In daily life, we all know some psychological knowledge more or less. Here I have compiled some related contents about several common psychological laws of behavior for you. Welcome to share, I hope it will help you.

Several common behavioral and psychological laws

1, Law of Behavior and Psychology IV: South Wind Effect

The "south wind" effect, also known as the "warmth" effect, originated from a fable written by French writer La Fontaine:

The north wind and the south wind are worse. Let's see who can take off the coat of pedestrians. The north wind came first with a cold wind, biting cold. As a result, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly to resist the invasion of the north wind. The south wind blows slowly, and the sun shines suddenly. Pedestrians feel that spring warms their upper body, so they unbutton their buttons first and then take off their coats. Nanfeng won.

The reason why the south wind can achieve the purpose in the story is that it meets people's internal needs. This psychological reaction to stimulate self-reflection and meet self-needs is the "south wind effect".

Therefore, it is not appropriate to adopt "north wind" education methods such as "stick" and "intimidation" in family education. Only by carrying out warm education, giving more praise with "human touch" and cultivating children's self-awareness can we get twice the result with half the effort.

2. The Law of Behavioral Psychology 1: Rosenthal Effect

Rosenthal, a famous American psychologist, once did such an experiment:

He randomly divided a group of mice into group A and group B, and told the breeder of group A that the mice were very clever. At the same time, he told the breeder of group B that the mice in his group had average intelligence. A few months later, the professor tested two groups of mice crossing the maze, and found that the mice in group A were indeed smarter than those in group B. They could get out of the maze first and find food. So Professor Rosenthal was inspired. He wants to know whether this effect will also happen to people. He came to an ordinary middle school, walked casually in a class, and then circled a few names on the list of students, telling their teachers that these students had high IQ and were very smart. After a while, the professor came to this middle school again, and the miracle happened again. The students he chose have really become the best in the class now.

Why is this happening? It is the magic of "hint" at work.

Everyone will accept psychological hints in one way or another in life, some of which are positive and some are negative. Mother is the child's favorite, most trusted and most dependent person, and also the person who gives psychological hints. If it is a long-term negative and bad psychological suggestion, it will affect the child's mood and even seriously affect the child's mental health. On the contrary, if a mother has high expectations and positive affirmation for her child, and moistens her child's heart through expectant eyes, approving smiles and encouraging words, so that her child will be more self-respecting, self-loving, self-confident and self-reliant, then how high your expectations are, how much your child will achieve in the future.

3. Rule 2 of Behavioral Psychology: Overrun Effect

Mark Twain, a famous American writer, once listened to a priest's speech in church. At first, he felt that the pastor spoke very well and made people move, so he prepared to donate money. 10 minutes later, before the priest finished speaking, he got a little impatient and decided to donate only some small change. After another 10 minute, the priest hasn't finished yet and decided not to donate 1 minute. When the priest finally finished his long speech and began to raise money, Mark Twain got angry. Instead of donating money, he stole money from 2 yuan. This psychological phenomenon caused by too much stimulation, too strong stimulation and too long action time is called "overrun effect".

Overlimit effect often appears in family education. For example, if a child makes a mistake, parents will repeatedly criticize the same thing once, twice, three times or even four or five times, which will make the child from guilt to impatience and even disgust. If you are "forced", you will have the rebellious psychology and behavior of "I insist on this".

It can be seen that the mother's criticism of the child should not exceed the limit, and she should "make a mistake and criticize only once". If you have to criticize again, don't simply repeat it. We should put it another way. In this way, children will not feel that the same mistake has been "caught", and boredom and rebellious psychology will be reduced.

4. Law 3 of Behavioral Psychology: Desi Effect

Psychologist Desi once said such a fable:

There are a group of children frolicking in front of an old man's house, screaming all over the sky. A few days passed, and the old man couldn't bear it. So he came out to give each child 10 cents and said to them, "You have made this place very lively. I feel much younger. I am grateful for this little money. " The children were very happy and came the next day, playing as usual. The old man came out again and gave each child 5 cents. Five cents is not bad, but the child left happily. On the third day, the old man only gave each child 2 cents, and the children flew into a rage. "Only 2 cents a day, do you know how hard we work!" "They swore to the old man that they would never play for him again.

In this fable, the old man's method is simple. He changed the children's intrinsic motivation of "playing for their own happiness" into the external motivation of "playing for points". He manipulated the external factors of points, so he also manipulated the children's behavior.

Desi effect appears from time to time in life. For example, parents often say to their children, "If you score 100 this time, you will be rewarded with 100 yuan" and "If you can get into the top five, you will be rewarded with a new toy" and so on. Parents may not have thought that it is this improper reward mechanism that reduces children's interest in learning little by little.

In learning, parents should guide their children to set up lofty ideals, enhance their emotions and interests in learning, increase the motivation of learning itself, and help children reap the fun of learning. Parents' rewards can be things that are helpful for learning, such as books and learning tools, while some rewards that have nothing to do with learning are best not.

5. Law of Behavioral Psychology 5: Barrel Effect

The "barrel" effect means that the amount of water in a barrel with uneven bottle mouth is not the longest board on the barrel, but the shortest board on the barrel.

Children's comprehensive academic performance is like a vat, and each academic performance is an indispensable plank that constitutes this vat. The stable formation of children's good academic performance cannot rely on the outstanding achievements of a certain subject, but should rely on its overall situation, especially some weak links. Therefore, when children are found to have shortcomings in certain subjects, they should be reminded to spend more time on this subject in time to "learn from each other's strengths".

6. Law of Behavioral Psychology 6: Hawthorne Effect

Hawthorne Factory in the suburb of Chicago, USA, is a factory that manufactures telephone exchanges. It has perfect recreational facilities, medical care system and pension system, but the workers are still aggrieved and the production situation is not ideal. Later, psychologists specially conducted an experiment on it, that is, in two years, experts had more than 20 thousand individual conversations with workers, stipulating that workers should patiently listen to their opinions and dissatisfaction with the factory during the conversation. This talk experiment has received unexpected results: the output value of Hawthorne factory has greatly increased.

In the process of learning and growing up, children will inevitably have confusion or dissatisfaction, but they can't fully express it. As mothers, we should try our best to find time to have a heart-to-heart talk with our children, and in the process of talking, we should patiently guide our children to speak freely, express their confusion in life and study, and express their dissatisfaction with their parents, schools, teachers and classmates. After "talking", children will have a sense of satisfaction and feel relaxed and comfortable. In this way, they will study harder and be more confident in life.

7. Law 7 of Behavioral Psychology: Increase or decrease effect

The "increase and decrease effect" in interpersonal communication means that everyone wants the other person to "increase" his liking rather than "decrease". For example, many salespeople have grasped this psychology. When weighing goods for customers, we always grab a small pile and add them bit by bit, instead of grabbing a large pile and taking them out bit by bit.

When evaluating a child, it is inevitable to tell all his shortcomings and advantages, and often adopt the method of "praising first and then derogating". In fact, this is a very unsatisfactory evaluation method. When evaluating children, we might as well use the "increase or decrease effect", for example, first talk about some minor problems of children that do not hurt dignity, and then give appropriate praise. ...

8. Law of Behavioral Psychology X: Foot-in-door Effect

A phenomenon often occurs in daily life: when you ask for help from others, if you ask for higher requirements from the beginning, it is easy to be rejected; However, if you make a smaller request first and then increase the weight of the request after others agree, then the goal will be easier to achieve. This phenomenon is called "foot-in-door effect" by psychologists.

In family education, we can also use the "foot-in-the-door effect". For example, first put forward lower requirements for children, and then affirm, praise or even reward them after they have done as required, and then gradually raise the requirements so that children are willing to make endless efforts.

9. Law 8 of Behavioral Psychology: Butterfly Effect

According to research, the weak airflow caused by a butterfly flapping its wings occasionally in the southern hemisphere will turn into a tornado sweeping Texas in a few weeks due to the mixture of other factors! Disorder scientists call this phenomenon "butterfly effect" and make a theoretical statement: a small cause can develop into an extremely huge and complex influence after a certain period of time and other factors.

The "butterfly effect" tells us that educating children is not a trivial matter. The expression of a word, the handling of a thing, a small behavior, correct and appropriate, may affect the child's life; Errors and arbitrariness may delay a child's life.

10, Law 9 of Behavioral Psychology: Label Effect

During World War II, the United States was short of soldiers, and the war really needed a group of soldiers. Therefore, the United States decided to organize prisoners in prisons to fight in the front. To this end, the United States sent several psychologists to train and mobilize prisoners before the war, and went to the front to fight with them.

During the training, psychologists did not preach to them too much, but emphasized that prisoners should write a letter to their closest relatives every week. The content of the letter was drawn up by psychologists, describing how the prisoner behaved in prison and how to turn over a new leaf. The experts asked the prisoners to copy carefully and send them to their dearest people. Three months later, the prisoners went to the front, and the experts asked the prisoners to write letters to their relatives, telling them how to obey orders and how to be brave. As a result, the performance of these prisoners on the battlefield is no less than that of the regular army. As they said in the letter, they obeyed orders and fought bravely in the battle. Later, psychologists called this phenomenon "label effect", which is also called suggestion effect in psychology.

This psychological law plays an extremely important role in family education. For example, if we always yell "idiot", "pig head", "how can you be so stupid" and "can't even do such a simple topic" to our children for a long time, our children may really become what we call "idiots". Therefore, mothers must abstain from ridicule and humiliation, from complaining, from threats and intimidation, and label their children positively with more inspiring language.

What are the psychological laws of interpersonal relationships?

Interpersonal relationship can be said to be a very profound knowledge, and many people are wondering how to establish interpersonal relationship. In fact, there are still some psychological laws that are feasible in interpersonal relationships. To establish good interpersonal relationships, it will be helpful to master these interpersonal psychology. So what psychological laws can be followed in interpersonal relationships?

Proximity

Refers to the interpersonal psychology influenced by geographical location. As the saying goes, "a distant relative is better than a close neighbor", and interpersonal psychology will be affected by geographical location. Generally speaking, the closer the geographical location, the more opportunities for communication and the easier it is to form a closer relationship. Therefore, if you want to establish interpersonal relationships, you usually start with people close to you.

supplement

Refers to the interpersonal relationship affected by demand. When people realize that they have some shortcomings, they will sincerely envy people with this characteristic or ability and are willing to approach them, so that they can learn from each other's strengths and meet the needs of both sides in communication.

close together

Refers to the interpersonal psychology influenced by the communication frequency per unit time. In a period of time, the higher the general communication frequency, the easier it is to form the same experience and produce the same language and feelings, that is, the communication frequency is directly proportional to the closeness of interpersonal relationships. On the other hand, if you don't communicate for a long time, the relationship will gradually alienate. Of course, the content of communication can't be ignored. For example, communication is just a kind of mutual entertainment. Even if the frequency is high, it is difficult to form a true friendship.

similar

It means that interpersonal relationships are also influenced by attitudes. If people have similar attitudes towards someone or something, such as ideals, beliefs, values or hobbies, it will easily lead to the synchronization of their thoughts and behaviors and form a close relationship. As the saying goes: "Birds of a feather flock together, people are divided into groups", and the basis of people being divided into groups lies in whether their attitudes towards things are consistent. "Meet each other late" is the expression of similar attitudes in communication.

Using psychological laws to improve classroom learning efficiency

First, the use of perceptual laws to improve learning efficiency

Learning pyramid efficiency chart (average learning retention rate: learners can still remember the content after two weeks, which was first discovered and put forward by American scholar and famous learning expert Edgar Dale1946) shows the average retention rate of learning content.

Enlightenment: Teachers should try their best to change their roles in classroom teaching, let students be teachers, teachers play students, give students the right to speak and practice as much as possible, and turn passive learning into active learning. In the choice of teaching methods, we should reduce the proportion of lectures and demonstrations, and adopt more efficient methods such as discussion, practical exercises and group assistance. Students should not be deprived of their classroom rights in order to catch up with the progress, and the progress should obey the effect.

What is worth learning is the "five highs" ideal classroom and the "three learning" model advocated by Sanshui Experimental School, a middle school affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University: "five highs" refers to high participation, high cooperation, high output, high pleasure and high buzz, which guides students to change passive learning into active inquiry, enables students to achieve more in their studies and makes the classroom a vibrant life dialogue. "Three Learning" refers to studying alone-telling yourself; Understand it-tell your peers; Group learning-tell everyone that the "three learning" embodies a change of concept, returning the classroom rights that should belong to students to students and respecting their subjective status.

Second, the use of attention to improve classroom efficiency

Experiments of high concentration have been conducted in the United States. Studies have confirmed that adults can concentrate on completing a simple and boring task, make no mistakes for only 20 minutes, and then make mistakes. This provision also applies to primary and secondary school students.

Revelation: Efficient classroom is not about how much the teacher says, but how much the students have mastered. Therefore, in classroom teaching, teachers should resolutely overcome the "spoon-feeding" phenomenon, and the single content and form should not exceed 15 minutes. Students should reduce their fatigue and keep their concentration by alternating various teaching methods, so as to improve classroom efficiency. Pay attention to grasp the teaching rhythm from the aspects of details, movements, speed, intonation and practice. For junior students, the teaching rhythm should be changed, because their attention and emotional duration are short, and senior students have strong attention and stable teaching rhythm. For example, the important and difficult contents that need to be taught can be put in the first 15 minutes of a class, and then converted into autonomous learning or discussion and answering questions, and the time is about 5 minutes. From 2 1 minute, enter the stage of combining lectures with practice, and make a good summary of the class within 5 minutes before class.

Third, praise and encourage appropriately, stimulate learning motivation and improve learning efficiency.

According to psychology, learning motivation is the internal motivation that directly promotes students' learning activities. Teaching practice has proved that correct evaluation and rewards and punishments have a strong influence on the orientation, reinforcement and activation of learning motivation, especially positive incentives such as praise and reward are always better than negative incentives such as reprimand and punishment. After pointing out students' shortcomings or mistakes, it is easier for them to accept criticism and stimulate their motivation to study hard with inspiring and guiding language. Wu Jinyu, president of the Second Affiliated High School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, once conducted a survey: There is a person you are willing to listen to because: a. He is a successful person; B.because he helped you; C. Because he always makes you full of hope for the future; D. he loves you; He once helped you. The survey results show that 78% people choose C. The results of this survey confirm that encouragement plays a positive role in improving teaching effect. Coincidentally, Tsinghua Tongfang's business philosophy is: one-minute goal+one-minute praise+one-minute punishment, which is a typical successful example of applying psychological principles to enterprise management.

Enlightenment: On the one hand, teachers should be students' life mentors and guiding lights, study and tap students' potential, guide students to make a good life plan, and let students see their own hopes and bright tomorrow. On the other hand, teachers should encourage students in the form of homework comments, small notes, individual conversations and public encouragement, and use some specific words of encouragement, such as "Your idea is novel and original", "Your analysis is basically correct, it would be great if you can supplement it from ××", "I like your style" and "I believe you can do it".

Fourthly, cultivate a healthy classroom atmosphere, exert the influence of collective education and ensure the learning effect.

American psychologist Solomon Ashe once did a psychological experiment of conformity. Results Only 1/4 ~ 1/3 subjects in the test population did not follow the herd behavior and maintained their independence. Therefore, it is a common psychological phenomenon. In fact, the collective education thought of makarenko, a Soviet educator, is to make use of people's herd mentality, treat people as members of the collective rather than isolated individuals, and make use of the intangible power of the collective to have a positive impact on students.

Enlightenment: Students need strict management, and learning motivation driven by motivation and interest is unreliable. In recent years, the lively classroom that some people are keen to pursue has proved to be inefficient. In teaching practice, we should overcome the wrong practice of blindly pursuing lively democracy in the classroom, strengthen teachers' ability to control the classroom, and force students to form good study habits. We must rely on strict management and requirements to ensure the seriousness of classroom discipline and the concentration of students' attention, thus ensuring the effectiveness of classroom teaching. The specific way is to put the training class in the first place, form strict collective discipline and good collective atmosphere, and emphasize the organic combination of collective education and individual self-education as collective members. Only by returning to the traditional "serious, nervous, vivid and lively" eight-character classroom and cultivating a healthy classroom atmosphere can we ensure a good classroom effect.

Five, pay attention to guide students to reflect on learning and improve learning effect.

Reflection is an indirect understanding. Constructivism holds that students' learning is a process of self-construction and reflection is an advanced stage of self-construction. Reflective autonomous learning can enable students to sum up successful experiences and failed lessons in the process of achieving their goals, immediately adjust their learning ideas and methods, go beyond the stage of experience, reflect on the process of knowledge generation, thinking process and general expression, and truly highlight students' dominant position.

Revelation: Some people say that reflection is the father of success, because without reflection, failure can only produce failure, and failure can only be accompanied by reflection. Teachers should make students realize the decisive significance of reflection in improving their academic level, and guide and help students to form the habit of active reflection. We should not only reflect on the effects and problems of self-study before class, but also strengthen students' after-class reflection, and use reflection instead of repeating inefficient homework, so that students can fully reflect on their learning objectives, learning process, learning content and learning methods, guide students to evaluate themselves, and constantly improve their learning status and improve their learning efficiency. At the same time, teachers need to reflect on their own "teaching" in order to achieve the purpose of teaching with learning, evaluating teaching with learning, promoting teaching with learning, and learning from each other. In daily teaching, it is a very successful practice to give students a chance to sum up in class and guide them to reflect on themselves.

;