There are certain methods and steps to write the opening report, so how to write the opening report? Let me give you a detailed answer!

First, the purpose and direction of the opening report.

The opening report refers to a written explanation material written by the author on scientific research topics or dissertations, which is an applied style. This style is produced with the enhancement of the planning of modern scientific research activities and the need of programmed management of scientific research topics. The opening report is generally in tabular format, and each item to be reported is converted into a corresponding column, which is convenient for the opening report to fill in according to the item and avoids omission; It is also convenient for the judges to see at a glance and grasp the main points.

The purpose of the opening report is to report to experts on the preparation of their own research or dissertation work, and ask experts to help analyze the research value of the topic, whether the research method is feasible, whether the argumentation logic is clear and reasonable, and ask experts to give research suggestions, further clarify the research objectives, clarify the research ideas, and get research help. Therefore, as the first writing link of multi-level scientific research work, the opening report is very important. By writing the opening report, the author can sort out and summarize his understanding and preparation of the topic, so that the specific research objectives, steps, methods, measures, progress and conditions can be expressed more clearly, thus providing a more certain basis for reviewers to open the topic.

Different levels of projects and dissertations have different requirements for opening reports. Therefore, the opening report should be scientifically and reasonably positioned according to its own topic selection and the level requirements of the paper, as well as its own research ability and level.

Taking master's degree thesis as an example, what requirements should the state have for those who award master's degrees? Master the solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge of this discipline, and have the ability to engage in scientific research or independently undertake specialized technical work? . Therefore, when selecting a topic, graduate students should do a good job in positioning the research level, have a new view on the research topic, carry out research with certain difficulty and depth, and analyze the survey data with certain theoretical support, so as to show that the author has the ability to engage in professional research.

If it is a bachelor's degree thesis, the direction of topic selection should generally be combined with the actual situation of undergraduates, reflecting their professional characteristics, professional ability and level. The enrollment situation of undergraduate colleges in China is different, and the scores of college entrance examination are very different. All undergraduate papers cannot be required to have high research ability and outstanding innovation. The purpose of undergraduate thesis writing is to train college students to be familiar with the norms and methods of academic thesis writing, and to cultivate students' comprehensive abilities such as logical thinking, expression, research and analysis. The opening report of bachelor's degree thesis should be written according to this orientation. Its purpose is to enable students to master the writing norms of the opening report, determine the significance and value of the topic, and establish the basic ideas and methods of paper writing, so as to better carry out the writing of academic papers.

Second, the basic content of the opening report

Because the essence of the opening report is to report the preparation of the paper to the teacher, the opening person should make a comprehensive and in-depth introduction and explanation on the topic selection, literature review, research content, methods and goals to be achieved, and accept the criticism and suggestions of experts. The bid opening report shall mainly include the following contents:

The first part: the basis of argument

1, background and significance of the topic.

2. Literature review

Part II: Research scheme.

3. Research objectives, research contents and key problems to be solved.

4. Research methods and technical routes to be adopted.

5. Expected innovation

6. Research progress and planning.

Part III: Overview of the paper.

Part IV: References.

After the opening report is publicly demonstrated, graduate students should generally modify, supplement and improve the topic selection scheme according to the opinions of the expert group. After the revised scheme is passed, they can formally enter the thesis research work. Due to the large number of undergraduates, it is difficult to organize a large-scale public demonstration. Generally, the tutor puts forward suggestions for revision, and students can start writing papers after revising the opening report.

Third, the writing requirements of the opening report

The first part: the basis of argument

1, background and significance of the topic.

Choosing a topic is to determine the research theme, the first step in writing a paper and a strategic event. The topic selection must conform to the principle of topic selection. Whether the topic is appropriate or not is directly related to the quality level of research results. The background and significance of the topic need not be long-winded, as long as the background, economic and social background and writing background of the topic are clearly written, and the theoretical and practical significance of the topic can be emphasized.

2. Literature review

Scientific research is always carried out on the basis of previous studies, with inheritance and continuity. Therefore, it is the basis of the research to systematically sort out and summarize the previous research results. The main tasks of literature review include two aspects: first, to summarize and classify the collected literature materials, so as to make the literature materials more refined, logical and hierarchical. The second is to comment on various theories and viewpoints and put forward their own opinions and viewpoints. Through the summary, the unique perspective and academic value of this topic or paper are explained.

In the writing of literature review, generally speaking, first of all, we should use two or three hundred words to briefly explain the related concepts, scope and controversial focus of the research topic. Then it begins to describe the theories, research status and development direction of each school. In terms of narrative methods, some are based on domestic and foreign research status, some are based on years, some are based on problems, some are based on different viewpoints, and some are based on development stages, but no matter which way is adopted, as long as it is logical, it is ok. Finally, it is necessary to briefly summarize the relevant research at home and abroad, make clear the research progress of this topic, and what problems have been solved? What's the problem? How to solve it?

The following questions should be paid attention to in the writing of literature review:

First, we should stick to the theme. It is necessary to closely focus on the research theme, sort out the ins and outs of this study, focus on the viewpoints and conclusions of previous studies, point out the advantages and disadvantages of various viewpoints, put forward possible development trends, indicate the research direction, and propose possible solutions;

Second, the organization should be clear. Literature review expounds the research status at home and abroad, combs the focus of debate, and must be clear and reasonable, with strict logic, so that people can see at a glance;

Third, the quotation should be accurate. All quoted opinions and arguments should be noted and included in the references. Quoting opinions must be faithful to the original text, and must not be taken out of context, castrated or distorted by the author's views;

Fourth, the text should be concise. The summary of academic views should be concise, not lengthy. It is necessary to avoid too much introduction materials and too little discussion, as well as too little specific basis and too much discussion. There is no strict regulation on the length of abstract. If it is a summary in the opening report, there will generally be a clear word limit, about 1000- 1500 words. If you are writing a master's or doctoral thesis, the summary will be longer.

Fifth, the information should be comprehensive. Literature review is necessary to sort out the viewpoints of various schools and collect data comprehensively. Only by fully possessing information can we fully grasp the research situation and fully embody a solid research foundation. Don't just collect some documents and start writing, let alone read a few Chinese materials and then piece together a so-called summary.

Sixth, the material should be novel. What should the original materials of literature review reflect? New? In other words, we should focus on the literature in the past three years, especially the latest academic literature published recently.

Part II: Research scheme.

3. Research objectives, research contents and key problems to be solved.

(1) Research objectives: Describe the objectives of this study clearly in two or three concise sentences, with few words, clear expression logic and clear objectives.

(2) Research content: There are two ways to write the research content. One is to list the title and summarize the content of a part in the form of subtitle; The second is to discuss in sections, and summarize the content of a part in the form of sentences that can express the complete meaning. The title of the column is easy. Is the third part behind? Thesis outline? Repetition, therefore, if the title is listed, it is generally necessary to make a brief explanation under the first-level title, rather than an outline title; It can be seen that the writing of research content is best to combine the two.

(3) The key problem to be solved: The so-called key problem is the main direction and research purpose of this paper. Specifically, it refers to the new theoretical problems, technical problems or methodological problems designed in the process of topic selection, as well as the basic views of the sponsors on this issue. On the basis of summarizing the research status at home and abroad, the key problems to be solved are put forward, which are directly related to the research results. The key problems to be solved should be listed around the theme of the paper, not too many, and there should be internal logic, not a few scattered problems.

4. Research methods and technical routes to be adopted.

Research method refers to the thinking method needed to complete a paper or topic, which belongs to the category of epistemology. Confucius said,? Sharp tools can do a good job. ? If there is no correct research method, we can't deeply understand the essence of things and reveal their objective laws, let alone innovate.

There are many research methods, including philosophical methods applicable to all disciplines, general methods applicable to many disciplines, and special methods or specialized methods applicable to specific disciplines. As an initiator, we should not only be familiar with the special methods in this field, but also master the philosophical methods and general methods. In the process of writing the opening report, many people often mistakenly think that it is enough to copy other people's research methods, which is actually wrong. In the writing of research methods, we should first talk about research methods for the key problems that need to be solved in the paper or topic. If the paper has survey statistics, it needs to adopt survey statistics, interviews, questionnaires, spss statistical analysis and other methods. If you need to analyze a large number of documents, you can use content analysis, document analysis, qualitative research and so on. Secondly, the research method is not to enumerate as many as possible, but to solve the key problems in the paper.

Regarding the technical route, a technical roadmap is generally drawn. In view of the problems to be solved, the research ideas and processes are put forward to match the research methods. The drawing of technology roadmap should be concise, beautiful, fine and easy to understand. If it's messy and ugly, it's better not to draw it.

5. Expected innovation

Although the opening report is expected to be short of innovation, it is very difficult to write. Because an innovative article needs a lot of knowledge accumulation and a lot of thinking to be written. If the opening report does not have sufficient literature review and preliminary research, it is difficult to put forward the expected innovation. Just scribble if you can't bring it up. The expected innovation should be combined with literature review, key issues and research methods to be convincing. Innovation can be innovation in research methods, research perspectives, research viewpoints and conclusions, technologies and theories. There is no need to list too many innovations, but they should conform to the actual situation of the key problems solved in the paper.

6. Research progress and planning.

Research progress and planning are the timetables to ensure the completion of various tasks in a limited time. According to the writing task, arrange the time reasonably, and finish it in stages with good quality and quantity. Progress and plan are usually listed in tabular form.

Part III: Overview of the paper.

The outline of the paper is the decomposition of each chapter of the paper, which generally requires three titles, such as introduction:

1 introduction 1. 1 research background and significance

1. 1. 1 research background

The research significance of 1. 1.2

Research Status of 1.2 (Literature Review)

1.2. 1 research status abroad

1.2.2 Domestic research status

1.2.3 Research Summary

1.3 research objectives, ideas and methods

1.3. 1 research objective

1.3.2 research ideas

1.3.3 research methods

1.4 Innovation

There are some similarities between the outline of the introduction and the opening report, but the whole is different, because different readers have different expressions and methods. Some graduate students directly turn the opening report into the introduction of the first chapter of the paper. The topics include? What is the purpose and significance of the topic? 、? Expected goal? 、? Expected results? 、? Looking forward to innovation? Wait, this isn't appropriate, is it? The paper has been finished. Do you still have it? Looking forward to it? Isn't this word funny? The rigor of writing a paper should be presented through the opening report, and any negligence in details is intolerable.

The introduction outline listed above is for reference only, and the specific content should be determined according to the situation of the paper. If there is a lot of literature review in the paper, it can also be taken out as the second chapter alone, and it can't be rigidly formal and simply applied.

Part IV: References.

References refer to the main references that have been read and quoted directly when writing a review. The reference section has the following requirements:

First, really read and quote. References should correspond to the words and opinions quoted in the opening report one by one, that is, they really read and quoted the documents, not make up the numbers. China HowNet can directly export bibliographies with standardized formats. If you don't really read and quote, you can write as many references as you want, but it doesn't meet the standards and requirements of writing. Academic papers are scientific research work, which must be scientific, realistic and meticulous.

Second, we should quote authoritative literature. Literature review expounds the research status at home and abroad, and the cited literature is mainly authoritative literature. What is authoritative literature? There is no strict definition. Generally speaking, journal articles with great influence factors, such as those written by Daniel, frequently quoted, published by authoritative publishing houses and from authoritative academic institutions, can be classified as authoritative documents; Of course, many newly published articles and works are rarely cited, but it cannot be said that this document is not authoritative. The author believes that when quoting authoritative literature, we should pay attention to the following principles:

(1) Don't quote academic journals or works that are not in this field. For example, economic academic papers published in literary, prose and poetry journals.

(2) Don't cite low-quality papers. The process of quoting literature is also a process of examining and reading literature from one's own academic point of view, and it is necessary to grasp the quality of the paper rather than accept it completely.

(3) When quoting literature, you should check the author's academic resume by the way to have a more comprehensive understanding of the author. Mencius once said, Recite his poems and read his books. I don't know who he is, but (Mencius? Zhang Wan) to know the author, you can also establish contact with the author and seek his help. 12 years ago, when I was writing my master's thesis, I read an article about productivity written by Professor Liu Huajie of Peking University, which was very inspiring, so I contacted him. Liu Jiaoshou has no shelf, which gives me a good help!

Third, the number of documents should meet and exceed the requirements of the opening task. All opening reports generally require the number of references, and the actual number of references is slightly more than the main references in the task book. The quantity itself is not a problem, but the problem is that references are an important window to reflect the preparation of the author's academic papers.

Fourth, what are the references? New? . I mentioned it once before, and I will emphasize it again here. References should focus on the literature in recent three years, especially the latest academic literature published recently, and the literature in recent three years should account for a certain proportion of references.

Fifth, the format of references should be standardized and unified. The format of references is not standardized. A 40-article reference has several formats, which is a sign of irregular writing and sloppy attitude. The format of reference documents generally refers to the national standard document format from China HowNet and Baidu Academic Search.

Four. Concluding remarks

So much for writing the opening report. At present, it is the season for undergraduate and graduate students to open questions. I hope this article is helpful to my friends! Finally, it should be emphasized that although there is not much difference in the specific content of the opening report, different schools still have different format requirements, which should be done according to their own specific requirements and must not be completely copied. Academic activity is a rigorous work, which requires patience and determination, the character of seeking truth from facts, one step at a time, and no opportunistic ideas. I wish all friends who use this article can do a good job in opening the topic smoothly!

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