The Journey to the West, one of the classical Four Great Classical Novels in China, is the first romance novel written by Wu Cheng'en in China in ancient Ming Dynasty. This article mainly tells the story of the Monkey King, Pig Bajie and Friar Sand protecting the Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures. From the reincarnation of the scriptures to his return home, the Tang Priest turned evil and saved the day. After eighty-one difficulties, he finally reached the Western Heaven and obtained the true scriptures. Based on Tang Sanzang's Buddhist scriptures, folk customs and Yuan Zaju.
Since the advent of The Journey to the West, it has been widely circulated among the people, and various versions have emerged one after another. There were six editions in Ming Dynasty, seven editions and manuscripts in Qing Dynasty, and thirteen editions of ancient books have been lost. After the Opium War, a large number of China classical literary works were translated into western languages and gradually spread to Europe and America. There are already English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Spanish (Esperanto), Sri Lankan (Swahili), Russia, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. He also published many research papers and monographs, and made a very high evaluation of this novel.
abstract
The stone monkey was born and made a scene in heaven.
[Literary Works] Journey to the West
There is a flower and fruit mountain in Dongsheng Shenzhou, with a stone on the top. By the bright moonlight of the sun, a stone egg was laid, which cracked and gave birth to a stone monkey. After the stone monkey successfully broke into water curtain cave, it was regarded as the "Monkey King" by the monkeys in Huaguoshan.
Stone monkeys seek the world's teachers. They were named the Monkey King under the guidance of Niu, the founder of Bodhi in Hezhou. They learned seventy-two magic numbers, and one somersault cloud is feasible. On his return, he defeated the devil incarnate, took back the 72-hole demon king, became brothers with the six demon kings, borrowed weapons from the Dragon Palace, and got Dayu's Poseidon Needle, which was turned into a golden hoop, varying in size and weighing 13,500 Jin. He went to the underworld again and erased the monkey's name from the book of life and death. The Dragon King and King Qin Guang complained to heaven that the Jade Emperor would send troops to capture them. [ 1]
Taibai Venus gave an idea to call the Monkey King into heaven, named him Bi Marvin, and supervised the horse in the imperial palace. At first, the Monkey King didn't know the size of his position. Later, when he learned the truth, he went out of the worse gate and returned to Huaguoshan, calling himself "the Great Sage of Qitian".
The Jade Emperor sent Li Tianwang to lead the heavenly troops to capture the Monkey King, and the Monkey King defeated the giant spirit god and Nezha in a row. Taibai Venus came to Guo Hua for the second time, and asked the Monkey King to be the great sage in the sky and manage the flat peach garden. The Monkey King ate flat peaches secretly, stirred the flat peach banquet of the Empress Dowager, stole the elixir of Grandfather Lao Zi, and fled the Heavenly Palace. The Jade Emperor sent Li Tianwang to lead the heavenly soldiers to capture them, but both sides could not hold on. Guanyin Bodhisattva recommended Erlang National Football Team as an assistant. The Monkey King's gambling against Erlang God is a tie. Grandpa Laojun threw the diamond ring out of the worse gate and hit Wukong.
The Monkey King was caught. The Jade Emperor ordered the heavenly soldiers to take the knife and chop the axe, and the southern bucket star king burned, and the thunder department was struck by lightning, so that Wukong could not be harmed. Grandpa Laojun put Wukong in the gossip furnace to exercise, which opened on July 49, and the Monkey King hid in Xun Palace. There was no fire, so he was not injured, but he suffered from an ancient eye disease called critical eye disease. Heaven fights. The Jade Emperor ordered you to pass Lingguan and Yi Sheng Zhen Jun to ask the Tathagata to put the Monkey King at the foot of Wuxing Mountain. When he is hungry, give him iron balls to eat. When he is thirsty, he drinks with molten copper juice.
The reason of learning from the scriptures and the origin of mentoring
Tathagata said that the South Station was not greedy for pleasure, killing more and fighting more, and sent Guanyin Bodhisattva to the east to find Buddhist scriptures, and went to the West to persuade all beings with Mahayana Buddhism. In Liushahe, Zhanyundong and Wuxing Mountain, the Bodhisattva incarnates Sha Wujing, Zhu and Sun Wukong respectively, and will be the younger brother of oriental pilgrims in the future, and the White Dragon will be the foot strength of pilgrims.
Emperor Taizong won the top prize in Chen Guangrui, Haizhou, and began his official career. He was beaten by Yin Wenjiao, the daughter of Prime Minister Yin Kaishan, and became a good husband. However, on his way to Jiangzhou, he was killed by thieves Liu Hong and Zhang Biao. Yin Wenjiao gave birth to a son and threw it into the river. He was saved by Faming monk of Jinshan Temple and named Jiang Liuer. He 18 years old was appointed as a priest. The legal name is Xuanzang. After Xuanzang's mother and son met. Revenge on former enemies.
The Dragon King of Jinghe River gambled on divination because of lack of rain and water, and violated the dogma, begging Taizong to save his life. Kevin·Z, the minister of Emperor Taizong, dreamed of beheading King Jinghe, and the soul of Emperor Taizong was forced to testify in the nether world. After its birth, the "Land and Water Conference" was established. Please invite Chen Xuanzang to preside over the ceremony and perform wonderful classics. Avalokitesvara Buddha statue means that Chen Xuanzang went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures. Emperor Taizong recognized Xuanzang as his royal brother and gave him the name Sanzang.
Tang Sanzang went west, fell into the magic cave when going through customs, and was rescued by Taibai Venus. Remove the Tathagata's imprint on Wuxing Mountain, rescue the Monkey King, and play the trumpet for him. When the Monkey King killed the robber who robbed the scriptures, the Tang Priest scolded someone, and the Monkey King left in a rage. Guanyin turned into an old mother, gave it to the Tang Priest with a golden flower hat and a spell, coaxed Wukong to put on the golden flower hat, and embedded the golden hoop in the meat. When the Tang Priest recited a spell, Wukong had a terrible headache, which was the way Tang Priest used to bind Wukong.
The master and the apprentice went west and collected the white dragon in Yingbeixi, and the white dragon became the mount of Tang Priest. In Kannonji, because Wukong showed off his robes, the elder Jinchi was greedy and wanted to burn the Tang Priest and his disciples, but Wukong managed to burn the temple. In the chaos, the cassock was stolen by the black wind monster. The Monkey King came to the South China Sea and invited Guanyin to personally replace the elixir. Lure the black wind monster to swallow it and subdue it.
They went west and came to Gaolaozhuang, where the owner's daughter was taken away by a monster with a long mouth and big ears. Wukong chased the monster to Zhan Yundong, and learned that the monster was Marshal Tian Peng, because he molested the fairy of Nishang Feather (a member of Chang 'e, the "Chang 'e" in The Journey to the West is the name of all fairies in Yuefu. It is not the folklore that Heng E, the wife of Hou Yi, was demoted to the lower bound and mistakenly cast a pig fetus. After being accepted by Guanyin, he was given a pig, Wuneng, and waited for Buddhist scriptures here, which led him to get to know the Tang Priest and named him Bajie as his second apprentice. Later, Tang Priest taught Wu Chao Zen Master the Maha Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra in Futu Mountain. In Huang Fengling, when the strange wind blows, it is charming. The Monkey King asked Ji Ling, the Bodhisattva of Mount Sumi, to surrender to this monster. In Liushahe, they conquered the water monster named Sha Wujing by Guanyin, and made him wait for Buddhist scriptures in the East, named Friar Sand, and became the third disciple of Tang Priest. Four men and women waded through mountains and rivers and traveled west to learn from the scriptures.
Frustration again and again, drop the devil and drop the devil
Guanyin Bodhisattva wanted to test the minds of Tang Priest and his disciples, and turned them and Lishan's mother Pu Xian and Manjusri into beautiful women and married them. The Tang Priest and other three people were unmoved, but Bajie was infatuated with women and was hung from a tree by a bodhisattva. In Wuzhuangguan, Wanshou Mountain, Wukong and others stole ginseng fruit, knocked down the fairy tree and were captured by Zhenyuanzi. Wukong invited Guanyin to save the fairy tree with nectar. Bai changed three times, trying to get Tang's disgust, but Wukong found out and killed the monster. Pig took the opportunity to gossip, but Tang Priest didn't tell the truth, so he drove Wukong away and was caught by Huang Paoguai. Princess Baihua, who was brought into the cave by Huang Paoguai, released Tang Priest and sent him to Baoxiang County to deliver a letter to Tang Priest's father and come to rescue him. Friar Sand in Bajie couldn't fight Huang Paoguai, but Friar Sand was caught and Tang Priest was turned into a tiger. Bajie wanted to go back to Gaolaozhuang, but Bai tried to persuade him. Please go back to the Monkey King when you get to Huaguoshan, and you four will continue to advance westward.
King Jinjiao and King Yinjiao of the Lotus Cave in Pingdingshan wanted to take the Tang Priest. They had purple-gold-red gourd, suet jade bottle, seven-star sword, banana fan and five treasures of golden rope, which were miraculous. Wukong fought with him. After many hardships, I conquered these two monsters. King Wuji was pushed into the well by the lion spirit and drowned because he didn't respect Manjusri Bodhisattva. The lion spirit changed the king. The ghost of the king asked the Tang Priest for help, and Bajie carried the body out of the well. Wukong got the elixir from the master and saved the king. Lion essence was originally transformed by the green-haired lion mounted by Manjusri Bodhisattva.
Hong Haier, the son of the cow, hid in the cave of fire clouds and wanted to eat the meat of the Tang priest. Wukong is afraid of smoke because of his fierce eyes, but he can't compare with Hong Haier's samadhi. Please come to the bodhisattva to subdue the demon. Bodhisattva surrendered Hon Hai 'er and made him a Fuwa. The Dragon King of Heishui River became a ferryman. Lure the Tang Priest and Pig Bajie into the boat and sink into the Shuifu. The Monkey King invited Prince Moang, the dragon king of the West Sea, to catch the dragon and return to the West Sea. Che Chiguo, Hu Li, Lu Li and Yang Li, three great immortals, made contributions to the disaster relief and became famous Buddhist teachers. The king respects Taoism and destroys monks. Wukong and others fought against San exorcist and defeated them one by one, revealing their true colors.
In the lotus pond in front of Guanyin, goldfish are refined and eat boys and girls in Tongtian River. Wukong and Bajie became boys and beat off the monster. The devil froze the Tongtian River, lured the Tang Priest to walk on the ice, swallowed the water house, and the Bodhisattva came. Bring goldfish back to the South China Sea. Your Majesty's Qing Niu Shan stole the king's diamond bracelet while the guard boy dozed off, and arrested Tang Priest in Jindou Cave. Wujin's stick was taken away, but he couldn't be beaten. He invited Huo Dezhen, Li Tianwang, Tian Bing Heavenly Commander, Deng Xintianjun, Shui Bo and the Eighteen Arhats, all of which are unparalleled. The monster took away the weapon with a diamond bracelet, and later found the old gentleman in Taishang to take down the green cow.
The four of them continued to walk west. Tang Priest and Bajie drank the mother river to get pregnant, and Wukong drank the spring water to have an abortion, which relieved their fetal gas. Xiliang wanted to recruit Tang Priest as a husband, Wukong and others insisted on going west, but Tang Priest was taken away by the banshee who turned into a scorpion in Pipa Cave. Wukong invited the Pleiadian official, and the Pleiadian official turned into a double-crowned rooster, which made the monster show his true colors and died in front of the slope.
Liu Er's macaque took the opportunity to change into the Monkey King's appearance, snatched the luggage and customs, and replaced the little demon with Tang Priest, Bajie and Friar Sand, hoping to cheat the scriptures in the Western Heaven. True or false, Wukong was killed from the sky to the ground. Bodhisattva, the gods in the sky, can't tell the truth from the truth. It was not until the Tathagata of Leiyin Temple that the Buddha revealed his true colors, and the monkey was killed by Wukong in 1962.
The four masters and apprentices made up. Qi Xin joined forces to go to the Western Heaven. In the Flame Mountain, I want an iron fan, a princess and a banana fan to put out the flame. Princess Tiefan was angry with the Monkey King for sending her child Hong Haier to Lingshan to be a boy, and refused to borrow it. Wukong, Princess Tiefan and Niu Wangmo fought wits and bravely, and after many twists and turns, they subdued two monsters with the power of heavenly soldiers and fanned out flames. The four of them were able to continue westward.
Later, the four masters and apprentices successively eliminated Wan Shenglong, nine head worm Xu, Huangmei Monster, Spider Essence, Centipede Essence, Green Lion, White Elephant and Dapeng Monster.
The abbot of Bailuyuan, the king of the kingdom of monks, was puzzled and wanted to take medicine from the hearts of110 children. Wukong saves babies and defeats evil spirits. The birthday girl came to retrieve the white deer.
Trapped in a bottomless pit, the rat spirit changes again, and the woman takes the Tang priest captive and forces her to get married. The Monkey King visited and learned that the mousetrap was Li Tianwang's daughter, and went to heaven to complain. Li Tianwang returned to heaven with a mousetrap to punish Cao Cao. The king vowed to kill 10,000 monks. The Monkey King shaved off the hair of the country's empresses and ministers of civil and military affairs by magic, which made the king change his mind and turned France into a country that worships monks. The leopard in Yin Wu Mountain longed to eat the Tang Priest's meat, but Wukong was sleepy, and Bajie killed the monster with a rake.
Four men and women went to Tianzhu country, and the county Hou posted a list for rain. Wukong visited the reason and advised the county to be kind, and the rain fell from the sky. Mentor and apprentice came to Yuhua County, where they were robbed of their weapons by Huang Shijing because they taught the prince to learn. Wukong and other three men regained their weapons, and the yellow lion went to Zuweng Jiuling and Sheng Yuan, that is, Taiyi saved the suffering Buddha and sat down to transform the nine lions. Wukong went to Miao Yan Palace, Changle, East Pole, Qinghua, and invited Taiyi to help the Buddha in distress and subdue the sage of Jiu Lingyuan.
When he arrived at Jinping House, Tang Priest watched the midnight snack and was taken away by three rhinos, who were keeping out the cold, heatstroke and dust in Xuan Ying Cave. Wukong invited four wooden birds and stars, caught three monsters and beheaded them.
In Tianzhu country, the Tang Priest was thrown colored balls at the Moon Palace Jade Rabbit by a fake princess, hoping to recruit a husband. Wukong saw through the truth, joined forces with Taiyin Xingjun, captured the Jade Rabbit, and rescued the real princess who was living outside the city.
After Kou's family went home for dinner in Diling County, Tongtai Prefecture, Kou's family was robbed and killed. Tang priest and his disciples were arrested and imprisoned as robbers, and Wukong went to the underworld to bring back the souls of foreigners, and the case came to light.
Reach Lingshan and get the true scriptures.
After going through all kinds of hardships, the four men finally came to visit the Buddha in Lingshan Holy Land, but because they didn't send personnel to Ananda and Gaya, they only got wordless scriptures. Elder White Bear sent by the ancient lantern Buddha reminded the Tang Priest and his disciples to return to the temple and was given a purple gold bowl by the Tang King. Only 35 classics and 5,048 volumes were returned to the East. I don't want to be full of eighty-one difficulties. I was thrown into the river by four old catfish in Tongtian River, and the scroll was wet.
Tang Sanzang sent Buddhist scriptures back to Chang 'an and Lingshan. Sanzang was named Buddha, Wukong, Bajie, Friar Sand and Bai were also named Buddha, and the five saints gained enlightenment and enjoyed bliss.
Main character
Tang Seng
Tang Priest, the common surname is Chen, posthumous title Jiang Liuer, and Tang Taizong gave his surname to Tang. Jin Chan, the elder of reincarnation, is the second disciple of Tathagata. He is a posthumous child. Because of his parents' tragic and bizarre experiences, he grew up in a temple after becoming a monk, became a monk in Jinshan Temple, and finally moved to a famous temple in Beijing to practice. Tang Priest is studious and highly savvy, and stands out among the monks in the temple. Finally, he was selected by Emperor Taizong, became sworn with him and went to the Western Heaven to learn from the scriptures. On the way to get the scriptures, the Tang Priest accepted three apprentices, the Monkey King, Pig Bajie and Friar Sand, who were named Wukong (who was chosen by Bodhi's founder and named Monkey by Tang Priest), Wuneng and Wukong respectively. After that, with the help of three disciples and Bai, he finally got back thirty-five scriptures from Leiyin Temple. Merit is complete, promotion and wealth are the positive results, and an ancient sandalwood merit was named Buddha. Honest, kind, Buddhist, kind, timid, pedantic, poor identification ability.
Sun Wukong
The Monkey King, also known as Monkey King, Wukong and Monkey King, is known as the Great Sage of the Monkey King. Dongsheng Shenzhou proudly came to Lingshi, Huaguoshan, and crossed the ocean alone in order to seek longevity. After 1989, he learned to talk and walk, waded through mountains and rivers, and worshipped Bodhi's ancestor in the Sanxing Cave of Fangcun Mountain, Lingtai, Hezhou and Xi Niu, and learned the skills of the demon seventy-two changes and the somersault cloud (also known as the somersault cloud). Self-styled Monkey King, making a scene in the Heavenly Palace, was pinned down by the Tathagata Buddha at the foot of Wuxing Mountain, unable to move. Five hundred years later, the Tang Priest went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures, passed by Wuxing Mountain, and broke the spell before he saved the Monkey King. The Monkey King was so grateful that he was enlightened by Guanyin Bodhisattva, worshipped Tang Priest as his teacher and went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures. On the way to learn from the scriptures, the Monkey King exorcised demons and made many remarkable achievements. However, he was twice misunderstood and expelled by Tang Priest and his disciples. Finally, the four of them arrived at the Buddhist Leiyin Temple and got the true scriptures. In the end, it was crowned with the name of "fighting for Buddha". People insist on justice, hate evil, be brave and enterprising, go forward bravely, be quick-witted, persistent and slightly stubborn, but narcissistic and arrogant.
Zhu Bajie
Also known as Zhu and Zhu. He used to be the "Marshal Tian Peng" in the Heavenly Palace, in charge of the Tianhe Shuifu. Being demoted to the world for flirting with a fairy in a suit (Chang 'e was not the only one in Journey to the West) angered the Jade Emperor. But I threw the wrong pig fetus and became a wild boar. After practice, he became a pig-faced man. Gao Cuilan, a young lady from Gaojiasan, was captured in Gaolaozhuang and later surrendered by the Monkey King, who followed Tang Priest to learn Buddhist scriptures in the West. In the end, it came naturally, and the title was "net altar messenger". He is lazy, simple and honest, timid, greedy and cheap, and lustful, but he is gentle and kind, full of human feelings.
Sandy
Also known as Sha Wujing. Originally a confined general in the Heavenly Palace, he broke the glass lamp at the flat peach party, angered the Queen Mother, was banished to the world, was turned into a monster by the Liusha River, and suffered the pain of thousands of arrows piercing the heart. Later, he was subdued by Tang Priest, who was in charge of leading horses. After it was completed, it was named "Golden Lohan". Honest and honest, hardworking but not independent.
Achievements and influence
Literary achievements
Among China's classical novels, The Journey to the West's content is the most complicated. It combines the thoughts and contents of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, which not only allows the immortals of Buddhism and Taoism to perform at the same time, but also injects the human feelings of the real society into the world of Buddhism and Taoism, and sometimes inserts a few words of Confucian wisdom, which is harmonious and interesting, making the book win the interest of readers at all levels of culture. The appearance of The Journey to the West opened up a new category of ghost novels. The ingenious combination of well-meaning satire, bitter satire and serious criticism in the book directly affects the development of satirical novels. Therefore, The Journey to the West is the pinnacle of ancient romantic novels and a masterpiece of romanticism in the history of world literature.
social influence
Since The Journey to the West, there has been a climax of writing ghost novels in Ming Dynasty. There are Zhu Xingzuo's Biography of Twenty-four Arhats Becoming the Tao, Deng Zhimo's Cycas Flying Sword Cursing Jujube, and Xu's Biography of Immortals. The Journey to the West also had a far-reaching influence on the traditional operas in China. The court drama "Shengping Bao Raft" in Qing Dynasty is a western game, with 10 copies and 240 copies. The Journey to the West not only has sequels and imitations, but also has an influence on later novels, operas, baojuan and folk customs. The Journey to the West's drum ci is found in his disciple's book in Qing Dynasty, which shows its great influence.
The Journey to the West also attracted the attention of westerners, and his translation and introduction were timely. /kloc-in the mid-9th century, the French sinologist Teodoro Pavey translated The Journey to the West's ninth cycle ("Chen Guangrui went to meet the difficulties, and the river monk took revenge") and 10 cycle ("You went to the underworld to resurrect Taizong, and it was fruitful") into French. The title of the ninth translation is "Sanzang and the monk are saved in the river", and the title of the tenth translation is "The Legend of the Dragon King: The Story of Buddhism". All the translations were published in Asia Magazine published in Paris (also known as Asia Magazine, sponsored by Asia Society). The book Selected Literature of China, edited by French scholar Moran, was published in 19 12, including three versions of The Journey to the West 10,10, 12. 12 years later, that is, 1924, Moran translated it into a century-old translation of Journey to the West, named Monkey Pig: The Adventures of Ghosts and Ghosts, which was published in Paris that year. This is the earliest systematic French translation in The Journey to the West.