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One: noun explanation?

1. Guashi: the representative of early Arabic poetry, which has a far-reaching influence on the development of later poetry. Arabs make a pilgrimage to Mecca every year. Before the pilgrimage, they will go to Mecca for concentrated activities and hold poetry competitions. The poet recited his own works. The winning poems were copied on linen with golden water and hung on the walls of ancient temples, just like a string of pearls hanging around the neck. People call it hanging poems. ?

2. Roubayi: (also called Rubaiyi style) means four-line poem, which is a Persian traditional style, with one or two lines rhyming, similar to China's four-character quatrains. It mainly discusses nature, life, society, religion and other issues, criticizes social corruption, and condemns dignitaries and upper-class religious figures. ?

3. Haiku: the shortest and smallest poetry genre created by the Japanese nation. It consists of three sentences with the tone of "5,7,5" * *17. Haiku generally expresses people's instant impression of things, which is implicit and concise, and pursues an elegant, quiet and beautiful artistic conception. The representative writer of Haiku is Matsuo Bashō, who is known as Nuo Saint. ?

4. "Harmony Song": a Japanese poetic style, as opposed to China's poetry. On the basis of China's poems, poems with Japanese characteristics were produced. Because Japan is called the Yamato nation, the poems written are to be sung, so it is called the Wakayama, also called "Japanese Song", "Japanese Poetry" or "Yamato Song". Harmony songs include Long song, short songs, head spin songs, movie songs and Buddha's foot songs. ?

5. Ye Wan Ji: It is the oldest collection of Japanese songs, with 20 volumes and more than 4,500 poems. Ye Wan Ji was written in Japan.

I don't have my own Chinese characters yet. All my poems are recorded by borrowing Chinese characters, that is, "Ye Wan's pen name", so it is called "Ye Wan Collection". The authors of poems are quite extensive, including almost all social classes at that time, and the representative writer is Yi Liang on the mountain. Ye Wan Ji reflects the social life in the late Japanese slave society and even the early feudal society. It is the cornerstone of Japanese poetry, rich in content and simple in feelings. ?

6. Material sorrow: The concept of "material sorrow" was first put forward by Jianchou Xuanchang in the Edo period. The meaning of mourning for things generally refers to a sad, sad, sentimental and sentimental feeling caused by the external environment, which means "sentimental", "sentimental" and "sentimental". With strong sensibility, lyricism and tragedy, it is a unique aesthetic style of Japanese tragedy; It is also manifested as a kind of introverted and spiritual tragic conflict, that is, the contradiction between secular lust and pleasure and pessimism and nihilism in deep consciousness. ?

7. Kabuki: The word Kabuki, one of the three major Japanese dramas (Nengli, Jingliuli Lewen Puppet Show, Kabuki), is borrowed from Chinese characters. Before it was renamed, it originally meant "tilt" because there was a strange movement during the performance. Later, it was nicknamed "Kabuki": Song, representing music; Dancing is dancing; Words mean performance skills. It is generally believed that Aguo, a witch from Yun Sheng, was the founder of kabuki, which originated in the early Edo period. It comes from a dance form with simple public feelings. In the early days, the charm of female posture was used to attract the audience, which was banned many times. However, it has now entered the elegant hall and become the quintessence of Japan. ?

8. Nenglie: "Nenglie" was originally called "ape music" or "ape music", and "Nenglie" means artistic ability and skills. The energy rate was originally a religious ceremony with a history of more than 700 years, and it is a representative traditional stage art in Japan. Performers wearing traditional Japanese costumes regard "mystery" as the highest interest in order to hide their expressions, put on masks or perform interesting expressionless traditional dances. "Nenglie" stage is small and exquisite, with natural light and no sound reinforcement equipment. Actors are all men, and actresses or elves wear masks. The actors came out of the bridge corridor and the audience sat on the tatami to watch the performance. ?

9. Crazy talk: a kind of funny drama, interspersed between music and pleasure. The music of offering sacrifices to gods and apes originated in the countryside. Without a mask, the development of the story is expressed in spoken language, which is far more dramatic than Nenglie. ?

10. Story literature: Story literature is a genre of Japanese classical literature, which originated in heian period at the beginning of the tenth century. It was formed on the basis of Japanese folk, and was influenced by the legendary literature of China Six Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties. The word "story" in Japanese means story or gossip, accompanied by the appearance of "pseudonym" writing. Before the Tale of Genji, story literature was divided into two schools. One kind is legendary stories, such as Wu Shi stories and Luo Wa stories, which are pure fiction and legendary. One is the story of songs, such as the story of Yi Shi and the story of Yamato. It is mainly composed of chorus, which mostly belongs to objective narrative or historical narrative. These stories are born out of fairy tales and folklore, and they are a literary form of transition to independent stories. Its disadvantage is the lack of internal unity and artistic integrity. ?

11."macame": It originally meant "assembly" and extended to the story of rap at the assembly. It was formed in the 10 century and flourished during the Abbas dynasty. Although the story of Makame belongs to prose style, it has a certain rhythm. "Macame" is not too long, so it can be called "rap story". Because there are strong performance factors in rap, some scholars call it "story drama". Every "Makame" has a hero, who is generally a tramp. All activities are nothing more than begging, cheating and tricks. The content is flowing in thousands of articles-law. But it pays attention to language and rhyme, and its style is humorous and light, which is very suitable for the tastes of ordinary listeners.

"Makame Style" is the embryonic form of Arab classical novels, and some people think that Spanish tramp novels are influenced by it.

Second, the basic characteristics of Asian and African literature in the Middle Ages

Chinese and Asian-African literature is the literature of Asian-African feudal society. The development of feudal society in Asia and Africa was extremely unbalanced.

First of all, Asian-African literature in the Middle Ages was produced and developed in the process of self-evolution of oriental culture in the Middle Ages. In the early Middle Ages, generally including the period from/kloc-0 to the 9th century, oriental culture was on the rise, showing great creativity and forming the golden age of oriental culture.

Secondly, Asian-African literature in the Middle Ages came into being and developed with the formation of the three major cultural circles in the East. China culture spread to South Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and neighboring countries in Southeast Asia, forming an East Asian cultural circle centered on China culture, while Indian culture spread to neighboring countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia, forming a South Asian cultural circle centered on Indian culture. Arab culture rose on the basis of inheriting and integrating several ancient civilizations in West Asia and North Africa, and formed a cultural circle of West Asia and North Africa centered on Arab culture.

Third, Asian-African literature in the Middle Ages was the product of cultural exchanges and integration between Asia and Africa. The three major cultural circles in the East are not self-growing in an isolated and closed state, but constantly developing in a wider range of cultural exchanges.

Fourthly, Asian-African literature in the Middle Ages was produced and developed in the pattern of complementary, coexistence and interaction of eastern cultures. The oriental culture in the Middle Ages is not only different from the three cultural circles, but also has contradictions, opposites and complementarities among various cultures within the cultural circles.

The ideological characteristics of Asian and African literature in the Middle Ages are mainly manifested in the following aspects.

First, under the influence of religious thought, it shows the ideological tendency of transcending reality and pursuing infinity.

Second, the performance of the spirit of subjective introspection. First, in terms of literary concept, we don't take understanding the objective world as the purpose of literature, but take literature as a tool of freehand brushwork and self-cultivation, and advocate that poetry expresses ambition and poetry is the expression of emotion. Second, literary creation does not pay attention to the true reproduction of objective things and the profound revelation of objective laws, but embodies the pursuit of truth in literature by expressing true feelings, thus paying more attention to personal inner experience. Thirdly, in narrative literary works, it mainly shows the thinking about life problems and personal emotional experience, but pays little attention to the true reproduction of life phenomena.

Third, the outstanding performance of ethical concepts. First of all, it is manifested in the literary concept, highlighting the role of Taoism in persuading good and punishing evil in literature. Secondly, it is manifested in specific literary creation, or full of ethical preaching, or good and evil are rewarded with good and punishment. Third, it is manifested in dealing with the relationship between individuals and groups, individuals and society. When dealing with the contradiction between them, the ethical concepts of Asian and African literature in the Middle Ages emphasized group interests and social order, thus showing the suppression of self and individuality. Even if it reflects the repression of society to individuals and shows the resistance of individuals to society, the result is often to restore the unity of individuals and society through adjustment. Fourth, by praising the positive images of moral gentlemen, good wives and mothers, martyrs, condemning the negative figures who are disloyal, unfilial and treacherous, and expressing moral ideals.

Fourth, the performance of suspicion and rebellious spirit. There are often opposites and interactions between mainstream and non-mainstream, orthodox and unorthodox in eastern culture, and various heretical ideas come and go. One is the suspicion and criticism of religious thought. Such as Marri in Arabia, khayyam in Persia and Gebildas in India. , is a poet who is skeptical and negative about religious thought where religious thought is dominant. The second is the rebellion against feudal ethics. The third is the performance of civic awareness.

Fifth, the expression of natural landscape interest, on the one hand, is based on the view of harmony between man and nature in eastern culture, which makes people love being close to nature more; On the other hand, it is based on the tradition of agricultural civilization in Asian and African societies, because the relationship between man and nature in agricultural civilization is particularly close.

In addition, the spirit of the birth of eastern religions has created a group of monks who hate social life and build houses and temples far away from the world to cultivate their self-cultivation.

The artistic features of Asian and African literature in the Middle Ages are mainly manifested in the following aspects. First, the pursuit of harmonious beauty.

Secondly, the dominant position is expressive literature.

Thirdly, there are two main images that stand out most in characterization. One is a moral gentleman and the other is a brave man. The other is the image of women.

Fourth, its own literary style and literary expression.

Fifth, the diversity of creative methods and styles. ?

Three: Sagondaro

I. Kalidasa (ancient India):

Known as "Shakespeare of India".

The long lyric poem "Cloud Poetry" is the earliest lyric poem in the history of Indian literature and one of the best lyric poems in the history of world literature, and is listed as one of the "six famous poems" in India.

Second, the image of Sagondaro and its significance.

Shagondaro is the representative work of Kalidasa, an ancient Indian writer, in which Shagondaro is the positive ideal figure of ancient Indian women portrayed by the author. ?

1. If Sha Gongda is a beautiful and moving typical woman, she is pure and kind, with firm love and full of fighting spirit. It is also one of the earliest typical women with oriental classical beauty in world literature. She lived in a clean and quiet forest since childhood, wearing bark all day and interacting with birds. Simple nature has created her innocent and pure character, and she does not envy the luxury of the city. The pursuit of pure and beautiful love can better reflect Sagondaro's personality characteristics. ?

2. From the whole drama, Sagondaro's character has its weakness. However, in order to pursue her beautiful love, she dared to freely combine with her loved ones at all costs to become husband and wife, showing a strong, brave, resolute and unyielding spirit of resistance.

Significance: The character Sha Gongda Ruo embodies the ideal of love, life and aesthetics that playwrights yearn for.

Thirdly, it analyzes the artistic features of the poetic drama "Sha Gong Da Ruo".

Shagondaro is the masterpiece of Kalidatu, an ancient Indian playwright. Its artistic features are as follows:

1. The plot clue is simple and tortuous, full of drama. The hero and heroine in the play began to fall in love at first sight, and experienced three sharp turns (combination, marriage change and reunion), which were both virtual and real, ups and downs. ?

2. The characters are vivid and touching. The author depicts the incomparable beauty of Sagondaro with exquisite brushwork. The play also creates different environments to set off and express the personality characteristics of different characters. There are three typical environments in the play, namely the pure forest, the court and the celestial world. In different environments, each role is integrated with the environment.

3. The language is colorful, fresh, beautiful and lyrical. It is lyrical to describe the scenery of clean forests. ?

4. Sha Gong Da Ruo reflects the life problems that people paid great attention to at that time and all the time with exquisite and perfect artistic form, and enjoys a high reputation in the world. Goethe has many praises. ?

Four: Genji Tale

First, the main ideological content of The Tale of Genji. ?

1. The Tale of Genji reflects all aspects of court life in the Heian Dynasty by describing the lives of women in Guangyuan and its surroundings. ?

2. Through the ostentatious court life of the nobles, the author saw the tragic ending brought by the lewd and erosive lifestyle to the nobles themselves, profoundly demonstrated the sharp contradictions between the nobles and within the court, and revealed the process of the spiritual decline of the aristocratic class. ?

3. It objectively reflects the tragic fate of Japanese women under polygamy, and plays a lamentation about the inevitable decline of Japanese Heian period and big noble's autocratic rule.

The image of Guangyuan in Tale of Genji.

Murasaki shikibu, a Japanese medieval writer, created the image of Guangyuan in the contradiction between ideal and reality, which has the following characteristics:

1. In terms of fisherman's life: Guangyuan people pursue novelty and lust regardless of objects, from noble nobles to lowly poor women, which is also a true portrayal of the indulgence and lewdness of aristocratic life at that time. At the same time, the author hopes that he is charming, has a beginning and an end, and can be related to the fate of women. ?

2. In political life: In the life-and-death court struggle, Guangyuan automatically relegated himself to the hinterland regardless of fame and power, showing a tolerant and kind attitude towards others. After regaining power, Guangyuan let bygones be bygones. Against his true wishes, he accepted Suzaku's request and married a woman named Sangong. ?

3. Through Guangyuan's life, the author not only showed his ideal of life, but also revealed the historical process of the aristocratic class from prosperity to decline and mental breakdown.

Third, the artistic features of Tale of Genji. ?

1. Tale of Genji is large in scale and rich in content, just like a wonderful multi-part symphony. From a vertical perspective, the work describes the love tragedy of four generations. From a horizontal perspective, the work describes the unfortunate experiences of one woman after another. The trunk is simple and concentrated, and the branches are clear and compact. This is the first realistic novel in the history of world literature. ?

2. The work gives a delicate and profound description of the complex and subtle psychological activities of the characters. The story of Tale of Genji follows people rather than events. The author reveals the complex and rich inner world of the characters through psychological description. For example, after the incestuous relationship between Mrs. Barnacle and Guangyuan, the contradiction and distress in the depths of the soul is that she is unable to love and cannot bear to stop. ?

3. The scenery description is also quite successful. In Tale of Genji, the scenery is picturesque, and the emotional fluctuation of the characters is often caused by an affair. The scenes blend and become superb. Vivid and meticulous scenery is closely related to the expression of characters, the revelation of love songs, the change of fate and the development of life, and pursues the aesthetic realm of "mourning for things" and "mystery"?

4. Tale of Genji is a combination of poetry and prose. The language is beautiful and elegant, revealing a lingering affection, and the rhythm is cadence. The novel also quotes more than 100 poems and dramas of the White Bureau.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Arabian Nights

Arabian Nights: A collection of Arab folk stories in the Middle Ages, which Gorky called "the most magnificent monument" in the history of world folk literature. Creation began in the 6th century A.D. and basically took shape in Egypt in about16th century.

1. The theme of Arabian Nights:?

1. One Thousand and One Nights vividly and faithfully reflects the yearning and pursuit of working people for a better life. Expose the greedy and ugly nature of the ruling class and praise the amazing wisdom and talent of the people in their struggle against evil forces. ?

2. Many love stories in Arabian Nights reflect the persistent pursuit of happy love by the hero and heroine.

A passionate yearning for a better life. It truly describes the real situation and destiny of the people and tells their sufferings and misfortunes. 4. Stories reflecting businessmen's life and overseas adventures.

Secondly, the artistic achievement of Arabian Nights and its great influence on world literature. ?

1. Arabian Nights is a collection of Arab folk stories in the Middle Ages, which is characterized by high artistry, oriental sentiment and romance. For example, the face of medieval Arabia outlined in the works, from the palace to the slaves' different lives, weddings and funerals, religious ceremonies, customs and habits, customs and habits are full of rich oriental colors. Rich and vivid imagination, bold and absurd exaggeration, tortuous and bizarre plot, contradictions and entanglements between people, gods and demons. Such as magic lamp, flying carpet, etc. It also wonderfully combines the authenticity of human feelings with the fantasy of whimsy. ?

2. Flexible and concise frame structure. The whole work is a general story, which contains a big story and a small story in the middle. Small stories sometimes contain stories, and one story leads to another, which is relatively independent and closely connected. For example, the story of hunchback leads to four short stories, and then the fourth short story leads to six smaller stories, with bizarre and changeable plots. ?

3. Be good at using contrast to highlight the main characteristics of characters. The images of truth, goodness and beauty in stories are always the opposite of falsehood, evil and ugliness. For example, in the story of Alibaba and forty robbers, Alibaba, who is hardworking, intelligent and simple, is compared with his vicious and greedy brother; A comparison between maid makina and robbers. ?

4. The Arabian Nights makes full use of the expressive techniques of poetry and prose. In the aspect of narrative scenery writing, easy-to-understand vernacular Chinese is given priority to, supplemented by songs and poems of story characters, further highlighting the theme. There are many proverbs and slang, full of life.

At the same time, Arabian Nights mainly relies on narration, so it also has some obvious defects in art, and sometimes it appears monotonous and rigid in description and narration; Most of the descriptions of women are "beautiful as the moon of fourteen", and so are the descriptions of palaces and gardens. Many stories are not rigorous and concise, which seems to be tedious; Similar stories are repeated; The composition of some stories is not uniform before and after, which destroys the integrity of the content; Sometimes there are too many poems, posing as the master; In many love stories, fainting is used to express the excitement of the protagonist, and even a story is as many as 10 times; In addition, there are some mistakes in history and time.

Influence on world literature: Around the time of the Crusade, the story of Arabian Nights spread to Europe. The works of Boccaccio, Chaucer, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Goethe and others were directly or indirectly influenced by it. Words and allusions such as "open sesame" are widely used in creation and daily life.

VI. The Rose Garden

First, the ideological tendency of The Rose Garden.

The Rose Garden is the most important work of Saadi, one of the three great Persian poets in the Middle Ages, and its ideological tendency has the following points:

1. The Rose Garden is full of humanitarian thoughts of sympathy for the people and opposition to rape. ?

2. His works are full of praise for God and religion, and his religious view is permeated with the humanitarian thought of sympathy and care for the people. ?

3. The rose garden reflects the interests and demands of the emerging citizen class to a certain extent, and reflects the historical trend of urban economic development in feudal society and the rising process of the citizen class. ?

There are many poems full of philosophy of life in the rose garden. The author attaches great importance to knowledge and its power. He believes that the acquisition of wisdom mainly lies in education.

Limitations: As a great humanitarian writer, Sadie's fundamental starting point is to maintain the existing social order. He sometimes preached fatalism and tried to solve sharp social contradictions through religious and moral preaching.

Second, the artistic features of The Rose Garden.

Sadie's literary achievements are first manifested in the use and creation of Persian. His rose garden has the following artistic features:

1. The story is interspersed with poems, and rhymes are combined with prose. ?

2. The Rose Garden contains a lot of aphorisms: "Even if a gem falls into the mire, it is as valuable as patience. Although dust ascends to heaven, it is also valuable. "

It's worthless "?

3. The Rose Garden is good at using line drawing to describe vivid scenes in simple and extremely refined language. ?