Situational teaching is to follow the principle of reflection theory, make full use of images, create concrete and vivid scenes, stimulate students' learning emotions and guide students to understand and use language as a whole. Situational composition teaching is centered on observing the situation and stimulating interest, that is, guiding students to write on the basis of observing the situation. It combines composition teaching with language expression, thinking development, intellectual development, temperament cultivation and ideological education, from classroom to extracurricular, from closed to open, and guides students to establish a big composition idea, feel attentively, understand the writing situation and write personalized compositions.
"Writing teaching should be close to students' reality, make students easy to write and be willing to express, guide students to pay attention to reality, love life and express their true feelings. "Chinese Curriculum Standards" also points out that "students are encouraged to write imaginary things and inspire them to expand their imagination and fantasy. The following situational composition teaching embodies the spirit of New Curriculum Standard.
First, life experience.
1, natural life. Hiking, sightseeing, experiencing beautiful scenery and exploring mysteries. Du Fu's poem "Looking at the Moon" said: "The creator has endowed all the mysterious natural beauty here." Nature has condensed countless magical and beautiful essences. Students consciously walk into nature and observe the rich valleys and colorful Yuan Ye; Watch rose-colored spring, rose-colored summer, golden autumn and goose feather-colored winter ... to inspire them, inspire their poems and cultivate their interest.
2. Home life. Play the roles of "I am the master of today" and "If I am the father", and understand the joys and sorrows of the elders and the real life.
3. Campus life. Organize small inventions, small productions, small surveys and other activities, participate in track and field competitions, hold flag-raising ceremonies, and set up small debate contests. Get in touch with modern science and technology, learn and apply computer, network and other technologies, understand scientific and technological achievements and experience great scientific research strength. Carry out dialogue and exchange, enhance the ability of information collection and application, and sublimate the sense of innovation.
4. Social life. Enter the society, enter the village streets and community activities, pay attention to social life, capture social hotspots, expand the amount of information, and let the source of living water nourish the heart. Contact with workers from all walks of life, investigate and visit, clean up, serve the society, understand the meaning of labor and appreciate the value of labor. Usually, the eyes look in all directions, the ears listen in all directions, and the golden mouth is always open. This can enable students to establish a correct outlook on life and values.
Second, language description. When the situation appears, teachers or students are provided with vivid language descriptions to enhance the three-dimensional sense and improve the students' perception effect.
Third, listen to imagination. Provide all kinds of acoustics to connect thinking and arouse imagination, so that students have the desire to express themselves in a pleasant environment. You can tell a story first, and then imagine your creativity.
Fourth, play the experience. Games are students' natural activities, and performance is students' instinct, which allows students to enter games, textbook plays and other roles, stimulate emotions and increase intimacy. Watch the singing and observe it carefully to enhance the interest.
Fifth, physical demonstration. Give priority to with physical objects, with the necessary background, form a whole to perform a specific scene. For example, show "a photo", make horizontal association, and imagine the cause, process and result of things.
Sixth, the pictures are pieced together. Reproduce the writing situation with text illustrations, wall charts, stick figures and other pictures. You can use a few pictures to form patterns of different shapes, or you can use a few wooden sticks to assemble pictures at will and then make up a vivid story. This not only develops intelligence, but also cultivates creativity.
The above six kinds of three-dimensional and multi-dimensional situational activities can guide students to find the source of life and let them participate in the senses such as eyes, ears, hands and brain in the "living space", thus effectively cultivating various abilities such as observation, thinking and imagination, greatly enriching writing materials, expanding writing thinking, and changing "I want to write" into "I want to write" and "I want to write".
Judging from the previous marking, candidates will generally not lose points if they carefully examine the questions and clarify the meaning of the questions. What is easy to lose points is the interpretation of sentences and the interpretation of two words and sentences added in extracurricular classical Chinese reading. These two problems are also the most capable of widening the gap. If you want to get ahead of others on this issue, you should practice more at ordinary times and try to find out what are the main points in the explanation, specifically:
First, use some words in the exam. Their explanation is limited and should be based on the notes in the book. If the explanation is inconsistent with the book, even if it is quite wonderful, it is easy to lose points in the exam, because the answers in the exam are limited to the textbook.
Secondly, the exam of sentence interpretation. Although the meaning of the sentence is explained in modern Chinese, I prefer to translate it, because this year's Chinese exam is unified in the whole city, which means there will be a unified standard, so it is better to implement every word than ambiguous explanation. The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasping the key words in sentences, translating word by word, and doing well in leaving, supplementing, deleting, modifying and adjusting. The translation methods of classical Chinese generally include: ① Stay. That is to say, people's names, place names, official names or words with the same meaning as modern Chinese are retained. 2 make up. That is, to supplement monosyllabic words with disyllabic words, or to supplement ellipsis. 3 delete. That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. 4 change. That is, replace ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤ Tuning. That is, adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to the habits of modern Chinese.
Finally, open questions encourage innovation. Encouraging individuality does not mean that you can let yourself go and do whatever you want. Instead, we should think calmly, analyze the meaning of the problem and spread our ideas as required. The more divergence angles, the better. Then analyze and compare from these angles, find out the best point, and boldly express your own views.
Writing skills of composition in examination room
Five-minute exam
Ten minutes to conceive
Write for forty minutes.
One, five minutes to review the problem.
1. Establish accurate content.
What should I write after seeing the composition topic? This is the first problem to be solved in all propositional compositions.
Divergent thinking: Specific to the examination composition, we can divergent thinking from the following aspects:
Grasp the topic composition, carefully examine the topic, make full use of the suggestive language in the composition topic, and obtain the writing content.
② Develop multi-level association around the topic and expand the writing content from multiple angles.
A similar association: from the topic, associate things that are the same or similar to the topic, so as to determine the content of writing.
B. Introverted association: add some restrictive elements to some broad topics, narrow the extension of topics, and clarify the scope of writing.
C. reverse association: starting from the opposite side of the topic, determine the scope and content of writing.
D. Associative transformation between reality and fiction: Some composition topics are often some concepts abstracted from colorful and complicated phenomena, with both imaginary and real sides.
Thinking induction: that is, the establishment process of performance content. In this process, we should pay attention to the following two points:
(1) Write what you are familiar with;
② Write what you can control: It is determined by students' cognitive level, ideological depth and even language expression ability.
Through the divergence and induction of thinking, we can finally establish the performance content of an article.
2. Highlight the clear center
In order to clearly point out the center, we can write several paragraphs around the center after conceiving the content of the article, and insert them at the beginning and end of the article or at the transition and turning point of the article, which not only reminds ourselves not to deviate from the center, but also reminds the marking teacher that you have a clear feeling about the center.
(1) The establishment of the performance center is a question of whether it meets the meaning of the question.
Some students can pay attention to accurately grasp the scope and connotation of the topic when reviewing the topic, but there is no consciousness of expanding and rendering around the center in the writing process. The result is either that the center is scattered or that the performance center deviates from the meaning of the topic.
(2) We should also pay attention to cultivating our consciousness of clearly pointing out the center.
In order to clearly point out the center, we can write several paragraphs around the center after conceiving the content of the article, and insert them at the beginning and end of the article or at the transition and turning point of the article, which not only reminds ourselves not to deviate from the center, but also reminds the marking teacher that you have a clear feeling about the center.
The establishment of the performance center is divided into high and low grades.
(1) Have profound thoughts: have an understanding of the scientific world outlook, master development viewpoints, comprehensive viewpoints and related viewpoints, improve your cognitive ability of things, and make your composition profound.
(2) Have a vision of seeing the big from the small: conduct ordinary life phenomena.
Deep thinking and unique insights can make the establishment of the article center extraordinary.
(4) Have the ability to turn reality into reality: when conceiving, we should expand association and imagination, jump out of the bondage of materials, express our thoughts with the help of virtual "images" and use metaphors, symbols and other means, which can quickly open our minds.
⑤ Pay attention to the times: If the content of the times is properly related, the taste of the article center can be effectively improved. It should be reminded that the characteristics of the times of the topic are integrated into the article.
⑥ There is a novel angle: you can get a unique idea by jumping out of the mindset and adopting reverse thinking.
Second, ten minutes to conceive.
1. Establish an appropriate style.
If the writing content is compared to the human torso and the writing center is compared to the human soul, then the genre of the article should be clothing. A well-fitting dress can set off the beauty of the body and the beauty of the wearer's aesthetic vision.
Stylistic choice
(1) determine the style according to the characteristics of the topic.
2 determine the style according to their own characteristics: most students have their own preferences and specialties in style, make full use of this feature, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses in the examination room, and try to choose styles that they are familiar with and good at in order to achieve the best results. Because of the different life experiences and reading experiences, students' writing themes are also different. We should also choose different styles for different types of writing themes.
Stylistic requirements
I. Narration
A. handle the problem of narrative details.
B. handle the relationship between narrative and description.
C. Strengthening topic awareness: As long as the article can add some closing words at key points to strengthen and highlight the topic and center, it can completely become a volume.
The second paper
A. the narrative in the argumentative paper should be concise.
B. the arguments in the argumentative paper should be targeted.
4. Explore the perspective of writing.
The world is rich and colorful, and each side can reflect its unique splendor. As long as the same materials are used properly, they can also express their unique opinions.
Angle conversion
For the same thing, the observer's identity, angle, position, concept and attitude are different, and his impression and conclusion will not be the same.
First, examine the questions carefully.
In the examination room, to write a good composition and get a high score, you must enter the writing state as soon as possible. When you see the topic, you should concentrate, take your time and tell yourself calmly that after a long period of preparation, you have a well-thought-out plan in terms of material accumulation, writing skills and writing speed. As long as you despise it strategically and attach importance to it tactically, you can play your best.
After entering the state, you should review the topic immediately. First, carefully read the composition questions silently, and then review the scope, conception and style of the composition. You must examine these problems carefully. If it is a material composition or a topic composition, you must carefully read the given composition materials, tips, topics (topic composition only) and composition requirements, and also choose words carefully, otherwise you will "take a wrong step and lose the game."
When examining a topic, we should make clear the meaning of the given material, grasp its explicit information (words with obvious hints) and tap its implicit information (words with profound meanings), make clear its practical significance to the given topic and make clear its genre. If the genre is not limited, you can choose your best style, but don't write articles that are neither donkey nor horse.
Second, bold ideas.
"The meaning is still unfinished", we must attach great importance to the conception of the composition, because it is the commander-in-chief and soul of the article. If the idea is wrong, all the previous efforts will be in vain, and if the idea is not good, it will be greatly inferior. And if you want to get a high score in your composition, you should be bold in thinking. Be bold, think about things that people haven't thought about and done, closely connect with current social hotspots, and grasp the pulse of the times, such as governing the country by virtue, governing the country by law, governing for the people, developing the western region, reunifying the motherland, fighting corruption and promoting honesty, fighting terrorism, multipolarization of the world, and economic globalization, all of which are of concern to readers. Paying attention to hot spots and expressing everyone's voice can easily arouse readers' * *, grasp the pulse of the times and express their true feelings, thus impressing readers. Of course, this concern and grasp should be reflected from the side and expressed artistically, rather than shouting a few slogans in vain.
Third, carefully select materials.
After the decision, we should choose the materials around the theme. Be careful when selecting materials, be picky about materials, and choose those materials that you are most familiar with, feel and reflect the theme best. These materials can be personally experienced in family life, school life and social life, or heard and heard, or obtained from books, newspapers, movies and television, and the Internet. Remember, only the most familiar people can come easily, only the most moved people can express their true feelings and impress readers, and only the people who can best reflect the theme can make the article expressive.
Fourth, think quickly.
After selecting the materials, you should immediately consider how to arrange them. Those who write narratives and argumentative essays can arrange materials in chronological order, spatial order and logical order, while those who write argumentative essays can arrange materials in logical order (total score, sequence, juxtaposition and contrast). In addition, we should also pay attention to writing auspicious and sketchy, so as to be both appropriate and appropriate.
Fifth, skillfully draw up the title
A good essay should be concise, vivid, novel and unique. So we should carefully design, deliberate and ponder. There are usually the following topics that can reflect new ideas:
1) to express the theme: for example, "choose fraternity" (excellent composition in the 2002 college entrance examination)
2) Bring forth the old and bring forth the new: for example, the book to persuade Qu Yuan (excellent composition in the 2002 college entrance examination).
3) touch the stone and turn it into gold: for example, the stinger (excellent composition of the 2002 college entrance examination)
4) Mathematical formula: for example, "7-1= 0" (excellent composition in the 2006 college entrance examination 5438+0).
5) clever use of rhetoric:
(1) Quotations: For example, "To be honest, directly ask people to commit suicide" (200 1 excellent composition in the college entrance examination)
(2) concreteness: for example, "Honesty is the passport of life" (200 1 Excellent Composition of College Entrance Examination)
(3) Analogy: For example, "Honesty, life is beautiful because of you" (200 1 Excellent Composition of College Entrance Examination)
(4) Making a phone call: For example, "Friends, please bring your passport" (200 1 Excellent Composition for College Entrance Examination)
(5) rhetorical questions: for example, "If there is honesty, what can a husband ask for" (200 1 Excellent Composition for College Entrance Examination)
(6) Imitation sentences: For example, "cultivate one's integrity, cultivate one's faith" (200 1 Excellent Composition for College Entrance Examination)
(7) Pun: For example, "Life is sincere and precious" (200 1 Excellent Composition of College Entrance Examination)
Six, clever beginning
Don't say something irrelevant and off-topic at the beginning. Get to the point as soon as possible to attract readers. To this end, suspense can be skillfully set to make people think, poetry can be quoted to make poetry full of emotions, stories can be told and fascinating, famous sayings can be quoted to make literary talent brilliant, philosophy can be contained and thought-provoking ... In short, the beginning should play a role in controlling the whole article, pointing out the theme, and affecting the whole body, so as to attract readers.
Seven, learn to turn.
When writing, we often find that many students always feel that there is nothing to write, so that the capacity of the articles written is small and the number of words can not meet the requirements, which greatly affects the quality of the composition. This is because I don't know how to get to the point and my mind is not open. Actually, it's easy to get down to business. As long as we stick to the theme, spread our imagination wings, understand Wan Li from ancient times to the present, from outside to inside, from front to back, from natural phenomena to social phenomena, and let our own thoughts roam all over the world, no matter what the facts are, we will feel that there are many things to write. Getting down to business can not only broaden our thinking, but also enhance the readability of the article, which is magnificent and fascinating.
Eight. Summary at the beginning of a paragraph
The writing time in the examination room is limited, and the teacher's marking time is also limited. Summarizing the content of this paragraph in one sentence at the beginning of each paragraph can not only make the article clear, but also make it clear to readers (including the marking teacher). In that case, why not?
Nine, temper words
We know that an article can only be readable and infectious if it is literary. Therefore, it is necessary to temper the text and try to be meticulous when writing. Due to the limited time, it is difficult to really choose words carefully. However, rhetorical methods such as metaphor, personification and exaggeration are appropriately used, and special sentence patterns (rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, parallelism, antithesis and hypothetical sentences, etc.) are appropriately used. ), appropriately quoting famous sayings, combining long and short sentences, combining whole sentences with scattered sentences, and combining literary and vernacular will make the article shine.
X. Point at the end of the article
Literally, China has a saying of "crested pig belly and leopard tail" since ancient times. Therefore, a good article should have a short and powerful ending like a "leopard tail" besides a good beginning and a large capacity in the middle. There are many ways to make the end of the article short and powerful, which can echo the beginning (or theme), be consistent from beginning to end, be implicit and meaningful, be intriguing, make the finishing point, sublimate the theme, make a statement and point out the theme ... In short, the end should be wonderful, powerful and concise. Only in this way can the expressive force of the article be enhanced.
In addition to trying to achieve the above ten points, we should write clearly and neatly, because writing is actually a process of creating beauty. "Everyone loves beauty", and readers (including marking teachers) can't refuse beauty.
Five-character key to high score in composition
The composition time of the college entrance examination is short, the marking is fast and there are many particularities. Candidates should pay attention to special treatment to avoid unnecessary loss of points. If you want to get a high score in your composition, you can work hard on the following five words:
1, valid
Because of the time, the marking teacher of the college entrance examination can't ponder the article carefully and understand the writing skills of the candidates. Candidates should pay special attention to the word "obvious".
First of all, the main idea of the article should be clear. In the usual writing, some students like to write some implicit words in order to achieve the implicit beauty of literature, which has also won the favor of teachers and even published many articles. However, it is too implicit to do so in the college entrance examination, which will lead the article into a dead end and make it difficult to understand in a short time. It is easy for the marking teacher to mistake it for digression and enter the cold palace.
Secondly, the arguments of the article should be clearly explained in chapters, and the sentences reflecting its central idea should be taken into account at the beginning, middle and end. The most obvious way is to put them at the beginning of the paragraph so that the reviewers can see at a glance. For example, in 2003, the composition "Eyes on the sidelines" with full marks in Fujian college entrance examination took seven paragraphs. There is such an obvious viewpoint sentence in the first sentence of the middle paragraph: "It is conscious to look at others with a bystander's eye." "Looking at things from the perspective of a bystander is the transcendence of ideas." There is also a passage that focuses on this point: "From the perspective of a bystander, Gu Kuang's sincere appreciation of" living is easy "has made Bai Juyi, who just showed his talent, eliminate his worries; Xu Beihong helped Fu Baoshi and strongly supported him to go abroad for further study, which made him famous. Under the watchful eye, Picasso had a heart-to-heart talk with Zhang Daqian and played a swan song of the integration of eastern and western paintings! " Do you feel uncomfortable reading such a clear and insightful article?
In addition, you should also pay attention to putting the sentence you think you are most proud of at the beginning of the paragraph, or highlighting it with an inscription, or simply starting a new paragraph.
2. Virtual
Virtual is fiction. It is good to be realistic in college entrance examination composition, but it is difficult to find real and touching stories in life, because we have been living in a school-family lifestyle for a long time. The composition of the college entrance examination requires innovation, which will inevitably turn the original humble things into vivid twists and turns. For example, in 2003, the perfect composition "Nanny and Family Education" in Hunan College Entrance Examination made up a story in the form of a short story. Based on the psychological feelings of a sociology professor, the author puts her in a skirt storm, which truly reveals her trust in the hardworking and practical nanny and her suspicion of the enthusiastic and lively tutor, but the result of the storm is beyond her expectation, thus vividly mocking the wrong tendency to recognize things with emotional intimacy. Of course, fiction should conform to the reality of life. The nanny in Nanny and Tutor is a country girl, which seems simple. Tutor junior, love beauty. Not to mention the professor, we ordinary people should suspect that the tutor stole the skirt. Besides, the nanny is in good order and the tutor has a good chat. However, it is worth noting that novels cannot live without a foundation. 1999 The composition topics of the college entrance examination are Perseverance-the Character I Pursue and Overcoming Vulnerability. At that time, many students made up the story of "parents died" in order to gain the moving eyes of the marking teacher, and also lost the morality of being a man. In 1999, they were also dubbed by the marking teacher as ".
3, all
All these, the combination of articles echoes, giving people a sense of wholeness. The reader's psychology attaches great importance to the beginning, middle and end of the article, especially the structural echo of the end or the sublimation language of the theme. For example, in 2002, the composition "Red Dancing Shoes", which scored full marks in Shaanxi college entrance examination, organically arranged two clues: ① "I" took part in the composition contest with once glory and pride, and failed; Karen put on beautiful red dancing shoes and danced so selflessly that the shoes reached her feet that she had to ask for them to be cut off. The subtlety of the article lies in skillfully advancing these two clues in parallel, alternating light and shade, and the story connotation is self-evident, forming a patchwork and complete artistic conception beauty. Finally, I used "Yes, honor is a thing of the past. Why should I be bound by it? " ? Say goodbye to the unrealistic "red dancing shoes"! Success is beckoning to you! "It tells the reasonable choice in the face of the past and reality, and buckles the topic, thus putting the two clues together completely. It is natural for this article to get full marks.
4. Jane (female name)
Jane is a short sketch. Generally, argumentative papers or narratives in the college entrance examination are better, so they need a variety of materials, which are rich in information and meet the requirements of "substantial content", so some materials with time, place, characters, occurrence, development, climax and ending are not welcome. Narrative writing in general, especially essays in the form of prose, is especially taboo to simply describe one person and one thing (except for ingenious short stories, of course), so as not to make the article go into a shallow abyss. For example, there is such a wonderful saying in a perfect composition "Facing the Sea" in the 2002 Shanghai college entrance examination: the sea is different from the river. The river flows slowly, such as Lao Dan's "quiet and subtle, keeping mysterious and holding one"; Moreover, the vicissitudes of life have changed a lot, such as Zhuang Zhou's "Let the hole reach and escape". The majestic potential of the sea, the pride of the sea, and the tranquility of the sea-in the face of such a sea, what I heard was Meng De's "Martyrs in their twilight years are full of courage"; What I see is a white "solitary sail from the sun"; I think of Zi Shou's "the moon is now full at sea, and the horizon is * * * at this time". Such wonderful words come from the careful tempering of materials, and the words are rich in connotation. Why not? As for the simplicity of argumentative materials, it is a well-known feature. The stories written in the examination room should be summarized. First, it can increase the capacity of the story and clarify the topic from multiple angles. Second, it can make paragraphs clearer and form a concise and lively aesthetic feeling.
5. Bright
Bright is the bright spot on the test paper. There are many bright spots, among which correct handwriting and neat scroll surface are the first. The article has no typos, obvious ill sentences, obvious traces of alteration, beautiful lines and so on. It will make the marking teacher feel refreshed and have a good impression when turning over the papers, and can't bear to get low marks. Every year, on the marking field of the college entrance examination, many compositions that remain unchanged on the papers are high-scoring compositions. The composition is literary, which is another important factor that makes the composition bright. There are many ways to pay attention to literary talent, such as parallelism, antithesis and flexible use of long and short sentences. The marking teacher likes reading aloud best, which often makes the composition brilliant and get high marks.
The composition of the college entrance examination can't be completely equivalent to the usual composition, but as long as we pay attention to some examination skills and implement them in the usual training, we will still show our due elegance.
As the saying goes, "everything is difficult at the beginning." For a composition, it is particularly important to write a good beginning. Because the first paragraph is read by the teacher when marking the paper, you must write the opening paragraph well when writing the exam, hold the teacher's eyes tightly and let the teacher follow your thoughts involuntarily. One of the most important points is: be concise and clear, and get to the point quickly. Please look at the opening skills of the full text of the senior high school entrance examination in recent years
Tip 1: Design suspense to attract readers.
I'm dying-
I was lying in the hospital bed, surrounded by darkness, very quiet, and only my faint breathing could be heard in the huge room. Nurses only come in when taking medicine and injections, and seldom talk to me. I'm used to it. I won't complain too much because I know I'm going to die. I stared out of the window and told myself to face death calmly. (Selected from the full text of "Feeling the Beauty of Life" in the senior high school entrance examination in Shaanxi Province in 2002)
Tips: There is a suspense at the beginning of this article: "I'm going to die". So readers can't help but be attracted and think, how could he die? What's wrong with him? What will happen if you come? This series of questions naturally brings your eyes to the following, making you eager to know the following. This way of opening captures people's curiosity when reading, and it is well designed to attract readers to read.
Tip 2: Cut to the chase and make your point clear.
My friend, how do you feel when you see mountains of garbage, streams and rivers stinking and harmful gases poisoning people? At that time, I was not angry enough to want to shout loudly: "Please pay attention to the living environment of human beings!" (selected from the full text of "I care about human living environment" in Guangdong Province in 2002)
Tips: You must clearly express your opinions when writing argumentative essays in the examination room. It is a common but practical method to come straight to the point and make a clear attitude when writing. At the beginning of this paper, the way of asking questions and answering questions is adopted, which is concise and powerful, and clearly shows my own views, laying the foundation for the following discussion.
When you are in pain, you will go home and vent in tears; When you are upset, you will go home and let the warmth of home dispel the dark clouds in your heart; Home-what melts in is sadness, and what melts out is happiness; Home-accept sadness and release happiness. Home, how nice! (Selected from the composition "Home, It's Good" in the senior high school entrance examination in Yunnan Province in 2003)
Tip: Narration can also come straight to the point. You see, this article uses parallelism to express its feelings about "home" without any disguise, which sets the tone for the full text.
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