Taking the principle of judicial independence in the United States as an example, the judges of courts at all levels in the United States are mostly selected from practicing lawyers. Judges in federal courts, from district courts, appeal courts to the Supreme Court, are nominated by the President and appointed by the President after approval by the Senate. As far as the States are concerned, some adopt the electoral system, some adopt the appointment system, and some adopt the mixed system of election and appointment. In the United States, few judges of the high court are promoted by judges of lower courts.

Although there are grades of judges in the United States, there is little difference in salary and income. When performing judicial duties, the legal status is more equal and the independence of judges is stronger. Although gradation color exists, it is relatively weak.

Extended data

Judicial independence was first used as a concept to resist the autocratic monarchy and protect people's rights and interests. The principle of judicial independence is generally respected and recognized in the constitutionalism of modern countries. As a modern principle of rule of law, although different countries have different legislative and institutional designs, they basically believe that courts and judges exercise judicial power independently, and their judicial activities are only bound by law and conscience, and are not subject to external interference.

Compared with the United States, the number of judges in Germany is relatively large, and the management of the court requires the president of the court to be responsible for the administrative affairs of the court, which makes the court administrative. At the same time, government administrative officials also have certain binding force on the behavior of judges, which has caused the tension between administrative power and judicial power to some extent.

Baidu Encyclopedia-American Judicial System

Baidu Encyclopedia-Principle of Judicial Independence