Guizhou is a multi-ethnic province, with 48 ethnic minorities besides Han nationality. The ratio of Han nationality to ethnic minorities is about 3 1. Among these ethnic minorities, the population of Miao, Buyi, Dong and Tujia exceeds1100,000. /kloc-There are Yi, Gelao, Shui, Hui and Bai nationalities with more than 0/00000 people. Tens of thousands of people are Zhuang, Maonan, Yao, Mongolian and Manchu. In ancient times, Guizhou was the meeting place of Miao Yao, Baiyue, Bianqiang and Pu people, and it was also a province with more Han immigrants. In addition, Guizhou's geographical environment is diverse, with mountains and rivers blocking it. Historically, "land and water rule" has been practiced for a long time, and the cultures of all ethnic groups have formed a diverse and complex system here, forming a colorful cultural corridor. In the process of migration and mobility, the distribution of "big mixed residence, small concentrated residence" and "mixed residence" has gradually formed. Ethnic groups with different economic and cultural types have found their own space for survival and development in Guizhou, and have maintained their different cultures for a long time. In Guizhou, as far as the place where a certain culture is located is concerned, it is obviously different from the cultures of other ethnic groups around it, showing the characteristics of "different winds in ten miles", as if it were a "cultural island". However, from the perspective of the whole province, these numerous "cultural islands" appear in various forms and merge into "cultural thousand islands". This multi-cultural preservation and display is rare not only in China, but also in the world, leaving many precious cultural heritages for mankind. Due to historical and geographical reasons, cultural phenomena that have long disappeared in other places have continued in Guizhou, forming a mysterious tunnel through time and space. Some ancient cultural environments have been preserved and become vivid cultural and ecological museums. Different customs formed in mountainous areas for a long time show distinct regional cultural characteristics. Colorful flowers of national culture dot the Guizhou Plateau, forming a unique and beautiful landscape.
Simple and unique Miao culture
Miao nationality has a long history and is one of the most populous ethnic minorities in China, mainly distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hubei, Hainan and other provinces. There are more than 3.6 million Miao people in Guizhou, accounting for more than half of the national Miao population, most of which are concentrated in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and Southwest Guizhou Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
People usually divide the nationalities in the world into two economic and cultural types, one is the pastoral culture of the farming people, and the other is the "culture on horseback" of the nomadic people. However, the existence of the third cultural type is often overlooked, that is, the nation that "cultivates and wanders" between the two. Due to political, economic and other reasons, the Miao nationality has always had the custom of continuous migration in order to survive and develop. However, Miao people are different from nomadic people. They moved to a place by farming. They always stay there for a period of time, where men plow and women weave, and then they bid farewell to their old home and move to another place to build a new home. They moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, covering Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, crossing the sea to Hainan, and even crossing the border into Southeast Asia. Millions of people are moving on the earth, which is really a great feat. ? Although farther and farther away, more and more dispersed, but the cultural tradition has not been lost. In the long history, it has transformed from the mother culture into a variety of cultures, forming a huge and complex cultural system. Take clothing as an example. If other ethnic groups use a certain kind of clothing as a symbol, then Miao people use a variety of clothing as a cultural symbol. There are 173 species in the Atlas of Miao Costume in China. On festivals, skirts are flying and silver ornaments are jingling, which is spectacular. These different "sub-ethnic" symbols are produced in a specific cultural and ecological environment, corresponding to different dialects and dialects, as well as different cultural customs, religious beliefs and group combinations. Perhaps because of the long-term migration and integration, the Miao language is particularly complicated, divided into three major dialects, seven sub-dialects and eighteen dialects, but all belong to the Miao language branch of the Miao language family. Among the ethnic festivals in Guizhou, Miao festivals account for more than 60% of the total, which is the result of scattered regions and different customs. Festival parties such as "Flower Jumping" are the most common, and the content is similar. They are all social activities of young men and women, but the time, form and address are different. Some of them are called "Jumping Field", "Jumping Moon", "Jumping Hole" and "Jumping Year". Some are called "playing on the flower slope", "sitting on the flower field" and "jumping on the flower field"; Some are called "Lusheng Festival", "Mountain Climbing Festival" and "Catch the Autumn Slope"; Others are called "Sister's Day", "Noisy Rush" and so on. Miao people celebrate the Year of Miao, April 8th in Guiyang, Ping Huang and Songtao, Dragon Boat Festival in Qingshui River Valley, and Drum Club Festival in Qiandongnan to worship ancestors, in addition to welcoming thunder, bullfighting, tree festival, killing fish and dragon-calling festival. Miao people have colorful songs and dances. There are ancient songs, traveling songs, flying songs, drinking songs, mourning songs and sacrificial songs, among which ancient songs and flying songs are the most distinctive. Miao musical instruments such as lusheng, suona, wooden drum, drum, sister flute and wooden leaf are unique in charm. The most representative dance is Lusheng Dance, including Lusheng Row Dance, Lusheng Round Dance, Lusheng Quartet, Lusheng Guide Dance, Lusheng Group Dance, Lusheng Mang Encouragement and Lusheng Encouragement. These dances have a long history, strong inheritance, wide popularity and many participants, and retain many primitive and quaint characteristics, such as paying attention to rhythm, emphasizing orderly pace and strong group. Hundreds of people jumped together, but the movements were surprisingly consistent, showing an overwhelming momentum. Miao competitive dances include Lusheng duet, Lusheng tandem, rolling mountain beads and so on. Miao culture has great historical penetration. Miao ancient songs are handed down from generation to generation in the language of poetry, connecting thousands of years of history, from primitive to modern. The Suojia Miao people in Liuzhi have maintained a nearly primitive social structure, ecological environment, ancient crafts and cultural customs, which have attracted attention at home and abroad and established the first cultural and ecological museum in Asia.
The "Thousand Miao Villages" in Leishan Xijiang River, the Miao family's diaojiao buildings are layered and magnificent, and there is an ancient "Drum Club" organization. The mysterious door has not really been opened.
Bouyei people with strong amorous feelings
Buyi people originated from the ancient "Baiyue" and mainly lived in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Anshun District, Liupanshui City and Guiyang City, with a population of more than 2.4 million.
Buyi people are a "rice-planting people" who cultivated paddy fields very early. Most of their villages are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and there are "dry fence" buildings or slate houses in the "waterfront village". Eating habits highlight the glutinous rice diet. Ciba, popcorn, five-color rice and glutinous rice wine have different flavors. They are also good at cooking dishes to entertain distinguished guests. Their clothes are exquisite and simple. Women often tie lace on the edge of underwear, tie a waist flower around their waist and wrap their heads with white cloth or blue and white cloth. Buyi people used to celebrate the Spring Festival in 1 1 month or1February. Traditional festivals are mainly "March 3" and "June 6", and various activities are carried out after offering sacrifices to mountain gods and land gods. ? Buyi people love to sing, express their feelings with songs, narrate and express their feelings with songs. Daqu, Xiaoqu, major and minor retain quaint features, as well as pen tube, music friend and sister tune. The communication between young men and women mostly takes the form of duet, so there are also many songs, such as Maoshan Tree Song in Anlong, Chabai Song in Xingyi, Donglangqiao Song in Huishui, Mapo Song in Dushan, Guyang "June Bridge" Song in Changshun and Yingying Po Song. The folk song "Good Flower Red" is a masterpiece of Buyi music. ? Batik has been further developed among Buyi people, especially in Zhenning and Guanling areas. Women have learned to paint on white cloth with wax since childhood and soak it in indigo vat. Dyed cloth, white flowers on a blue background, and "ice patterns" that are difficult to describe manually are particularly beautiful. There is also a kind of overlapping dyeing, that is, the cloth is folded according to the required pattern, tied with thread and immersed in the dyeing vat, and the pattern will stand out after washing. Batik factories in Anshun and Zhenning and many farmers produce all kinds of batik products, which enjoy a high reputation at home and abroad.
Buyi people have their own drama, which developed from the popular "eight-tone sitting singing". There are five kinds of tunes in Buyi Opera: falling tune, whistling, shouting board, lighting and bitter tune. The actor is a "three-Dan and seven-student" and takes a triangular step when performing. Accompaniment instruments include ox bone whiskers, gourd whiskers, flutes, gongs and cymbals. The mountain village of Huaxi Town, not far from Guiyang, is now set as a cultural and ecological museum, reflecting the rich Buyi customs.
Brilliant civilization under the drum tower
Dong nationality is an ancient nationality, mainly living in Liping, Rongjiang, Congjiang, Jinping, Sansui, Tianzhu, Jianhe, Zhenyuan, Cengong, Yuping, Jiangkou and Tongren in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province. * * * 654.38+04,000 people, accounting for more than half of the Dong population in China.
Into Dongxiang, beautiful scenery, tree-lined, smoke cage around. There are rows of veranda-style wooden buildings like "walking around the corner" Rows of vertical trapezoidal hay racks stand in front of and behind the house. There is a wind and rain bridge on the stream, which integrates bridges, corridors and pavilions, which is beneficial to traffic and beautifies the environment. The most attractive thing about Dong Village is the towering Drum Tower, named after a bronze drum hanging in or in front of the building, which is a symbol of Dong Village. Drum Tower is a treasure of national architecture and a symbol of Dong culture. The traditional wooden architecture in China has developed into a high-rise building in Dong Township, and the famous Congjiang Zengchong Drum Tower is as high as 14 stories. Drum Tower is a clever combination of architecture, towers, pavilions and pavilions.
Drum Tower is also a place for Dong people to engage in social activities and entertainment. In ancient times, there was a village alliance organization called Dongkuan, which often gathered in front of the Drum Tower to discuss, adjudicate disputes and hold celebrations. The highest goddess of the Dong nationality is "Sa Sui", and the activities of offering sacrifices to Sa Sui are held in the "Sa Tan" near the Drum Tower. Young men and women often meet in the Drum Tower, where they express their feelings with songs and stay up all night. It's called "singing on the moon". Old people often gather here to chat, talk about the past and the present. Every village, called "Ye Yue" in Dong language, is also in front of the Drum Tower. ? Dong nationality is a nation that loves music, and "male string and female song" has become a common practice. Dong people's big songs are gentle in style, beautiful in melody, delicate in lyric and elegant in timbre. Dong people's great songs that attract worldwide attention can be divided into general songs, diffuse songs, narrative songs, several major songs and children's songs. They are a kind of multi-chorus spontaneously bred from the folk and a wonderful flower of national music. Among Daqu, the most exciting one is the one filled with human voices, all of which are sung by women, with beautiful tunes and beautiful voices, such as cicadas singing birds and flowing water. The polyphony of female voice is changeable, and the harmony effect is more wonderful. Children's songs are sung by children, innocent and full of childlike innocence. ? Dong people's festivals mainly include Spring Festival, Dong Year, "March 3", offering sacrifices to cattle gods, eating New Year's Eve and so on. During the festival, people hold hands and form a circle to dance "Duoye". Bullfighting is a favorite activity of Dong people. Cows fight with cows, and the winner is called "Leigong" and "Heavenly King". Fireworks grabbing is also a unique competitive sport of Dong people. Players are faster, smarter and more cooperative together.