Arrangement of political knowledge points in the second volume of the second day of junior high school
Exercise rights according to law
There are limits to the exercise of rights.
1. What is the limit of exercising rights?
The Constitution stipulates that when citizens exercise their freedoms and rights, they shall not harm the interests of the state, society or the collective or the legitimate freedoms and rights of other citizens.
2. The exercise of rights is limited:
(1) Citizens cannot exercise their rights beyond their own boundaries, nor can they abuse their rights.
(2) individual freedom and rights cannot be at the expense of national interests, social interests and collective interests.
(3) Everyone's legal freedom and rights should be respected and protected. When we exercise our freedoms and rights, we must not infringe upon the legitimate freedoms and rights of other citizens.
(2) Safeguarding rights and observing procedures
1. Requirements and significance for citizens to exercise their rights
Requirements: Citizens should exercise their rights in accordance with legal procedures and prescribed activities, steps and processes. Every citizen should establish the consciousness of doing things according to legal procedures and safeguard his rights and interests through correct ways and means.
Significance: It is beneficial for citizens to actually enjoy their rights and effectively avoid and solve disputes.
2. Ways and means of citizens' rights protection: ① consultation; 2 mediation; 3 arbitration; ④ Litigation
3. Negotiation ——( 1) Applicable rights protection behaviors: consumption, labor disputes and traffic accident disputes.
(2) Advantages: Negotiation is a quick and simple way to solve disputes.
(3) Procedure: On the basis of voluntariness and mutual understanding, the parties can resolve the dispute through direct dialogue, reasoning, distinguishing responsibilities and reaching an agreement.
4. Mediation ——( 1) Meaning: The mediator persuades and persuades both parties to the dispute according to national laws, regulations, policies and social ethics, so as to promote mutual understanding, consultation and voluntary agreement to resolve the dispute.
(2) Mode: China's mediation methods mainly include people's mediation, administrative mediation and judicial mediation.
5. Arbitration-(1) Applicable rights protection behavior: When there is a contract dispute or other property rights dispute between citizens and other individuals or organizations, they can apply for arbitration.
(2) Procedure: The parties voluntarily submit the dispute to arbitration according to the arbitration agreement reached by both parties and are bound by the arbitration award.
6. Litigation-(1) Litigation organ: people's court.
(2) Type: ① Civil litigation-personal relationship or property relationship dispute.
(2) Criminal private prosecution-the act of infringing personal rights and property rights.
(3) Administrative litigation-illegal or obviously improper administrative actions against administrative organs.
Fulfill obligations according to law
(A) the unity of rights and obligations
1. How to understand the unity of rights and obligations? (What is it? )
(1) The rights and obligations of citizens are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. The realization of rights requires the performance of obligations, and obligations promote the realization of rights.
(2) Citizens are not only the holders of legal rights, but also the undertakers of legal obligations. According to the Constitution of our country, any citizen enjoys the rights stipulated by the Constitution and laws, and at the same time must fulfill the obligations stipulated by the Constitution and laws.
(3) Some rights of citizens are also obligations. (such as labor and education).
2. What is the practical significance of the unification of civil rights and obligations? (why)
(1) The realization of rights requires the fulfillment of obligations, and the fulfillment of obligations promotes the realization of rights. The full realization of citizens' rights can stimulate citizens' sense of ownership, arouse their enthusiasm and initiative in fulfilling their obligations, and consciously assume their responsibilities to the country and society.
(2) On the other hand, citizens consciously fulfill their obligations, promote national development and social progress, and provide and create better conditions for the realization of rights.
3. Adhere to the unity of rights and obligations, what should citizens do? (How)
Adhere to the unity of rights and obligations, any citizen can neither enjoy rights without undertaking obligations, nor should he only undertake obligations without enjoying rights. We should not only enhance our awareness of rights and exercise our rights according to law, but also enhance our awareness of obligations and consciously fulfill our legal obligations.
(2) legal obligations must be fulfilled.
1. Why do you say that legal obligations must be fulfilled?
Statutory obligations are stipulated by the Constitution and laws of our country and are mandatory. Consciously fulfilling legal obligations is the unshirkable responsibility of citizens.
2. How to fulfill legal obligations?
(1) What is required by law must be done. According to the law, some legal obligations require citizens to do certain behaviors, and citizens must do them according to the requirements of the law. Otherwise, it may constitute a violation of the law or even a crime, and will be investigated by law.
(2) Do not do things prohibited by law. Our country's law clearly stipulates that citizens are forbidden to carry out certain acts, and we must fulfill our civic obligations according to law, and we will never do anything prohibited by law. Acts prohibited by law will be punished by law.
(3) Breach of obligations is liable.
1. What is a violation of legal obligations (illegal behavior)?
In social life, it is a violation of legal obligations for citizens to carry out acts prohibited by law or not to carry out acts required by law.
2. What legal responsibilities should be borne by acts that violate legal obligations (illegal acts)?
(1) Violate civil laws-bear civil liabilities (such as civil compensation).
(2) Violation of administrative law-bear administrative responsibilities (such as administrative detention and administrative fines).
(3) those who violate the criminal law and constitute a crime-bear criminal responsibility (such as principal punishment-public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty; Additional punishment-fines, confiscation of property, deprivation of political rights)
Basic obligations of citizens
The basic obligations of citizens include:
1. Abide by the Constitution and laws.
2. Safeguard national interests
3. Military service according to law
4. Pay taxes according to law
5. Other obligations: the obligation to work, the obligation to receive education, the obligation of both husband and wife to carry out family planning, the obligation of parents to raise and educate minor children, and the obligation of adult children to support and help their parents.
(1) Abide by the Constitution and laws.
1. Reason:
China's constitution and laws are the concentrated expression of the will and interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country, and safeguarding the dignity of the constitution and laws is the obligation of citizens to the country and society.
2. Specific performance:
Keep state secrets, cherish public property, observe labor discipline, observe public order and respect social morality.
3. How to abide by the constitutional law?
Abiding by the constitution means being loyal to the constitution, safeguarding its dignity and ensuring its implementation.
(2) To build a society ruled by law, we should realize that the law is not only a powerful weapon to safeguard our own rights, but also a code of conduct that we must abide by, consciously learn to respect the law, observe the usage of the law, and create a social atmosphere of honor and shame in abiding by the law.
(3) We should consciously learn legal knowledge, understand the provisions of legal procedures, and at the same time use laws to guide and restrain our actions, so as to act according to law.
(2) safeguarding national interests
1. citizens' performance in safeguarding national interests:
(1) safeguard national unity and national unity. China is a unified multi-ethnic country, and national unity and national unity are the basic guarantees for China's smooth socialist modernization. )
(2) safeguarding national security, honor and interests. Maintaining national security, honor and interests is the unshirkable responsibility of every citizen. )
What should we citizens do to safeguard national unity and national unity?
Every citizen should closely link his destiny with the rise and fall of the country and the nation, consciously safeguard the territorial integrity and sovereign unity of the country, and safeguard the relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony among countries.
3. What are the contents of safeguarding national security, honor and interests?
Safeguarding national security includes safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity from infringement, preventing state secrets from being stolen, leaked and sold, and preventing social order from being destroyed.
Safeguarding national honor includes safeguarding national dignity from infringement and national honor from defilement.
Safeguarding national interests includes safeguarding national political, economic and security interests.
(3) performing military service according to law
1. Reason: It is the sacred duty of citizens to defend the motherland and resist aggression. It is the glorious duty of citizens to perform military service and join militia organizations in accordance with the law. In order to defend the motherland, we should consciously fulfill this obligation.
2. China's military service system: China's military service law stipulates that China implements a military service system that combines conscripts with volunteers and militia with reserve. Military service is divided into active service and reserve service.
Duties of active servicemen: Active servicemen must abide by the rules and regulations of the army, be loyal to their duties, and fight to defend the motherland at any time.
Responsibilities of reservists: reservists must participate in military training in accordance with regulations and be ready to join the army and fight at any time to defend the motherland.
(4) Paying taxes according to law
1. Reason: Taxation is the main source of national fiscal revenue, and paying taxes according to law is the basic obligation of citizens.
2. Consequences of tax evasion: Any tax evasion, tax arrears, tax fraud or tax refusal is illegal. If the circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
(five) other obligations that citizens must fulfill as stipulated in the Constitution of our country.
(1) the obligation to work; (2) the obligation to receive education; (3) Both husband and wife have the obligation to carry out family planning; (4) Parents' obligation to raise and educate their minor children; The obligation of adult children to support and help their parents.
How should political achievements be improved?
Preview before politics class
/kloc-read through the textbook in 0/0 minutes, draw the knowledge points you don't understand with watercolor pen, and draw the important and difficult points with guiding plan. If you have confidence in yourself, you should do some exercises after class. It doesn't matter if you can't do it, because the teacher didn't say it.
Attend a political class.
Listen to the teacher carefully and keep up with the pace of the teacher; Take notes carefully and don't be distracted. Focus on what you can't preview. Listen to the teacher's key points in class, such as definition. And listen to what you can't preview.
Review politics after class.
Reviewing the past and learning the new is actually taking yesterday's knowledge to learn today; Yesterday is knowledge, today is knowledge. Politics is a subject based on memory. Only by reviewing knowledge points frequently can we improve our academic performance.
How to learn politics well
Preview before class, reserve questions
There are many rules and regulations in politics. If you don't preview in advance, you may find it difficult to study in class. Preview in advance, the class will be much easier, and preview can also let us listen to the class with questions.
Be careful in class and grasp the key points.
Listen carefully to the teacher in class and concentrate on it. Think positively and answer the teacher's questions positively. Ask questions in time and ask the teacher for help if you don't understand.
Review the test results after class.
Reviewing after class and doing exercises after class are to test your listening effect and your mastery of knowledge. Summarize once a week and self-test once a month, find out the cause of the error in time and correct it as soon as possible.
In other words, relax.
One of the disadvantages of many people studying politics now is that they only look at the answers and don't think for themselves. For politics, we must think about what the test center is and why.
Recite by rote, principle theory
The rote learning mentioned here is not all knowledge points, but some hard knowledge points used in theory and principle.
integrate theory with practice
Nowadays, many political test sites are current politics. So we must pay attention to the news and have enough understanding of the problem. On the one hand, we can consolidate our understanding through proper training in brushing questions, and on the other hand, we can master the skills of being familiar with questions and solving problems.
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