Rural social management paper 1: How to strengthen rural social security management
1. Current situation of rural social security in China
Since the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in rural areas of China, the living standards of farmers have been greatly improved, and various undertakings in rural areas have made great progress. However, what is incompatible with the present situation is that the management of rural social security in China is relatively backward, and the vast number of farmers have been separated from the social security network. Most of their living conditions, illness and death are the responsibility of individuals and families. This situation is not conducive to the country's deepening rural reform and rural economic development, and the most important thing is not conducive to the coordinated development of the whole economy, society and urban and rural areas.
1. 1 Rural social pension measures are not ideal.
From the perspective of social security expenditure, the social security expenditure of farmers, who account for about 80% of the total population, accounts for only one tenth, while that of urban residents, who account for 20% of the total population, accounts for nine tenths. With the development of China's economy, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening, mainly because the rural social security system is not perfect, and farmers' pension problem has not been paid enough attention, especially in poor and remote areas. Since 1986, the Ministry of Civil Affairs has been actively exploring and solving the problem of rural endowment insurance. Pilot activities in various regions have been gradually launched. Although on the surface, the rural old-age insurance has been carried out well, but in fact it is not ideal. The number of participants is not enough, and the implementation is not comprehensive enough. After years of development and operation, only 65,438+02% farmers have participated in rural old-age insurance activities, and 88% farmers are still out of social security.
1.2 The rural medical insurance system is imperfect and the coverage rate is low.
Although many areas have made efforts to restore cooperative medical care, the recovery situation is not ideal due to the lack of economic support and effective system norms given by the state. At present, the coverage of medical insurance in rural areas of China is very low. Even at the peak of the new rural cooperative medical system, the population of cooperative medical system is very low and the coverage is not wide enough. In addition, according to the survey of the Ministry of Health of China, 86% of farmers still have no social medical insurance, and they still seek medical treatment at their own expense.
Judging from the concrete implementation of social endowment insurance and medical insurance, most farmers are still outside the social security net.
2. Problems in rural public security
2. 1 Rural social security funds have narrow sources and small coverage.
The source of rural social security funds in China is not reasonable enough and does not reflect the responsibility of the whole society. On the basis of insurance benefits, we will adhere to the principle of giving priority to individual tax payment, supplemented by collective subsidies, and given policy support by the state. Under such regulations, the responsibility of the state is too small and the investment in rural construction is too small, which makes farmers and poor areas unable to bear social security funds. Access to social security funds is also relatively narrow, which is far from the coverage of urban social security. In addition, social security in rural areas includes social relief such as pension, cooperative medical care, subsistence allowance and basic living allowance for poor households.
2.2 rural social security management is not scientific enough
At present, the management of rural security projects is very chaotic, the scale is not scientific and standardized, and there are some problems such as unreasonable management system, high cost of security funds and unreasonable operation of funds. The low level of rural social security is also reflected in the management of insurance funds. Most rural social security funds in China are raised, managed and used by local governments, and lack of effective supervision and management leads to many risks in the use of rural funds in China.
2.3 Rural social security lacks legal protection.
Judging from the current situation of rural social security legislation in China, there are many problems. Although there were some laws, regulations and provisions on rural social security in China in the past, most of them were single, single-function and flawed, and did not form an organic and reasonable legal system. So far, there is no special law and regulation on social security in China, but some provisions on social security can be found in relevant laws, and there is no complete and artificial procedure.
3.
3. 1 proceed from reality, analyze specific problems, adjust measures to local conditions, and develop in a plane.
The management of social security should start with endowment insurance and medical insurance, create security conditions and develop step by step at different levels. In poverty-stricken areas with relatively backward economy, it is necessary to organically combine social insurance with relief work, support poor and destitute households to participate in social insurance, and improve their ability to get rid of poverty and become rich. The party and the country gradually realize that rural areas are the top priority of China's medical and health work. In recent years, China has introduced a series of policies and measures to gradually improve the new rural cooperative medical system. Mainly adhere to the principle of farmers' voluntary, serious illness as a whole, minor illness as a whole. Farmers bear part of it, and the rest is subsidized by the state or region, thus establishing a cooperative medical fund, and farmers can reimburse medical expenses in proportion. Since 2003, medical insurance has been basically realized in rural areas of China. In recent years, the pilot work has achieved initial results, effectively alleviating the problem of farmers' heavy burden of medical treatment.
3.2 Establish a perfect minimum living security system.
The rural minimum living security system is a social relief system established in China to protect poor farmers whose income is difficult to maintain the most basic living standard. The traditional way of assistance is narrow in scope, low in coverage and low in standard, so it is difficult to guarantee the basic living standard of the recipients. The guarantee work is arbitrary and lacks scientificity and execution; Most of the relief methods are temporary relief. At present, the problem of rural poverty in China is still very serious, and there is a big gap between urban and rural areas. How to solve this problem and establish a perfect rural minimum living security system has become a hot issue of concern to everyone. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate scientific security standards to ensure the effectiveness and rationality of the standards and to solve farmers' living problems.
3.3 Explore the establishment and improvement of rural endowment insurance system
Influenced by the traditional culture of China, the rural old-age security mostly takes the family as the unit. At present, China's elderly population over 60 years old has reached 65.438+0.34 billion, exceeding 654.38+0% of China's total population, among which the elderly population over 65 years old has reached 654.38+0.654.38+0 billion, accounting for 8.5% of China's total population. The problem of population aging in China is becoming more and more prominent, which needs to be solved urgently. Today, with the development of market economy, the function of family security based on natural economy has been reduced, especially after the family planning policy, the number of only-child families has increased, the values of young people have changed, and the abuse of the elderly often occurs. Therefore, after the problem of farmers' food and clothing is solved, the government should actively guide farmers to carry out old-age security activities.
3.4 Establish a multi-level social security system and authoritative social security institutions.
The development of rural areas in China is very uneven. The income of villages in the same area is very different, and the income level is also very different. A single rural social security cannot meet the needs of different aspects. China should establish a social security system based on law, supplemented by rural security and household savings security. And the establishment of financial, civil affairs, labor and other departments to participate in social security institutions, specifically responsible for rural social security work. Basically, it is necessary to increase farmers' financial income, improve their living standards and reduce the demand for medical and health social security. It is also necessary to raise farmers' awareness of social security, change their psychology and value orientation, and abandon old ideas.
4. Conclusion
Rural social security is a hot social issue related to farmers' vital interests. In recent years, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the living conditions and social security of rural farmers. In accordance with the purpose of coordinating urban and rural development, it has continuously improved and reformed, further built and improved the rural social security management system, increased financial input in rural social security, and enabled farmers to enjoy the benefits brought by public finance, ensure that the fruits of national economic development benefit farmers, and solve the worries of farmers' lives. Therefore, it is imperative to continuously strengthen and improve the management of rural social security.
Rural Social Management Paper 2: Innovation of Rural Social Management System
This paper analyzes the importance of rural social management system innovation, points out the problems existing in rural social management at present, and puts forward specific strategies for innovating rural social management system.
Keywords: rural management system innovation
First, the importance of rural social management system innovation
1, the objective requirement of social progress
Comrade Hu Jintao pointed out that strengthening and innovating social management is an inevitable requirement for continuing to seize and make good use of the important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, promoting the cause of the party and the state, building a socialist harmonious society, safeguarding the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, improving the party's ruling ability and consolidating its ruling position, and is of great strategic significance for realizing the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the long-term stability of the party and the state. Judging from the long-term trend of social development and management reform, social autonomy is constantly strengthening, and social management shows a trend of socialization. This trend needs to continue to innovate the current rural social management system and further strengthen the management of rural social affairs.
2, the fundamental requirement of building a new socialist countryside
Building a new socialist countryside is a long-term systematic project. Only by constantly strengthening the innovation of rural social management system, further improving the party's leadership over rural work and realizing the great goal of building a new socialist countryside.
3, the inevitable requirement of the development of socialist market economy.
In the current market economy society, all individuals need to rely on society to exist, which requires the government's function to change from the role of political rule to the role of comprehensive social management.
Second, the current problems in rural social management
1. There are relatively few informal organizations in rural society.
At present, as far as rural social organizations are concerned, most rural areas have grass-roots social management organizations, such as medical and health institutions, red and white councils, women's organizations and other related organizations, while cultural and entertainment organizations, public security patrols and other related informal organizations are few.
2. Unilateral handling of social affairs
In dealing with rural social affairs, although villagers and village cadres can correctly reflect the harmonious relationship between marriage, family and neighborhood, most people usually solve problems in an informal way, and some even have no solution; In addition, rural education has been developed, but at present, there are still few activities in style, which is still a state of spontaneous organization by villagers.
3. Cadres don't realize the importance of innovating rural social management system.
At present, rural areas regard economic development as the top priority, and think that the rural management system is superficial, which is not as good as direct economic benefits and can better reflect the achievements of village cadres. Under the domination of this subconscious mind, the innovation of rural social management system has been put on hold.
Third, innovative rural social management system specific strategies
1. Strengthen and improve the rural social management pattern and change the basic functions of village-level party organizations.
The function of the Party branch to directly manage the production and operation of rural social affairs has gradually changed into the track of social care and interest coordinator of all parties, diluting the administrative color and truly attributing society, administration, economy and political parties to their respective tasks. Strengthen the social management functions and service responsibilities of villagers' committees, strengthen their own construction and enhance their ability to serve the society, support rural informal organizations to participate in social management and public services, and give play to the basic role of the masses in social management.
2. Explore a new model of rural governance and improve the mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the masses led by the party and the government.
Really explore a new model of rural governance and hand over the management right of farmers' autonomy to local people's congresses. This not only effectively expanded the public opinion base of local people's congresses, strengthened the authority of power organs, and further straightened out the complicated internal relations of the power system, but also further standardized the government's own guiding behavior and ensured the continuous improvement of the rural governance model through the effective supervision of the people's congresses on the government.
In addition, it is necessary to further strengthen and improve the mechanism for safeguarding people's rights and interests led by the party and the government, form a scientific and effective mechanism for coordinating interests, expressing demands, mediating contradictions and protecting rights and interests, strengthen the governance of the source of social contradictions, properly handle contradictions among the people, resolutely correct unhealthy practices that harm people's interests, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the people.
3. Correctly guide and standardize rural informal organizations.
We should organize the broad masses of grass-roots farmers, guide and standardize rural non-governmental organizations. On the one hand, we should innovate the system to provide legal protection for rural informal organizations. On the other hand, we should actively encourage farmers' organizations to develop in various ways, properly handle the relationship between formal organizations and informal organizations, and fully understand and strengthen the management of rural informal organizations. We should not only advocate and develop villagers' autonomous organizations and support economic cooperation organizations, but also fully understand the social status and influence of other informal organizations in rural areas, fully investigate their social functions and rationality, correctly guide and standardize rural informal organizations, integrate rural social order, and maintain rural harmony and stability.
4. Improve rural social management services and public safety system.
Strengthen and improve the rural management and service system, invest more manpower, financial resources and material resources in rural areas, strive to consolidate rural grassroots organizations, integrate grassroots resources, strengthen basic work, strengthen rural community autonomy and service functions, and improve the new rural community management and service system. Strengthen and improve the rural public safety system, improve the food and drug safety supervision mechanism, improve the rural social security prevention and control system and improve the public safety management system.
5. Improve the quality of grassroots rural leading cadres.
Vigorously improving the quality of rural grassroots leading cadres is the key to the innovation of rural social management system. First, improve the basic quality and ability of grassroots rural cadres to focus on key points and solve rural problems. This is mainly about developing and increasing farmers' income, constantly solving new problems and contradictions in the rural social management system, and closely improving the basic quality and ability of leading cadres around this point; Second, we should constantly improve the ability of adapting to local conditions and classifying guidance. The innovation of rural social management system needs to always proceed from reality and adapt to local conditions; Third, continuously improve the ability to rely on and serve the masses. In the innovation of rural social management system, grassroots leading cadres should fully establish and further strengthen the overall awareness of relying on and serving the masses, truly go deep into the rural grassroots, fully understand the wishes of the broad masses of the people, and solve various problems in rural social management innovation.
6, according to the needs of the new situation and new tasks, do a good job in the ideological work of the masses, improve the overall quality of farmers.
According to the needs of the new situation and new tasks, we should do a good job in the ideological work of the masses and improve the overall quality of farmers. First, strengthen the situation and policy education, so that farmers can correctly understand themselves, strengthen their sense of responsibility and mission, and enhance their overall awareness; Second, strengthen ideological and moral education, widely carry out civilized and fresh air education activities among farmers, and form a harmonious interpersonal relationship of unity and friendship; Third, strengthen rural science and technology education, closely focus on production development and farmers' income increase, vigorously carry out practical technology training and application, and enhance farmers' knowledge and skills. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education of the concept of socialist core value system, enhance farmers' legal awareness, and carry out in-depth activities to create spiritual civilization.
Rural Social Management Paper 3: Rural Social Management in China
[Abstract] With the help of Mr. Fei Xiaotong's Native China, this paper reflects on the present situation of modern rural society in China. Traditional rural areas in China belong to a society of etiquette and law, and modern society needs rural areas to be transformed into a society ruled by law. Various problems will inevitably arise during the transition period. Native China makes an in-depth study of the traditional rural society in China. This paper mainly expounds the unique local economy and local politics in rural areas with the help of the key theories in Fei Xiaotong's Native China.
[Keywords:] rural traditional etiquette rural social management
As Mr. Fei Xiaotong said: "Rural China is not a concrete sketch of China society, but a unique system contained in China's concrete traditional grass-roots society, which dominates all aspects of social life." (1) in this book, "rural China" and "rural China" can be added between these two words about the equal sign. "Native China" can be called "native China" or "native China".
First, China rural traditional social management
Historically, China is a traditional agricultural society, and agriculture and rural areas are the most extensive and solid economic and political pillars of the traditional society in China. Especially in feudal society, the country mainly relied on agriculture, which provided a solid economic foundation for the country economically, and maintained the stability of the country by binding farmers to the land in the way of governance. Militarily, farmers provided a steady stream of soldiers. Throughout the history of China, it is not difficult to find that the collapse of any dynasty was due to natural and man-made disasters, and the largest group in the empire-the peasant class-lost its foundation for survival-land. Not only in ancient times, but also in modern China, when the level of industrialization was limited and the industry had not yet developed into an independent pillar of the national economy, agriculture was also duty-bound to maintain the normal operation of the economy.
China is different from the western society. Industry has been separated from agriculture for a long time and has become one of the independent economic combinations. However, for a long time, China's economic policy is definitely inclined to industry, especially heavy industry. In order to develop industry and sacrifice the interests of agriculture and farmers, the scissors difference between industrial and agricultural products is implemented. In modern society, the development of industry has begun to take shape, and it has shifted to the stage of "industry feeding back agriculture". The central and local governments have put forward a series of policies such as "building a new socialist countryside", "agriculture, countryside and farmers" and "rural communities". However, we are embarrassed to find that agricultural development is not as simple as industrial investment and technology. Agriculture, rural areas and farmers, known as the pillars of the national economy, wander on the edge of modern society in a state of "indispensable, but seemingly excluded by the so-called modern society"
Second, the status of rural social management in China
In the decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China, has the overall state of rural areas in China stagnated? Obviously not. The most obvious change is the economic situation in rural areas. So why is this happening? This is the practical significance of studying Fei Xiaotong's Native China.
Written in rural China on 1947. Today, it has a history of more than 60 years. Shamefully, we found that the concept of more than 60 years ago still applies to the current rural society in China. The change and development of rural areas can not only be judged from the economy, but more importantly, the change of rural ideas. It is precisely the concept that has not changed in the countryside.
In his book Native China, Mr. Fei Xiaotong first evaluated the overall form of rural areas in China, citing Durkheim's theory of great unity, that is, social forms can be divided into organic solidarity and mechanical unity, which, in China's own words, are gemeinschaft and legal society. Mr. Fei Xiaotong pointed out, "Villagers trapped by land in their lives are always in contact with natural persons, just like our parents and brothers, not because of the relationship we chose, but because of a living environment that we don't have to choose, even before me." (2) That is, the overall form of rural areas in China is a society that grows together without a certain purpose.
The formation of this society is mainly due to historical reasons. Traditional China is a typical agricultural society, where farmers are tied to the land. "The rural community moved, was born in, grew up in, and died in. Not only is there little population mobility, but the land occupied by people to obtain resources rarely changes. " (3) Traditional agriculture is a labor-intensive industry, which does not need detailed technical division of labor. The conservatism of agriculture itself further strengthens the conservatism of rural areas. With the passage of time, formal conservatism has changed into profound conceptual conservatism.
On this point, Mr. Fei Xiaotong and Mr. Liang Shuming have the same view. It is also acknowledged that China is a typical society of etiquette and law, and Mr. Liang Shuming's so-called "ethical standard" is the concrete embodiment of the society of etiquette and law. In ancient China, the rule mode of "Confucianism outside and Legalism inside" was always practiced, and the people's thoughts were guided by Confucianism's "filial piety and faithfulness", hoping to achieve social stability through ideological education, while those who deviated from the rules were hit by cruel legalist means. Confucian ideological education is often a failure, and ultimately it is the means of legalists that play an auxiliary role in theory. Relatively speaking, the punishment method of legalists in rural areas varies from place to place, becoming what Mr. Fei Xiaotong called "the rule of the elderly", and public law has become private law in rural areas. This phenomenon can still be seen in rural areas today. For example, if there is a dispute between the two families, it is as small as stealing chickens and dogs, or even a life-threatening dispute. The villagers do not resort to the law, but solve it privately.
If fixed land economically isolates the countryside from the outside world, then "elder rule" politically isolates the countryside from the outside world. Under the influence of these two aspects, China rural areas have formed their own unique political and economic operation mode. Without strong policy support, or to some extent, it can be called "violence", it is difficult for the outside world to change the overall form of the countryside. For example, there were two changes in the rural history of China, the land reform around the founding of the People's Republic of China and the household contract system from 65438 to 0978. The former is carried out by "fighting local tyrants and distributing fields", while the latter finally achieves its goal through strong policy support. Otherwise, the external force will eventually be silently rejected by the inherent rule of the countryside, and even if it is accepted, it will be distorted.
Third, China rural social management.
Today, China is experiencing unprecedented changes, and the traditional society must undergo drastic rectification if it wants to enter the modern society. In such a country with a vast majority of rural population, the biggest difficulty in reform is rural areas. Historical experience tells us that tender education reform often ends in failure. It can be seen from the current series of rural policies of the country that the country is trying its best to avoid this phenomenon and directly act on the countryside with the help of state power and administrative power. This momentum can be traced back to the "rural law popularization" activities at the earliest. The upper level of the country hopes to use the laws of modern society to defeat the old ruling mode of rural areas in the etiquette and law society and further replace it, so that farmers can accept the symbol of modern society-law from the heart. Compared with the law, etiquette has a history of thousands of years and occupies a dominant position in rural areas. In the eyes of villagers, the law is just empty talk, not as intuitive as rural etiquette.
On the surface, this is a contest between traditional etiquette and modern rule of law. In fact, what is deeper is the fierce confrontation between China's traditional culture and the legal culture introduced from the West. The legal system is an imperfect new thing in China. Even advanced, it is not easy to destroy the deep-rooted traditional etiquette at once. In the eyes of China people, especially villagers, the law may play a role, but it will only play a role when it is absolutely necessary. It is only an auxiliary means and cannot occupy an absolute dominant position. Another reason why the countryside can't directly accept the law is the influence of the concept that "yamen has been facing south since ancient times, and you can't get in without money". The villagers believe that yamen is mostly a place to hide evil people and practices, and can't afford to fight a lawsuit.
However, after all, the society of etiquette and law is to be transformed into a society ruled by law. Therefore, the phenomenon of "merging villages" has appeared, and the state and governments at all levels have tried to formulate relevant policies and regulations through "new rural construction" to change the backward situation in rural areas. Let the villagers realize that the most basic identity is a citizen ruled by law, not a villager. At the same time, economic means also played a role in weakening and dissolving the rule of rural etiquette. By improving the scientific and technological content and output value in traditional farming, a large number of surplus labor forces have been produced in rural areas. They left the countryside for the city. As a result, a distinctive term-migrant workers appeared in China. Fortunately, more and more attention has been paid to migrant workers, and some scholars have divided them into one class.
Regarding the future of rural economy in the transitional period, Mr. Fei Xiaotong advocates developing handicrafts in rural areas, that is, "township enterprises" to solve the problem of surplus labor on the spot, and does not advocate farmers entering cities. Through the development of rural handicraft industry, it gradually transits to formal industry. This is completely different from the current thinking of migrant workers in China to promote urban industrial development and urbanization. Young farmers have left the countryside, and the relatively backward countryside is even more backward because of the continuous outflow of these relatively high-quality young people. Facts have proved that Mr. Fei Xiaotong's idea is realistic, and the disadvantages of cities promoting rural economic development are gradually exposed.
Precautions:
(1) Fei Xiaotong. Native China. Shanghai Century Publishing Group, 2005, p. 4.
(2) same as above, page 9.
(3) same as above, page 48.
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