Historical Review and Future Prospect of China Aviation Industry
Feng fali
(zhengzhou institute of aeronautical industry management)
China's aviation industry started in the Qing government (19 10). From 19 10 to 1949, China has been in a period of turmoil and war. During this period, almost all raw materials, airborne finished products and equipment were imported from abroad, and there were no relevant scientific researchers and technicians, and maintenance personnel were also scarce. There is no independent aviation industry at all, let alone aviation scientific research system.
After the founding of New China, from 1949 to 195 1, there were only a few aviation factories in China, and several planes were repaired, assembled and manufactured. 195 1 year, the state put the establishment of aviation industry system on the national agenda, and the Central Military Commission and the State Council issued the Decision on Aviation Industry Construction, which defined the tasks, principles, organization and leadership of aviation industry construction in new China. After more than 50 years of construction, China aviation industry has formed an industrial system of aviation scientific research, design, manufacturing and testing with considerable scale and foundation, from repair to manufacturing, from imitation to independent research and development.
Over the past 50 years, China has successively established professional design and research institutions such as aircraft engine avionics ordnance equipment and instruments, and established professional research and test institutions such as aerodynamics, strength, automatic control, materials, technology, flight test and calculation technology. The scientific research and technical means of China aviation industry are constantly updated, and the test equipment is improving day by day. A number of technologically advanced wind tunnel test facilities, aircraft static laboratory, engine high-altitude test bench, flight test data acquisition and processing system and other equipment have been built.
Due to the development and perfection of the aviation industry system, China's military aircraft, civil aircraft, helicopters and other aircraft are rapidly approaching all kinds of advanced aircraft in the world.
Military aircraft from the initial imitation of the Soviet Jacques-18 aircraft to the production of primary trainers, and then to the first self-designed and successfully developed aircraft. Its successful development is of great significance to train the first generation of aircraft designers in China and accumulate experience in developing aircraft by ourselves. Since then, China's first jet fighter, the J-5, was born. It is a fighter with high subsonic speed, which enabled China's aviation industry and air force to enter the jet age. J-6 is the first generation supersonic fighter in China, and J-7 and J-8 are constantly updated and improved. J- 10 fighter is the third generation fighter with completely independent intellectual property rights. Bombers such as H -5, H -6, H -5, Bao Fei, Xiaolong FC- 1 light multi-role fighter have not only increased the number of aircraft in China, but also increased the variety, which also shows that China's aviation industry is not only constantly innovating in technology, but also not relaxed in developing aircraft types. The two complement each other.
Yun 5 is a civil aircraft, the first small transport aircraft made in New China. Since then, Beijing No.1, Yun 7 and Yun 8 have been continuously updated. There are Zhi 5, Zhi 8, Zhi 9, Zhi 1 1, "Yan 'an" No.2, "70 1" and other helicopters. Thus, the aircraft produced by China aviation industry can not only defend our country and our territory, but also more and more be used for civilian purposes and serve the people. It also plays an increasingly important role in transportation, postal service, rescue, search, earthquake relief, forest protection and sowing, and is even irreplaceable. China's aviation industry has shown great economic value and potential from the initial symbolic research and development to its economic function and promotion of economic development.
With the improvement of China's aviation industry system, more and more aviation talents have been trained. China can also compete with the United States, Russia, Europe and other countries in the research and development of advanced fighters. The future development of aviation industry is actually the development of science and technology. The research of aerodynamics, the promotion of technological innovation, the development of materials and structures, and the development and progress of avionics and control are the basis for the progress of aviation industry.
Looking ahead, how to improve the performance of future aircraft, aerodynamics has always been the key to aircraft design. Computational fluid dynamics is still the focus of research, and the numerical solution and network generation technology of Euler and N-S equations have attracted much attention. The research of low Reynolds number aerodynamics, bionic aerodynamics and other flow phenomena will still be the frontier topics in the future.
In terms of propulsion technology, improve heat engine and propulsion efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, improve thrust level, reduce noise, improve reliability and reduce emissions. In the future, it will still be the goal of development. The principle research of new or non-traditional engines such as combined engine, scramjet and pulse detonation engine is also the focus of this field.
In terms of materials and structures, metal materials will still be the main materials for aircraft airframes in the future, so it is necessary to improve the specific stiffness, toughness and corrosion resistance of materials without reducing the service life of existing materials, and at the same time develop new materials with higher specific strength. Research and develop practical methods for the design, analysis, manufacture, inspection and repair of composite structures; Research and develop the damage tolerance mechanism and practical nondestructive technology of composite materials; Research and development of high temperature resistant resin materials, ceramic matrix composites, intelligent structural materials, etc.
In avionics and control, navigation information from various sources is used to track and manage flight paths. In order to achieve all-weather take-off and landing, it is necessary to establish a reliable anti-collision system. A new wind shear detection device and its avoidance system are developed. In the cockpit display system, it is necessary to increase the display information and data, increase the real picture and use voice control to improve the pilot's operation accuracy.
The future development of China aviation industry is to innovate on the basis of talents. It has its own technology and research methods in high-end new technology, which can make great contributions to the economy and produce more civil aircraft to enter thousands of households.
Discussion on aircraft classification
Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China, believes that human flight activities can be divided into three stages, namely aviation, aerospace and astronautics. He believes that aviation moves in the atmosphere, space walks out of the earth's atmosphere in the solar system, and space flies out of the solar system and sails in the vast universe. It can be seen that human flight activities are divided by different distances with the earth as the meridian, which leads to the classification of aircraft.
At present, there are very few aircraft with space capability launched by human beings, only Pioneer series and Voyager series, so there is no subdivision of their types for the time being. Human activities in aerospace are frequent, and the number of aircraft and spacecraft is already very large, and with the development of human beings, the number will be more and more, and the speed of increase will be faster and faster. Therefore, it is necessary to subdivide aircraft and spacecraft. At present, it is generally subdivided from spacecraft and aircraft.
An airplane flying in the atmosphere is called an airplane. According to the basic principle of generating lift, aircraft can be divided into two categories: ① Aircraft lighter than air with the same volume take off by the static buoyancy of air, also known as aerostat. (2) An airplane that is heavier than air of the same volume takes off by moving relative to the air. Aircraft are divided into military aircraft and civil aircraft according to different purposes. Aircraft can also be classified according to different structures. Classification by purpose and structure is not clear according to the principle of generating lift, so classification is mainly based on the principle of lift.
(1) Airplanes lighter than air include balloons and airships, which are early airplanes. Balloons generally have no propulsion device, the main body is an airbag, and there is a hanging basket or pod below. Due to the different types of gas filled in the airbag, it can be divided into hot air balloon, hydrogen balloon and helium balloon. Airships are equipped with propulsion devices to control flight. According to different structural forms, airships can be divided into three types: soft, hard and semi-hard. An airship generally consists of a hull, a stern, a pod and a propulsion device. Because the safety factor of balloons and airships is relatively low, especially with the increase of lift-off height, the safety factor will be lower and lower. Therefore, modern times are generally used for advertising, sports, leisure, some scientific investigations or exploration activities.
(2) Aircraft heavier than air mainly include fixed-wing aircraft and rotary-wing aircraft, as well as flapping-wing aircraft and tilt-rotor aircraft like birds. Fixed-wing aircraft are divided into airplanes and gliders; Rotorcraft is divided into helicopter and rotorcraft; Flapping-wing aircraft has great development potential in the direction of micro air vehicles; Tilting rotorcraft has the advantages of both rotorcraft and fixed-wing aircraft, but its structure is complex and has been widely concerned.
Spacecraft refers to all kinds of aircraft that move in space outside the earth's atmosphere basically according to the laws of celestial mechanics, also known as space vehicles. Spacecraft are divided into unmanned spacecraft and manned spacecraft. Unmanned spacecraft can be divided into artificial earth satellites and space probes. Manned spacecraft are mainly divided into three categories: manned spacecraft, space station and space shuttle. Spacecraft are mainly used for broadcasting, meteorology, navigation, reconnaissance, earth resource exploration, scientific research and experiment, military space exploration and so on.