness in the later period. The sacred aura that enveloped wolves in ancient human mythology disappeared, and a real species in nature was simplified as a synonym for "evil".
There was a wave of catching wolves in the Middle Ages in the West. "/kloc-During the reign of Edgar Le Pacifiqu, king of England in the 20th century, wolves were hunted all over the country, and those who caught more than 300 wolves were rewarded, so there was a climax of catching wolves in the European continent." The popular wolf hunting movement has drastically reduced the number of wild wolves in the European continent, but it has not brought a devastating blow to the wild wolves. For wolves, the real disaster happened after _ _ _ _ was born. Christ _ _ _ _ endowed nature with divinity, began to demystify nature, and man became a monologue in nature. As Arnold Toynbee, a famous British historian, said: "Human beings are separated from the natural environment stripped of the sacred aura of the past, and they are allowed to plunder the environment that is no longer sacred. Humans once looked at nature in awe, and this emotion was rejected by Jewish monotheism, as were Judaism and Christianity. " Savagery and animality are diametrically opposed to the glorious humanity preached by religion. Praise for human nature has driven wolves off the sacred altar. They are no longer people's cultural heroes and saviors.
After human beings entered the farming and animal husbandry society, the competition between humans and wolves became more intense. After losing the hunting ground, wolves sometimes catch cattle and sheep grazing on the grassland in order to survive. This innate hunting instinct cannot be forgiven, and wolves have become competitors of human private property. This image has been fixed, and people's hatred for wolves has gradually accumulated.
As the only symbolic animal, literature and art are one of the carriers of human emotional experience. For human artistic activities, "in art, perceptual things are spiritualized, and spiritual things are also revealed by sentimentality." All kinds of feelings for wolves have been handed down through various artistic forms, and people's hatred for wolves is particularly obvious, which can be seen everywhere in literary works:
The custom of Qin State is greedy for wolves and powerful, ungrateful and profitable. Huainanzi
Strip my silk, take chestnuts out of my mouth, abuse people and harm things, that is, wolves. Why do you have to eat human flesh with claws and teeth? Bai Juyi:
Dulingcuo
Han Chinese are infantry, while we are knights. Can ponies and calves resist jackals?
Renee. Grasslands Empire in Grosset
Tyranny that abuses people and harms things, brutal and disorderly rule, etc. They can all be described as "jackals". From these poems, we can see that the Han people hate wolves. In the western literature since19th century, mary shelley's Frankenstein, Zola's Man and the Beast, Dostoevsky's brothers karamazov and Basement Notes all describe wolves. The wolf images in the works are abstracted as synonymous with "animality", and they are integrated with human nature. The wolf nature (animal nature) has become a part of the character's character, and the smell of wild animals is surging under the mask of human beings. Wolf, as a stylized symbol, has been handed down as a symbol of evil in this long historical period. The image of the wolf has entered people's hearts from the real wolf in nature and wedged into the interactive relationship between culture and personality. This fixed program experienced new changes in the twentieth century.
2. Re-charm of modernity
"Re-enchantment" (also called "re-enchantment") is the opposite of "disenchantment". Charm here refers to the mystery and subjectivity of nature, as well as people's due awe of nature. The ancients believed that nature had subjective and creative power, and accordingly, the organic theory of ancient Greece was a kind of "enchanted" view of nature. The concept of disenchantment was first put forward by Marx? Weber proposed that he denied that nature had any subjectivity, experience and feeling. Under the aura of science and technology, people regard themselves as a fearless "god" with divinity. Only people with capital letters have the right to rule the world, so naturally they have no illusions about technology.
"In disenchantment with nature, modern science about nature leads to disenchantment with nature itself. Mechanism and disenchanted natural philosophy eventually led to the disenchantment of the whole world. " The progress of modern science and technology, the disenchantment and secularization of the world have dispelled tradition and history. In a society where technology is almost omnipotent, people are facing a global survival crisis. These forces people to reflect on their own behavior, re-examine the relationship between nature and people and the disadvantages of anthropocentrism.
In this context, the re-enchanted view of nature came into being. The concept of "re-enchantment" was first developed by David? Griffin pointed out that as a postmodern philosopher, he believed that nature should be regarded as an organic whole, instead of "nature has lost all the characteristics of affection that human spirit can feel and any norms that can be followed" in mechanical theory. In the process of disenchantment between science and nature, people realize that "relying on science alone, even if our science is a hundred times more developed than it is now, we can't live a better life." Only by restoring the harmonious relationship between people and things can people get close to "living poetically on this earth".
3. New changes in China and the West: the modern representation of the wolf image.
Since the 20th century, modernity has conquered the world in the name of rationality and technology, and human beings have fallen into the control of various instrumental rationality. However, people find that it is precisely human nature that is lost in the creative expansion, and modern people are gradually moving towards the spiritual wasteland. Some people say, "Should people move to wasteland or virgin forest?" If someone can choose first, he would rather choose the virgin forest of spirit than the wasteland of spirit. "In the process of fighting against human alienation, some new cultural trends have emerged in the West.
Since the sixties and seventies of last century, the new era movement first rose in Britain and America. This movement is characterized by cultural reflection and "looking back", which is a callback to rational rule. Followed by a series of regression: self-discovery, return to the truth, original thinking and so on. In this cultural background, the image of the wolf has been returned to some extent. Jack. A series of novels in London, such as The Call of the Wild and White Teeth. , showing the call of the wild; Farley. The description of a wolf family in Movat's documentary "Don't cry wolf" makes us re-understand some qualities of the wolf nature that are contrary to traditional ideas, such as unity, loyalty and friendship. Jia Pingwa tried to find the wolf's character from the beginning of "The Waste Capital", and in his experimental novel "Missing the Wolf" at the end of the century, the vigorous vitality of the wolf became the protagonist he pursued, and he called for the reconstruction of the hero more strongly.
As a humanities, literature is an important part of culture and exists as a whole. Literary works are not only the condensation of writers' subjective consciousness, but also the collection of various social factors. With the development of ecological culture, people have a new understanding of human beings and nature, and no longer take their own interests as the standard to measure and delimit the good and evil of animals. All these have prompted people to re-understand wolves. The image of the wolf is no longer single, but it is diversified.
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