Preliminary study on the production technology of potted chrysanthemum in Guangdong New Year's Eve
The variety, cost, marketing and production management technology of potted chrysanthemum production in Guangdong during the Spring Festival were preliminarily summarized, and the technology of light supplement and flower control was described in detail. This paper has certain guidance and reference for the production of potted chrysanthemum in corresponding festivals.
Keywords: New Year's Eve flowers; Potted chrysanthemums; manufacturing technique
Chrysanthemum is one of the top ten famous flowers in China and one of the four gentlemen in flowers. It is full of color, fragrance, posture and rhyme. In the Spring Festival market in Guangzhou, Guangdong and other places, chrysanthemum has always been an indispensable seasonal flower among traditional flowers, while Chinese New Year oranges, Christmas flowers, dahlias and azaleas have become the main characters in the New Year's Eve flowers, which lasted for more than 20 days and played a very important role in arranging flower beds, flower borders and flower ribbons. At the same time, Guangdong is a big and strong province in seasonal flower production, among which the main production bases of chrysanthemum are distributed in Fangcun, Chencun, Shunde, Xiaolan and Zhongshan. Most flower farmers will still regard chrysanthemum as one of the main production and marketing varieties in the choice of New Year flowers, but there are few systematic academic papers to summarize and discuss it. The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary discussion on the production and management of chrysanthemum.
1, the main chrysanthemum variety in Guangdong.
Because of the low price and low profit of potted chrysanthemum, few scientific research institutions are willing to carry out scientific research, production and technological innovation, mainly relying on the traditional cultivation methods of flower farmers. There are about 20 main varieties (mainly common names in Guangzhou, classified by informal scientific names, with transliteration, and some of them may be irregular), including Huangbanlahuang, Tai Huang, Huangxiufeng, Ningbo Yellow and Wuxi Yellow, Hongtaihong, Dongguanhong, Huangxinhong, Peony Red, Full House Red, Flower Cat Chrysanthemum, Bald Red, White Big White Lotus, Jinlijin and so on. According to the flower diameter, the big flowers are Ningbo yellow, peony red, green hydrangea and white lotus, the small flowers are full house red, yellow heart red, flower cat chrysanthemum, bald red, a little gold and a little silver, and the others are middle flowers. Generally speaking, it sells well in the market, and the main cultivated varieties are: Banlahuang, Taihong, Lijin, Green Hydrangea and Huang Xinhong.
2. Cost and benefit of potted chrysanthemum.
According to estimates, the cost of producing a five-inch chrysanthemum pot is about 2.00-2.50 yuan, and the main expenses include 0.45 yuan for chrysanthemum seedlings (3 plants per pot), 0.40 yuan for flowerpots, 0.20 yuan for electricity 0. 10/0 yuan, 0.20 yuan for bamboo (8 plants per pot), 0.30 yuan for chemical fertilizer, 0.20 yuan for pesticide and 0.0 yuan for pond mud. Generally, each skilled worker can manage15,000 pots on average, with a monthly salary of about 400-800 yuan.
Generally, after the fifteenth day of the twelfth lunar month, flower farmers began to sell their own chrysanthemums on Lunar New Year's Eve to vendors in large quantities. The 20th to 28th of the lunar calendar is the peak season for sales, and only some unsellable chrysanthemums will be transported to the flower market to set up stalls. Therefore, potted chrysanthemums are rarely sold in Lingnan Flower Market, Guangzhou Flower Expo Park and Chencun Flower World. In recent years, the wholesale price of potted flowers in Fangcun, Guangzhou is 2.50-5.00 yuan (about 4-6 yuan in Chencun and Zhongshan), the highest turnover is 3.00-3.50 yuan, and the gross profit per pot is about 0.50-2.50 yuan, among which Li Jinju is often slightly higher than other varieties by 0.50- 1.50 yuan. If there is no abnormal weather, chrysanthemums will bloom in time, with a bumper harvest and low price; But when the climate is abnormal and chrysanthemums bloom late or early, the price of flowers will rise a lot. This traditional planting mode of "depending on the weather" makes it difficult for flower farmers to predict their income. With a large number of industrial land occupying agricultural land, many flower farmers have to move to Huadu, Nanhai and other rented land for planting, and the flower price is expected to increase year by year. Based on the production of 4000 pots of finished potted flowers per mu, the profit per mu is about 2000-9000 yuan. Vendors transport potted flowers to the local flower market for sale, the price is generally 5.00-8.00 yuan, and the gross profit of each pot is about 1.50-4.50 yuan. Obviously, the circulation link is usually more profitable than the production link.
3. Production principle of potted chrysanthemum in winter.
Chrysanthemums are mostly typical short-day plants, and can only bloom under short-day conditions (light is less than 12 hours and continuous dark period is more than 12 hours). For example, the natural flowering period of autumn chrysanthemum is11-65438+February; Under the condition of long sunshine (sunshine 17 hours, continuous dark period of 7 hours), it will not bloom. For example, from April to August, chrysanthemum only grows nutritionally, and flower bud differentiation and flowering cannot be carried out. The vegetative growth period of chrysanthemum should be completed under the conditions of long sunshine, long days and short nights. When it grows to a certain height (such as more than 35CM), it should be treated with short sunshine to induce flower buds to differentiate and bloom. In autumn and winter, in order to prevent the formation of flower buds, it is necessary to increase artificial illumination, prolong sunshine, promote vegetative growth and inhibit flower bud differentiation.
The Lunar New Year in China is usually between the end of June+10 and mid-February in 5438. Even if the vegetative growth of this "out-of-season" chrysanthemum does not reach a certain scale, it will form flower buds, which can not meet the requirements of commodity quality and use. The best way to produce chrysanthemum for the Spring Festival is to add light at night to interrupt the continuous darkness, so that the two dark periods are less than 7 hours, and promote nutritional growth. Wait until about 70-80 days before flowering, and then stop supplementing light, so that chrysanthemum can normally carry out reproductive growth, bud pregnancy and flowering.
4. Main cultivation and management techniques of potted chrysanthemum.
4. 1 variety selection. The selection growth period is short, the plant type is short, and the normal vegetative growth and reproductive growth can still be achieved after artificial long-day light supplement treatment; Flower bud differentiation can be well carried out at low temperature, with short days of flower bud differentiation induction, good flower bud development and complete and consistent flowering; Chrysanthemum plants are cold-resistant, grow well at low temperature, and flower organs are not easy to be damaged by freezing.
4.2 Cutting seedling. Before the Spring Festival 120- 150 days, when the weather is clear, sunny and the dew is dry, 7- 10CM shoots are cut from the robust lateral buds sprouted after many times of enucleation in the mother chrysanthemum seedbed, and after the leaves wither slightly in the shade, the lower 2-4 leaves are picked and one piece is pinched. Do a good job in disinfection and disease prevention measures (spray biological agents for disinfection). Generally, in semi-shaded environment, roots will grow in about 10- 15 days (roots grow rapidly at high temperature), and the roots should be transplanted and cultivated as soon as possible within one week. If treated with rooting agent, it can also take root in advance, and the roots are more uniform and more. Generally, sand bed cutting does not need to be supplemented with light for more than ten days, because the short sunshine of 10- 15 days after enucleation does not promote flower bud differentiation, but it is necessary to supplement light in seedbed.
4.3 Pot planting. Generally, it takes11kloc-0/40 days to plant potted chrysanthemums before and after the Spring Festival, that is, the Mid-Autumn Festival, and it can be postponed to the first or middle day of the ninth lunar month at the latest. Seven-inch receptacle potted plants are generally 2-4 plants/pot, 2 plants/pot can be planted in Mid-Autumn Festival and 3-4 plants/pot can be planted in the first half of September. The cultivation medium requires loam rich in organic matter, which can keep water, fertilizer, water and gas well. The soil planted with chrysanthemums can't be reused. In Guangdong, pond mud is generally composed of two or more substrates such as chaff, sawdust, peanut shell, cinder, peat soil and decomposed chicken manure. When filling the basin, the drainage holes at the lower part should be covered with hydrophobic tiles according to the herringbone method, and cannot be blocked. Fill the jar with mud until it is 7-80% full. Each cubic meter of culture soil can hold about 400 seven-inch pots. When the lights are placed during the lighting period, they can be arranged closely (bricks or flowerpots can be placed at the lower part for drainage if possible), 22-25 pots /M2 (excluding roads), 17-65438. When planting, wet the soil in the pot, insert bamboo branches into the pot surface, and then plant chrysanthemum seedlings. After planting, water the foot roots and spray fungicides once a week. After planting, cover it with a sunshade net for 3-7 days to prevent the chrysanthemum seedlings from being burned by the sunlight in autumn, and then transfer it to normal management.
4.4 shower irrigation. Chrysanthemum is a strong sunny flower, which likes humidity and avoids water stains. Too much watering can easily make chrysanthemum plants grow white, the stems are elongated, the leaves are sparse, and the roots rot until they die. After the rain, the water in the flowerpot should be removed in time. Insufficient watering affects its normal growth and development, leading to leaf withering, foot leaves falling off, and even flower bud differentiation is completed ahead of schedule and flowering is advanced. Master the principle of seeing dry and wet, seeing dry and wet, not watering, and watering thoroughly. Generally, water it once in the morning and evening on sunny days, and then water it after the weather is slightly warmer in the morning on cold days. Small seedlings need less water, so it is necessary to control watering, especially after core removal, which can make axillary buds full, and gradually increase the watering amount after germination, vegetative growth season, bud development and bud color development. After the flowers are unfolded, water should be avoided as much as possible to avoid rot.
4.5 Fertilization. Fertilization methods can be dry application, liquid application or foliar spraying, which is applied once every 7- 10 days from one week after planting. Nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and fermented bean cake water are mainly applied during topdressing in vegetative growth period. After turning to reproductive growth, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be added, such as compound fertilizer, bone meal and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Foliar fertilization can also be carried out at the peak of vegetative growth and bud pregnancy, once every 7- 10 day/time, once in the morning and once in the evening, and sprayed evenly on both sides of the foliar surface. Generally, the concentration of urea solution is 0. 1%-0.2%, calcium superphosphate solution 1%-3% and potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is 0.2%-0. When fertilizing, if the weather is dry, the number of fertilizations should be lighter; If the weather is cold and humid, it is advisable to apply less concentrated fertilizer. When applying, the pot soil should be slightly dry, and the fertilizer should not splash on the leaves. If it is polluted, it should be washed with clear water in time to avoid falling leaves. It is found that the leaves are too big, too thick, dark green and even drooping, so fertilization is too much, so fertilization should be controlled; If the leaves are thin and yellow and fertilization is insufficient, fertilization should be applied.
4.6 Pick the core and wipe the bud. Tapping can promote the growth of lateral branches, achieve the expected number of flowers, control the height of chrysanthemum plants and postpone the flowering period appropriately. Chrysanthemum with short internodes and low ramets can make the plants beautiful and grow healthily. Chrysanthemums on New Year's Eve are generally picked twice from planting to flowering (once before the Spring Festival 100, twice before the Spring Festival 120- 135, and three times before the Spring Festival150). The second time is 90- 100 days before the Spring Festival. The axillary buds germinate 5-6 lateral branches and leaves, and the lateral branches leave 2-3 leaves and then go to the top. Generally, each seedling can germinate 2-3 branches and blossom 2-3 when it is denuded once, and germinate 4-6 branches and blossom 3-5 when it is denuded twice. If there are 3 plants in each flowerpot and the core is removed twice, there will be more than 65,438+00 branches and more than 8 flowers in each flowerpot. When the length of the finally enucleated lateral branches reaches 15-20CM, select the branches with equal growth potential, consistent height and symmetrical position to keep, remove the branches that are too strong, too weak, too high and too short, and erase the new buds sprouting between axils at any time. According to practical experience, flower farmers in Guangzhou often pick the tops of Lijin and HuangXinhong after stopping light supplement, which is commonly called "sweeping the tops", which can make the plant type and flowering period more uniform. A few varieties (such as yellow heart red) or a few potted flowers require high light intensity because of individual differences. During the period of light supplement, flower buds will differentiate, buds will appear or willow leaves will appear (no longer grow tall), so they should be pulled out from the base in time to sprout new buds.
4.7 pest control. Diseases, such as powdery mildew, leaf spot, rust, root rot, Fusarium wilt, etc. It is most likely to happen in high humidity, weak light and poor ventilation. Triadimefon, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and good organisms can be used for prevention and control. The main pests of chrysanthemum are aphids, red spiders, grubs, nematodes and so on. It can be controlled by omethoate, dimethoate, trichlorfon, marathon, panacea and acaricide. Prevention of diseases and insect pests should focus on prevention. Even if no diseases and insect pests are found, prevention should be carried out every 10- 15 days. Practical experience has proved that applying 3% carbofuran granules in pots can control aphids and nematodes. And basically no pests, the residual effect period is as long as 40-50 days.
4.8 bamboo binding. After stopping the light, when the chrysanthemum plants grow to more than 35CM and the flower buds can be seen, they can be inserted 60-30 days before the Spring Festival. Before binding, try to do it before watering or when the chrysanthemum plants are slightly wilting around noon to avoid breaking branches and leaves. Generally, large flowers (such as Peony Red and Ningbo Yellow) need to be inserted with bamboo about 60CM, middle flowers (such as Banlahuang, Taihong and Lijin) need to be inserted with bamboo about 40-50CM, and small flowers (such as Huang Xinhong, Xiaojin and Full House Red) generally do not need to be inserted with bamboo. In Guangdong, it is generally popular to insert 8 bamboos into each pot. Insert the cut small hedge into the pot soil, evenly distribute the branches, tie them tightly with thin iron wire, and tie them in two ways to make the pedicel close to the bamboo column. 7-8 pots /M2 (9- 10 pots /M2 when roads are not included) can be placed after bamboo is inserted and sparse. When the chrysanthemum leaves the garden, cut off the long bamboo branches so that the head flower is slightly higher than the top of the bamboo.
4.9 Sparse buds. In order to meet the use requirements, potted chrysanthemums with large flowers need to be thinned, such as Ningbo yellow, peony red and green hydrangea, so that the nutrients are concentrated in the main bud. When the main bud is pea-sized, peel off the lateral buds from bottom to top according to the requirements of flower use (1-2 preparatory buds can be left as appropriate, and then remove the preparatory buds when it is confirmed that the main bud is developing normally and is not harmed by pests and diseases). Generally, a flower leaves three buds. Many chrysanthemums can adjust the flower size and flowering period by reserving buds to make the flowers uniform. Small flower varieties generally do not sparse buds, such as yellow heart red, small gold, full house red and so on.
4. 10 flowering control. This is the most critical technology for planting winter chrysanthemum.
4. 10. 1 Chrysanthemum normally blooms in autumn and opens in the middle and late June of 1 1. Guangdong is located near the Tropic of Cancer. Generally, the sunshine time is shortened after the end of August (summer solar term), and it takes about 40 days to complete flower bud differentiation (invisible to the naked eye). After about 40 days, the flower buds began to grow, change color and bloom. So chrysanthemums can bloom in about 80 days after a short sunshine.
4. 10.2 supplementary light delayed flowering. In order to prevent chrysanthemum seedlings that have not completed vegetative growth from forming flower buds under short-day conditions, artificial light supplement must be adopted to extend the light under artificial long-day conditions, continue vegetative growth and inhibit flowering.
Light supplement time: generally, after planting in potted plants, light supplement should be started, and at the same time, the chrysanthemum mother plant planted in the ground should also be filled with light. Generally, the light is supplemented for 4 hours, and the effect is best at night 10-2, which can be automatically controlled by microcomputer time-controlled switch. Turn on the lights on sunny, cloudy and light rainy days, and suspend them for a day or two on rainy days. If the light bulb burns out or doesn't work, it should be replaced in time. Therefore, at 7- 10 in the chrysanthemum cultivation area after nightfall, the brightly lit landscape is to artificially fill the chrysanthemum with light.
Installation of electric lamps: bamboo poles are used as pillars to connect with 220V lighting power supply, outdoor wires are connected with copper-core PVC insulated flexible cables (BV), and spiral waterproof incandescent bulbs (36V, 40W or 60W) are connected in series, which saves electricity. Each group has 5-6 lamps (5 lamps can be connected when the voltage is low), the distance between lamps is 3M*3M, and the height between lamps and the basin surface is 65430.
Turn off the lights: Chrysanthemums planted after the Mid-Autumn Festival generally fill the light for 40-60 days, and turn off the lights 65-80 days before the countdown to the Spring Festival (that is, in the middle and late October of the lunar calendar). The number of days required for flowering of the main varieties after the lights are turned off during the Spring Festival is summarized as follows: Peony Red, Flower Cat Chrysanthemum, Green Hydrangea and Huang Xiufeng 80 days; Wuxi yellow for 78-80 days; 75 days whole house; Taiwan Province Red for 73-75 days; Lijin 70 days; Bald red and Ningbo yellow for 68-70 days; Half yellow for 65-68 days; Xiaojin Huang Xin Hong 63-65 days.
If the temperature is low or located in northern Guangdong, you can turn off the lights 2-3 days in advance. If you want to postpone the flowering time until the Lantern Festival or even March-April, you can postpone it in turn according to the above-mentioned stopping time. However, in March-April, only varieties such as Banlahuang, HuangXinhong, Taihong and Dongguan Red can still bloom, and other varieties can't form flower buds or grow normally, which may be related to different temperatures and sunshine (no in-depth study has been made).
Flowering regulation: Due to weather, water and fertilizer, light supplement time and other reasons, there may be errors before and after flowering regulation. If it is found that the flowering period is too late, gibberellin or phytochemicals can be sprayed to promote flowering; If the flowering period is too early, you can spray Chlormequat chloride (B9) 2-4 times before the flower buds develop color (generally spraying B9 once can delay the flowering period by about 7-8 days), once a week/kloc-0 times, and at the same time, water more, shade properly, and delay the flowering appropriately. In addition, B9 can be used for dwarfing because the plants of Ningbo Yellow and Peony Red are relatively tall. The method is to spray B9 once when the seedling height is 20CM, and the second time when there are buds.
To sum up, the cultivation techniques of potted flowers in New Year's Eve are mainly flowering regulation, selecting suitable varieties, planting around Mid-Autumn Festival, artificial lighting at night, strengthening fertilizer and water management, and tying bamboo to sparse buds later, so as to produce seasonal chrysanthemums. However, the application of new technologies and new varieties is not much, and it is hoped that more scientific research institutions will carry out technological innovation and popularization, so that chrysanthemum production will leap to a new level.
For reference only, please learn by yourself.
I hope it helps you.