You can refer to the abstracts and introductions of other articles. Generally speaking, the abstract should explain the purpose, process and result of the paper. The introduction is to introduce the historical materials related to the topic of the paper. Details are as follows:

1, writing of abstract

It is the essence of the full text, a summary of a scientific research work or technical practice, and a summary of research purposes, methods and results.

Before the main part, the purpose is to let readers know the content of the paper first, so as to decide whether to read the full text. Generally speaking, this abstract is written after the full text is completed. The number of words is limited to 100 ~ 150. The content includes the research purpose, research methods, research results and main conclusions. In other words, the abstract must answer questions such as "what to study", "how to study", "what results have been achieved" and "what does the result show".

Short and pithy is the main feature of academic journal abstracts. Just briefly summarize the research objectives, methods, results and conclusions in 1 ~ 2 sentences respectively.

2. How to write an introduction

Introduction is also called introduction and introduction. The main task of introduction is to outline the basic content and outline of the full text to readers. It can include all or several of the following five contents:

1) introduces the background, significance, development and current level of a certain research field;

2) Review and summarize the literature in related fields, including previous research results and solved problems, and make appropriate evaluation or comparison;

3) Pointing out the unsolved problems of predecessors, leaving technical gaps, and at the same time proposing new problems, new methods and new ideas to solve these new problems, thus leading to the motivation and significance of my own research topic;

4) explain the purpose of your research project;

5) Summarize the main contents of the paper, or outline its general outline.

For shorter papers, the introduction can also be relatively short. In order to shorten the space, you can briefly introduce the importance, significance or problems to be solved in a certain research field in one or two sentences, then review the literature, and then introduce your own research motivation, purpose and main contents. As for the research methods, research results and the components of the paper, they can be completely omitted.

(1) How to write the beginning of the introduction

The main purpose of the introduction (the first layer) is to tell readers what the research field and significance are, what problems the research should solve, and what the current situation or level is.

(2) How to write a literature review

Literature review is an important part of academic papers, and it is the author's summary and comments on the work and research results of others in a certain research field, including his representative views or theories, inventions and discoveries, and methods to solve problems. When quoting other people's research results, you should indicate the source, that is, who, when and where publicly published this research result.

(3) How to write the research motivation and purpose.

After introducing the work and achievements of others in a certain field, the next step is to introduce the author's own research motivation, purpose and content. The research motivation can be introduced from two angles, one is to point out the unsolved problems or knowledge gaps of predecessors, and the other is to explain the significance of solving this problem or filling the knowledge gaps.

After pointing out or implying gaps in the knowledge field, or putting forward questions or assumptions, it is natural to tell readers the purpose and content of this study and what problems to solve, so as to fill the gaps or prove the assumptions put forward.

(4) How to write the end of the introduction

The purpose of the study can be the end of the introduction. You can also briefly introduce the structure of the article and the main contents of each part, which will make the finishing point and let readers know the outline and context of the article.

As for the research results, there is absolutely no need to write them in the introduction. The research result is the most important part of the conclusion.

How to write the abstract and introduction of the paper respectively?

"Abstract" is a concise substitute for the original text. Usually, it only requires providing readers with the information content of the original text without explanation. The purpose of writing an abstract is to make readers fully understand the original information and help them determine whether they need to obtain the original. According to the analysis of abstracts of domestic academic journals by relevant experts, there is a widespread problem of nonstandard abstract writing, which can not make readers have an objective, accurate and full understanding of the main contents of the original text by reading abstracts. To this end, we refer to the abstract standards of international authoritative retrieval systems and put forward the following requirements for the writing of academic paper abstracts:

1. In order to provide important information to readers or retrieval systems, the abstract must be carefully written. The author should have a keen ability to identify key concepts in scientific works, and be able to organize these concepts in an orderly way and express them in fluent and concise language.

2. The abstract of the paper should be independent and self-contained, that is, the necessary information can be obtained without reading the full text, and the main information equivalent to the original text can be obtained.

3. The abstract can be declarative, informative or both. As a general academic paper, informative abstracts are usually used, which mainly include: the purpose, research methods, results and conclusions of the research topic; Comments, comprehensive articles and monographs usually use summary statements.

4. Generally, the length of English abstracts should not exceed 300 words, and the length of English abstracts should be about 250 notional words (according to the requirements of American engineering index, each abstract should not exceed 150 notional words). English abstracts should be expressed in the third person, and predicate verbs should be in the simple present tense, present perfect tense or past tense.

If you want to use the third person, you should use "studied …" and "reported the current situation of …" instead of "this article" and "we".

6. To use standardized terminology, new terminology or no suitable Chinese terminology, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after the translation.

7. Adopt legal units of measurement promulgated by the state.

At present, some authors who contribute to this journal have the following main problems in writing abstracts:

A. non-independence and self-evident:

B. the elements are incomplete, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods;

C. improper simplification, mostly oversimplification;

D. repeat the existing information of the title:

E. Write what appears in the introduction into the abstract:

F it is customary to use "this article introduces ……" as the beginning of the abstract.

What's the difference between the introduction and the abstract of a paper? How to write?

The abstract is a summary of the whole paper. In the abstract, you should touch on your main arguments, briefly summarize your argumentation process, and write your main conclusions. It is best to list the innovations of your paper, so that readers can have a general understanding of the whole paper and let the judges know that your paper is not completely copied, but has its own things.

Introduction is the content of the text, which is generally the first part of the text of the paper, but it is not necessary. Introduction According to your own ideas and the actual setting of the paper, it mainly leads to what you want to discuss below, which can be the background of writing this paper, why you want to write this paper, the general idea of writing and so on.

References:

Personal experience

How to write the abstract and preface of academic papers

Abstraction is also called abstraction or abstraction. It correctly extracts the main content of a document with concise sentences, so that readers can understand the main idea of the original in the shortest time. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. The main function of a book is to save readers time, learn the general idea of various materials in a short time, and decide whether to read the original text according to it. It is one of the reference books.

Abstract is a concise summary of the description of an invention or utility model. The theme and essence of the invention or utility model shall be briefly explained. The important purpose of this paper is to facilitate people's literature retrieval and preliminary classification.

An application for a patent for invention or utility model shall specify the summary of the disclosure, that is, the name of the invention or utility model, its technical field, technical problems to be solved, main technical features and uses. The abstract text shall not exceed 300 words. For an application for a patent with drawings, the applicant shall specify and provide a drawing that best illustrates the technical characteristics of the invention or utility model. The size and clarity of the attached drawings shall ensure that every detail in the drawings can still be clearly distinguished when the drawings are reduced to 4cmX6cm.

The abstracts of natural science original works such as research results, experimental research reports and investigation results reports should have four elements: purpose, materials and methods, results and conclusions. The abstracts of other papers should also accurately reflect the main points of the papers and summarize their achievements and conclusions. Writing should be carefully conceived, and it is often above the fold who reviews the manuscript. [ 1]

How to write the paper, the required format, abstract, preface and conclusion, how to write the text, and how to write 200 points.

Paper format

1. Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

2. Table of Contents: A table of contents is a brief list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

3. Abstract: It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and pithy content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.

4. Keywords or subject words: keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and are words with substantive significance to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, the paper should have a theme, and according to the indexing and collocation rules, it should be converted into standardized words in the subject glossary.

5. Text of the document:

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.

(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:

A. Propose-demonstrate;

B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;

C. solving problems-demonstrations and steps;

D. conclusion.

6. The references of the paper refer to the main documents listed at the end of the paper that can be referenced or quoted in writing. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 Rules for Recording References at the End of Documents.

English: Title-Author-Publication Information (edition, publisher, publication date): Author-Title-The requirements for the references listed in the publication information are:

The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.

(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

What's the difference between the abstract and the preface of a paper?

The abstract generally includes the following parts:

1, research background and significance;

2. Summarize the general idea of the whole paper;

3, the main research results (item by item, is the key, clearly tell others what you have studied);

4, innovation (also very important, concise, the difference between your research and others proves that you are not plagiarism);

5. Keywords

For example, the papers of the second-level psychological counselors have clear requirements for abstracts:

The main content of the article should be briefly summarized, generally no more than 500 words.

? The introduction of an academic paper roughly includes the following parts:

1, problem;

2. The background and significance of the topic;

3. Literature review;

4. Research methods;

5. The structure of the paper.

Ask a question: explain clearly what the question is.

Background and significance of topic selection: explain why this topic is chosen for research, that is, explain the contribution of this research to the development of disciplines and the theoretical and practical significance to the national economy and people's livelihood.

Literature review: make a comprehensive review of the literature within the scope of this research topic, and at the same time, have "comments", point out the shortcomings of existing research results, and express your own ideas for improvement.

Research methods: Explain the scientific research methods used in the paper.

Paper structure arrangement: Introduce the writing structure arrangement of this paper.

How to write an introduction

Introduction (also known as preface, preface or overview) is often used as the beginning of scientific and technological papers, which puts forward the problems to be studied in the paper and guides readers to read and understand the full text.

The writing requirements of the introduction:

1 Cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid long-winded narration of historical origin and research process.

2. Be concise. We shouldn't talk too much about the familiar common sense content of colleagues and textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark them in the form of quotations. In the introduction, when putting forward the work and opinions of this paper, we should make the meaning clear and the language concise.

3 Respect science and seek truth from facts. When discussing the research significance of this paper, we should pay attention to discretion and avoid using uncomfortable words such as "high academic value", "filling gaps at home and abroad" and "appearing for the first time". At the same time, we should also be careful not to use such pleasantries as "a little knowledge", "asking for advice" and "throwing bricks to attract jade".

The content of the introduction should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be a comment of the abstract. The introduction should generally echo the conclusion, and the questions raised in the introduction should be answered in the conclusion, but the similarity between the introduction and the conclusion should be avoided.

The introduction does not need to explain the bid opening process and the evaluation procedure of the results, nor does it need to quote all the conclusions about the contract documents and evaluation.

It is best not to discuss the introduction in sections, nor to prove it with illustrations, lists and mathematical formulas.

How to write the abstract, preface and literature review of the paper?

Literature review is an academic paper written by collecting a large amount of information on a certain topic and making comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document.

Format and writing

The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.

The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text.

The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics should be clarified, as well as comments on these issues. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to the references and comments with strong representativeness and scientific creativity.

The summary part is somewhat similar to the summary of the research paper. It briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, and authors who have studied the summarized theme had better put forward their own opinions. Although references are placed at the end of the article, they are an important part of literature review. Because it not only shows the respect for the author of the cited literature and the basis of the cited literature, but also provides clues for readers to discuss related issues in depth. So take it seriously. The arrangement of references should be clear, easy to find and accurate. Regarding the use of references, the recorded items and formats are the same as those of research papers, and they are not repeated.

How to write the abstract and preface of the paper?

I. Writing the abstract and preface of graduation thesis:

(A) the graduation thesis abstract writing:

First, abstract concepts.

It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, a complete essay, the essence of the full text, a summary of a scientific research work or technical practice, and a summary of research purposes, methods and results. It should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.

Second, the contents contained in the abstract

1, research purpose

2. Research content

3. Research methods

4. Research results

Three. Matters needing attention in writing abstract

1, the abstract must answer questions such as "what to study", "how to study", "what achievements have been made" and "what the achievements show".

2. The proportion of the purpose, method, content and conclusion in the abstract is roughly the same.

3. The content of the abstract should contain the same amount of main information as the paper, so that readers can determine whether it is necessary to read the full text, and it can also be used for secondary documents such as abstracts.

4. To objectively reflect the content of the original text, it is necessary to focus on the new content of the paper and the specially emphasized views.

5. The third person past tense should be used in the abstract (such as "under study" and "summary"). ); It should not be written as "this article" or "our school". Abstract is generally not segmented.

6. Numbers, tables, formulas, etc. Generally, it is not used in abstracts, and non-public symbols, terms and non-legal units of measurement are not used.

7, is a complete essay, should be focused, rigorous logic, reflecting the whole picture.

Fourth, the number of words required

About 300 words

(2) Preface (introduction) writing of graduation thesis:

First, the concept of preface

Foreword, also known as preface, is the text that introduces the background materials of the paper before the main body of the paper begins, and it is the beginning of the main body of the paper.

Second, the contents contained in the preface

The first layer consists of the origin, purpose, significance, main methods and scope of the topic, including literature review in a certain research field;

The second layer is the present situation of this research field at home and abroad, the achievements made by predecessors, the knowledge gaps and problems left behind, and the problems that have not been solved or need to be solved urgently, thus leading to their own research motivation and significance;

The third layer studies the problems to be solved, thus putting forward its own new arguments and pointing out the advanced, scientific, theoretical significance and application value of this research work.

Finally, summarize the main contents of the paper or outline its general outline.

Three. Matters needing attention in writing preface

1, standard six noes: not equivalent to abstract sentences. Not an abstract explanation; Do not explain the basic theory; Do not derive the basic formula; Do not introduce basic methods; Don't repeat what is already in the textbook.

In the preface, the first layer often takes up most of the space. The research background and present situation are introduced in detail. The purpose of the study may be shorter.

Another difference between the preface and the abstract is that the main research results must be listed in the abstract, but these results can be omitted in the introduction (if the abstract is published with the text), because there is a special section in the text to write the results, so there is no need to repeat them in the introduction.

4. Writing steps: briefly introduce the importance, significance or problems to be solved in a certain research field. Then the literature review. Then introduce my research motivation, purpose and main content. As for the research methods, research results and the components of the paper, they can be completely omitted.

Fourth, the number of words required

Generally, a paper of 5000-8000 words has a preface of about 250-300 words.

Second, the graduation thesis abstract and preface examples:

-Take the study of idioms in Zuo Zhuan as an example.

Abstract: Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical masterpiece in the pre-Qin period, but also a classic narrative prose. Its narrative language is concise, concise, vivid and colorful, especially the idioms in it make the ideological connotation of Zuo Zhuan reach a perfect state. Therefore, it is a valuable subject to study the idioms in Zuo Zhuan. This paper studies the origin, structure, semantic evolution and rhythm of idioms in Zuozhuan, aiming at helping people to deepen their understanding of idioms in Zuozhuan. Previous papers on Zuo Zhuan & gt

What's the difference between the introduction and the introduction in the paper? How to write the introduction? If there is a format, the difference between abstract and introduction is better. Thank you. Emergency 40 minutes

1. Introduction is also called introduction, preface, preface and introduction, all of which have the same meaning and are used at the beginning of the paper.

2. The introduction should generally outline the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the writing scope of the paper. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.