The Water Margin vividly describes the whole process of Liangshan heroes from uprising to prosperity and finally to failure, especially by writing about the different life experiences and resistance roads of many rebellious heroes, which clearly shows the theme of "officials forcing the people to rebel". "Water Margin" is a great work based on the collective creation of the people for hundreds of years, after finishing, processing and creating. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the story of Liangshan heroes was widely circulated. At that time, Gong Kai, a painter and writer, wrote a preface to the praise of thirty-six people in Song Jiang, saying: The stories of thirty-six people including Song Jiang have spread all over the streets; Painters also write pictures and shadows for them. The earliest blueprint of Water Margin is the legacy of Xuanhe in Song Dynasty, which focuses on the main characters such as Yang Zhi selling knives, Chao Gai ganging up to grab the birth outline, Song Jiang killing and Lin Chong, jy, and He Lu. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were many stories adapted from Water Margin. In Yuan Zaju, the number of Liangshan heroes increased from 36 to 108. Shi Naian sorted out and processed the stories and characters in Water Margin, and faithfully accepted the views of the people in the process of writing Water Margin, which is the ideological basis for the great achievements of Water Margin. The Water Margin shows the whole process of the occurrence, development and failure of the peasant uprising historically, and profoundly reveals that class oppression is the social root of this peasant uprising war. Treacherous court officials and corrupt officials, such as Gao Qiu, oppressed and persecuted the people, aroused the fire of revenge of the people, and gradually developed into a prairie fire. The novel enthusiastically eulogizes the Liangshan heroes such as Song Jiang, Lin Chong, Lu, and jy who emerged in this process, and the peasant revolutionary ideal of "one family with different surnames", vividly showing the internal historical reasons why this peasant uprising turned into a tragedy. Except for a few people, such as Lin Chong, Lu, Ruan Xiaowu and so on, the vast majority of people, led by Song Jiang, have a strong idea of loyalty to the monarch. What they hate and oppose is only treacherous court officials and corrupt officials such as Gao Qiu. Therefore, although their rebellion turned the feudal dynasty upside down, it was not to create a new social system. The tragedy of Liangshan Uprising just illustrates the insurmountable historical limitation of peasant uprising in feudal society. Shi Naian faithfully reflected the insurmountable shortcomings of the peasant uprising itself, thus vividly describing the whole process of Liangshan uprising from small to large, from weak to strong, and then to failure, and profoundly revealing the regularity of the peasant uprising. The Water Margin is the first great work in the history of China literature that truly reflects the peasant uprising. The works closely follow the themes of "officials forcing the people to rebel" and "forcing Liangshan" and depict Liangshan heroes. For example, Lin Chong, as the commander of the 800,000 imperial army, has a rich economic income, a beautiful young wife and a warm family life. Such social status and living environment determine his character of being content with the status quo and not daring to resist. Gao Yanei, who molested his beloved wife, was furious, but because the other party was the son of his boss Gao Taiwei, he had to submit to humiliation. Later, Gao Qiu instructed Lu Qian to design a scam on his beloved wife and tricked him into the White Tiger Festival Hall, but he still swallowed it. He was tortured on the way to the army and assassinated in the wild pig forest. He still feels humiliated and fantasizes about going home to his beloved wife. It was not until Gao Qiu appointed Lu Qian and others to burn him to death in the forage field that he could not bear to kill Lu Qian and others and went to Liangshan on a snowy night. "Water Margin has 180 personalities, which is really 180" (Jin Shengtan). A series of artistic models with distinctive personalities have been created in the works. For example, Lin Chong, Lu and Yang Zhi are all military commanders and heroes with high martial arts skills, but their personalities are different. Lin chong is as above. Lu's generosity and frankness, his hatred of evil, and his courage are all concentrated on his courage and his struggle between love and injustice. In order to save Jin's father and daughter, he was killed by three punches, committed a bloody case, and reluctantly hid in a temple and became a monk. In order to save Lin Chong who was persecuted by Gao Qiu, even the monk couldn't do it, so he had to become an outlaw and go to Liangshan. Yang Zhi, Lin Chong and Lu have different personalities. He is "the grandson after three generations of Yang". His purpose in life is to "get a wife and son with one shot and one knife, and also fight with his ancestors." When he fell into Hua Shigang and lost his official position, he still didn't give up the idea of climbing up. He actively took bribes in an attempt to restore his post. When I was appreciated and promoted by Liang Zhongshu, I was very grateful, and I will become an officer under him. It was not until the birth class fell and his life was threatened that he fled to the rivers and lakes and drove him to Liangshan. When portraying a character, it is often the first time to express the unique personality characteristics of the character through portrait description, which is the characteristic of portraying the character in Water Margin. For example, when Ruda appeared for the first time for the third time, he looked like an officer through Shi Jin's eyes. "He has a round face, big ears, a straight nose, bearded cheeks, eight feet long and a wide waist." Only a few strokes reveal Ruda's heroic character of generosity and integrity. For the monkey Song Wu, write that he "has a pair of eyes shooting at the cold star, and his eyebrows are as muddy as paint". The eyes are the windows of the soul, which reveal the character of Song Wu Jing Ming and the hero. The winding and moving plot and sharp and fierce contradictions and conflicts in Water Margin are often pushed to the climax step by step through the unfolding of the scene and the description of details. This is the story of Song Wu Jingyanggang's 23rd tiger fight. In the first scene, he wrote that he drank more than a dozen bowls of wine in a row in the hotel under Jingyanggang. Then in the second scene, he walked out of the hotel and was stopped by the shopkeeper, saying, there is a big bug that hurts people. Three bowls are not enough. Song Wu suspected that the shop had ulterior motives and was determined to cross the border. In the third scene, he wrote a few lines and saw two lines written on the peeled trunk, such as a blade hurting people. Song Wu continued to go to Shanghai with records. In the fourth scene, he came to Jingyanggang and saw the seal in front of the mountain temple, convinced that there was a tiger. Then in the fifth scene, he wrote that he met and killed a tiger on the mountain. In the tiger-fighting scene, Song Wu evaded the tiger's jumping, lifting and chopping one by one. Song Wu's sentry was broken when he hit a tree, so he held down the tiger and punched and kicked, and the tiger dug a hole with its claws. All these are details. These details, while describing Song Wu's bravery, pushed the plot to a climax. Similar events write different plots, which is also the remarkable feature of Water Margin. For example, Lin Chong bought a knife and Yang Zhi sold it. Song Wu killed a tiger, Li Kui jy killed a tiger, Song Wu killed a sister-in-law, Shi Xiu killed a sister-in-law, Jiangzhou robbed a court, and Daming House robbed a court. Lin Chong's explanation is similar to Lu Junyi's, but it is a completely different plot, showing a colorful life and colorful characters. The structure of Water Margin is a crisscross compound structure. The whole process of the occurrence, development and failure of Liangshan Uprising runs through the whole article, including the story of the main characters being relatively independent and self-contained. These stories are not only open and closed in structure, but also have their own characteristics, which are an organic part of the whole water margin story. The unique structure of Water Margin is the concrete embodiment of the "speaking" characteristics of folk artists. Associated with it is the water margin language, which is refined on the basis of the spoken language of the masses and retains the advantages of spoken language of the masses. It has the characteristics of washability, vividness, strong color and strong modeling. In the aspect of characterization, the greatest feature is that the author is good at putting the characters in the real historical environment and portraying them by closely following their identities, experiences and encounters. It is true that there is little introduction to the specific social environment in the book, but through the description of people from all walks of life and their relationships, a picture of social life in the Northern Song Dynasty is presented to us vividly and clearly. The arrogance and extravagance of the ruling class and the desire of the oppressed people to "smash the sky into water and turn the land into Liangshan" are the warp and weft of this historical picture. The characters in the book were born and grew up in this environment. Although Lin Chong, Lu Da and Yang Zhi are all officers with high martial arts, their paths to Liangshan are quite different because of their different identities, experiences and opportunities. This is how the author expresses their different personality characteristics. The position of the imperial coach, generous treatment and happy family made Lin Chong naturally form a character of being content with reality and not daring to resist, and repeatedly endured the persecution of the ruling class; At the same time, this experience made him make friends with heroes from all directions, and formed a generous, frank and unwilling character. Therefore, Lin Chong's forbearance is different from resignation. In his "forbearance" character, there are "unbearable" factors and revenge anger. Finally, he was forced to rebel. This complete outburst of anger is the inevitable result of his character development. Compared with Lin Chong, Lu Da did not encounter such misfortune, but in his long-term contacts with the ruling class, he saw through their decadent nature and carefree life experience, and formed his character of loving freedom and opposing injustice. This character is irreconcilable with the dark reality at that time. Therefore, Lu Da challenged the whole feudal ruling class and took the initiative to take the road of resistance. Yang Zhi, the "three generations behind the door", embarked on a more tortuous road to Liangshan. "One knife, one gun, one wife and one son" is his purpose in life. To achieve this goal, he can compromise. The fall of "Hua Shi Gang" did not shake his will to pursue "fame and fortune", nor did Gao Qiu's exclusion pull him back from this road. After being favored by Liang Zhongshu, his desire for fame and fortune became stronger. The brave bravado on the field and the diligence in the birthday class escort fully illustrate this point. Until the "family planning" was robbed, not only was the road to fame cut off, but he was also in danger of being trapped. He had to go to Liangshan. In addition, Li Kui jy and others from the bottom of society resolutely oppose different attitudes and strive for security. Wu Yong, a feudal scholar, advocated conditional wooing; The vast majority of generals from the official army are eagerly looking forward to wooing them. This different attitude can be completely based on their respective identities and experiences. In the characterization, Shuihu always puts the characters in the torrent of class struggle, and even puts them at the critical moment of life and death, and expresses their personality characteristics with their own actions and language. In the story of "Shi Xiu jumped off a building when he grabbed a gift", he described it like this: "Upstairs, Shi Xiu just uttered a chord, pulled out his broadsword and shouted,' All the heroes in the water margin are here!' "... Shi Xiu will jump down from upstairs, take a steel knife, kill people like chopping vegetables, and kill a dozen; Stall Lu Junyi with one hand and go south. "Just a few strokes, activated by several unusually agile sketches of Shi Xiu, he made a decisive decision and showed his fearless character incisively and vividly. The author skillfully combines the movements, language and inner complex activities of the characters. Although there is no static psychological description, it can accurately and profoundly reveal the inner world of the characters. Similarly, taking robbery as an example, because Shi Xiu learned the news of Lu Junyi's execution in an extremely urgent and unprepared situation, with his delicacy, it is impossible not to realize the danger of personal robbery; But at this critical moment, there is no other way. From Shi Xiu's anxiety in the restaurant, we can feel his intense inner activities. He thought, if you want to save Lu Junyi in the heavily guarded and sword-lined imperial court, you must first suppress the enemy's momentum. So he shouted without going downstairs, and then grabbed Lu Junyi and left while the enemy was unconscious. When he was arrested, he cursed Liang Zhongshu and revealed that the Liangshan army was about to enter the city, which made Liang Zhongshu afraid to kill them. Through Shi Xiu's decisive actions and witty language, we can see his subtle inner activities. There are many wonderful descriptions like this in the novel, such as Lin Chong's subtle psychology when he grasped Gao Yanei's fist but didn't dare to fall down, and Song Jiang's unfulfilled ambition and depressed mood when he wrote a poem, all of which showed the inner world of the characters through actions and language, further deepening the characters' character.