Cao Xueqin experienced a luxurious and romantic life in Nanjing Jiangning Weaving Institute in his early years. Great-grandfather Cao was appointed Jiangning Weaving; Great-grandmother Sun Shi was the nanny of Emperor Kangxi. Grandfather Cao Yin was the squad leader and bodyguard of Emperor Kangxi. Later, he was appointed as Jiangning Weaving, and also served as the inspection station of Huaihe Salt Affairs, which was very popular with Kangxi.
In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), the Cao family was robbed of their property because of a deficit, and Cao Xueqin moved back to his former residence in Beijing with his family. Later, he moved to the western suburbs of Beijing and made a living by selling calligraphy and painting and helping his friends. Since then, the Cao family has been devastated and declining. After a major turning point in his life, Cao Xueqin felt that the world was cold and had a clearer and deeper understanding of feudal society.
He despised powerful people, stayed away from officialdom and lived a poor and hard life. Cao Xueqin has an open mind and a wide range of hobbies. He has studied epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardening, Chinese medicine, darning, craft and diet. With perseverance and years of hardships, he finally created a great work with great ideological and artistic quality-A Dream of Red Mansions.
In his later years, Cao Xueqin moved to the western suburbs of Beijing. Life is even poorer, "covered with wormwood" and "the whole family often drinks porridge on credit". In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), his youngest son died prematurely, and he fell into excessive sadness and grief and was bedridden. In the 28th year of Qianlong (1763), he died of poverty on New Year's Eve (12 February). There are other accounts about the year of Cao Xueqin's death, such as New Year's Eve in the 29th year of Qianlong (1764 February 1) and early spring in Shen Jia (1764).
2. Nalan Xingde (1 655 65438+1October19—1685 July1), a native of Yela City and Langjiashan, was originally named Nalan Chengde. The eldest son of Pearl, a university student, whose mother is Aisingiorro Che, the fifth daughter of Prince Archie of England.
Nalan Xingde has read a lot of poetry books since he was a child. He/Kloc-entered imperial academy at the age of 0/7 and was appreciated by Xu, so he was invited to drink. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, he took the senior high school entrance examination and became Gong the following year. In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), he was absent from the palace due to illness.
In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he was awarded the seventh place in the palace examination and was born a scholar. Nalan Xingde once worshipped Xu as a teacher. In two years, he presided over the compilation of a Confucian anthology, Tong Zhi Tang Shi, which won the appreciation of Emperor Kangxi and laid the foundation for future development.
Nalan Xingde died on May 30th, 24th year of Kangxi (June 65438+ July 1, 65438), at the age of thirty (a nominal age). Nalanxingde's ci wins with "truth", and the scenery is vivid and vivid. The style of his ci is "beautiful and graceful, sad and stubborn, elegant and far-reaching, unique" He is the author of Tong Tang Zhi Ji, Fang Mao Ji and Shui Shui Ci.
There are 348 poems by Nalan Xingde (342 poems in one story), involving love and friendship, frontier fortress in the south of the Yangtze River, chanting things and history, and miscellaneous feelings. He wrote about water and lotus. Although he has experienced a few poems as an author and his vision is not wide, he is charming because of his poems. Nalan Xingde is a very temperamental person.
"Nalan Ci" not only enjoyed a high reputation in the Qing Dynasty, but also occupied a dazzling position in the whole literary history of China. Looking at Nalan Xingde's ci style, it is fresh and beautiful, sad and stubborn, quite close to the late Tang Dynasty. And he himself appreciates Li Yu very much. He once said: "the words between flowers, such as ancient jade, are expensive and not applicable;" Song Ci is applicable and of low value, and Li Houzhu has its beauty at the same time, which is even more confusing. " In addition, his ci was also influenced by Hua, Yan and others.
3. Huang Zunxian (1848-04-27-1905-03-28) is a Hakka of Han nationality [1]? Gong Du, a landlord in posthumous title, was a poet, diplomat, politician and educator in Qing Dynasty.
Huang Zunxian was born in Jiaying County, Guangdong Province. He is a juror of 1876. He has served as Counsellor in Japan, Consul General in San Francisco, Consul General in Britain and Consul General in Singapore. During the Reform Movement of 1898, he served as the provincial judge of Hunan Province and assisted Governor Chen Baozhen in carrying out the New Deal.
Gong Shi, who likes to incorporate new things into poetry, is known as the "creative teacher of poetry". Huang Zunxian's works include Lonely Poems, Records of Japan and Japanese Miscellaneous Poems. Known as "the first person in modern China to go to the world".
Huang Zunxian was the earliest person who advocated the poetic revolution in the history of modern literature in China. Huang Zunxian was influenced by the civilian flavor and realistic spirit of the family that rose from Hakka businessman to bureaucrat. After middle age, he personally experienced a series of political turmoil before and after the Reform Movement of 1898, which caused great waves in his heart.
All these provide a good life foundation and ideological and emotional foundation for him to create new artistic conception, new style and "new poetry" that expresses new things.
He faithfully displayed the patriotic enthusiasm, painful contradiction and ideal pursuit of advanced intellectuals living in that era, and faithfully recorded many shocking events that took place in China in that new historical stage. Two important factors that constitute the new content of his poems are novel themes and themes.
It shows the life, requirements, cultural characteristics and political situation of the new era, reflects the main contradictions in China society in the past century, permeates the spirit of realism and runs through the anti-imperialist and patriotic spirit.
Huang Zunxian's poems are based on realistic creative methods and full of romanticism, which laid an important foundation for bourgeois reformist poetry revolution. With the goal of "the old style contains new artistic conception", he tried to unify the old tradition and style of China's classical poetry with the new artistic conception and style required by the new era and new content.
It reflects the major events in modern history, especially the principal contradictions in modern China society, with the method of realism, so it is called "the history of poetry". His poems show strong patriotism and criticism of feudal absolutism, feudal academic culture and old ethics.
He also used poetry to directly serve the reformist movement, publicize reformist ideas and promote foreign scientific civilization. His creation basically put the theory into practice and achieved success, and he shined brilliantly in modern poetry circles with his unique art.
4. Tan Sitong (1865.3.10-1898.9.28), male, from Liuyang, Hunan, was a famous politician, thinker and reformer in modern China. His "Benevolence" is the first philosophical work of the Reformists, and it is also an important work in the history of China's modern thought. [ 1]?
In his early years, Tan Sitong advocated the establishment of the Institute of Current Affairs and the Institute of Southern Studies in his hometown of Hunan, and hosted Hunan Daily. He also advocated mining, building railways, promoting political reform and carrying out the New Deal. [2]?
1898 (in the 24th year of Guangxu), Tan Sitong took part in leading the Reform Movement of 1898, and was killed after failing. He is only 33 years old and is one of the "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement".
Tan Sitong's representative works include Benevolence, Lonely Pavilion, Poems of Wild Cangzhai, Collected Works Beyond the Hall, etc. Later generations compiled his works into The Complete Works of Tan Sitong.
5. Xia Cengyou (1863 ~ 1924) whose real name is Sui Qing, whose pen name is Bie's broken Buddha. Hangxian (Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people. Jinshi is the head of the Ministry of Rites. Modern poets, historians and scholars. He has a deep study of Confucian classics and Buddhism, and also has considerable literacy in Gan family textual research and poetry. Besides, he also pays attention to studying foreign history and knowledge of nature.
In the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897), Guo founded in Tianjin and Yanfu to promote new learning and advocate political reform. Later, he devoted himself to the study of the ancient history of China. He edited the latest textbooks on China Studies and China History, and renamed them "Ancient History of China" when reprinted. This is the first book that China tried to study the history of China with the theory of evolution in modern times.
During the Republic of China, he served as director of the General Education Department of the Ministry of Education. Later, he was transferred to the director of Shi Jing Library.
He studied the ancient history of China from the viewpoint of evolution, and his China history textbook was quite influential. After reading this book, Hu Shi "deeply appreciates Mr. Pei Xia's skill and insight" (Hu Shi Diary1August 930 14). Lu Xun commented: "We don't need to look at his other papers, just look at his two textbooks on China history, and we will know how clear he is about China people." .
Baidu Encyclopedia-Cao Xueqin (scholar in Qing Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Nalan Xingde (Qing Dynasty poet)
Baidu encyclopedia-Huang zunxian
Baidu Encyclopedia-Tan Sitong (one of the "Six Gentlemen of the 1898 Movement")
Baidu Encyclopedia-Xia Zengyou