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[repost] Serial: Eight Diagrams of the gentry in the Tang Dynasty-Author: Gong Yue
Author: Gong Yue
From the intoxicated tang style Cultural Forum.
In the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination system was replaced by the nine-level Zheng Zhi system, and the door system based on the nine-level Zheng Zhi system no longer existed. In the Tang Dynasty, there were few political privileges handed down from generation to generation by the gentry since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Economically, after the war in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties, many gentry were "famous for Lu Li" but "too poor". Therefore, some people assert that the Tang Dynasty has merged with the common people, or suggest that the "landlord class" of the Tang Dynasty cannot be divided by the standards of scholars and common people. However, readers can still find a large number of officials with noble origins, such as Cui surname, Pei surname, Wei surname and Li surname. Going deep into it, we can find that the amazing deep-rooted concept of family status still exists in the Tang Dynasty. These can be said to be in the same strain as the times before the Tang Dynasty, but they are quite different from the times after the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, more people think that although the gentry in the Tang Dynasty declined, they still existed. Mr. Wang Zhonghun, a famous historian, even thinks: "The political and economic strength of aristocratic families since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Tang Dynasty) cannot be underestimated." I prefer the latter view, acknowledging the existence of gentry in the Tang Dynasty, which is also the premise of this gossip.
One, four or five surnames
According to Liu Fang, a clan expert in the Tang Dynasty, "China was a scholar who was poor and studied" was called the county surname. According to the situation of officials in the three dynasties, there are three names:,, A, B, C and Ding. Those who can enter are called four surnames. It can be seen that the "four surnames" are not limited to the number four. However, Liu Fang lived in a time when "Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng were four surnames" and Taiyuan Wang were called five surnames, so Liu Fang thought it was an "unrealistic" practice. However, this statement hardly changed in the Tang Dynasty. From the criticism of Shandong gentry on the eve of Taizong's revision of genealogy in Zhenguan period, we can see that the four surnames refer to Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng; So did Li Zhao's Supplement to Tang Shi in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. However, Li Zhao's records show that the king of Taiyuan among the five surnames cannot be on an equal footing with the four surnames: "The four surnames are Zheng, which is inseparable from Xingyang. There are Gangtou Road, Zedili, Tumen Cui and Dingjia. The King of Taiyuan, whose four surnames are all beautiful, is called' Wang Jia', which means gold and silver ornaments. " The meaning of "gold and silver ornaments" here should be similar to that of "gold plating" today.
The establishment of the status of Cui, Lu, Li and four people dates back to the period of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen made two imperial edicts in the sixteenth year of Taihe (492) and the twentieth year of Taihe (496), but the four surnames established at that time were still somewhat different from those in the Tang Dynasty. Zi Jian recorded in detail the situation of Dingzhou gentry in the twenty years of Taihe: "Wei Zhuya, with four surnames, namely, Cui Zongbo of Qinghe, Zheng of Xingyang and Taiyuan, was promoted by his clothes and accepted his daughter as a harem. Li Chong, a native of Longxi, is outstanding in talent and knowledge, precious in the world, and his marriage is unclear. The emperor also took his daughter as his wife. " After this record, I wrote a note: "Lu, Cui, Zheng and Wang." It can be seen that the four surnames here are Wang of Taiyuan and Li of Zhaojun, and there were also five surnames at that time. After the introduction of A Record of Nunashi and Li's Wives in Longxi, Zi Tongzhi Jian added: "There are many Li's in Zhao County, and each has his own family style. The deceased, headed by five surnames. " "Lu, Cui, Zheng, Wang and Wu surnames". The above two records show that the difference between the four surnames and the five surnames in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty stems from the position exchange between Wang in Taiyuan and Li in Zhao County.
In the Tang Dynasty, the five surnames no longer simply referred to the Shandong gentry, but the so-called "five surnames and seven expectations" also included Li in the five surnames system. "Five surnames and seven looks" refers to the surnames of Cui, Lu, Li, Zheng and Wang Wu, and the kings of Qinghe, Boling, Cui, Fan, Zhao Jun, Longxi, Li, Zheng He and Taiyuan Wang Qi in Xingyang. The forbidden families mentioned in the forbidden marriage edict issued in the fourth year of Tang Gaozong's Xianqing (659) are some houses in the Seven Views.
Speaking of Longxi Li, there is also an allusion to Tory. Emperor Xiaowen ordered four surnames, and Li of Longxi was afraid of being left behind, so he sent people to Luoyang by camel at night. I didn't expect it to be too late. When Li's people arrived in Longxi, the four surnames had been decided. Longxi plum is therefore called "Camel plum". This allusion is ironic, but in the Tang Dynasty, because the royal family claimed to be from Longxi, Li in Longxi became the first high school, which will be discussed in detail later.
Second, Guanlong Group
Mr. Chen Yinque attributed the reason why Yu Wentai was able to break the corner of Guanlong and become the best in the world to the so-called "Guanlong Group", and Guanlong Group was an important part of the "Guanlong Group". It mainly includes Xianbei (or Xianbei Han) military nobles in six towns in Guanzhong area and Han gentry in Guanlong area. The former, represented by the twelve generals of the Eight Pillars of the Western Wei Dynasty, mostly came from warlords in six towns or had a deep connection with Xianbei in six towns. The latter is the "Guan Long Hao You" who led the township soldiers to become the generals of the government soldiers, such as Jingzhao Weizhen, Hedong, Taiyuan, Wugong, Sima Yi in Hanoi, and Dunhuang Quandeng. I think it should be noted here that geographically, the geographical views of Guo Yan and Sima Shi do not belong to Guanlong area. Therefore, it seems inappropriate for some scholars to distinguish whether characters belong to Guanlong Group according to geographical categories.
From the Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, we can clearly see the leading role played by Guanlong Group as the highest level of the ruling class in politics. Judging from the political status and marriage relationship, it seems that Guanlong Group can be regarded as a new type of gentry. In Guanlong Group's own eyes, it seems to be the same. Tang Gaozu once told Pei Ji that most of the previous emperors came from humble origins, and Xiao He and Cao Can were also collectors of swords and pens, so they could not be compared with you and me who came from famous families. Emperor Taizong also questioned Zhang, an official of the overseas-born minister, with the attitude of the gentry, and Zhang was flustered as a result. But if we compare Guanlong Group with Shandong gentry, we will find that their "styles" are completely different. The style of Guanlong Group is "martial arts" and "crown", and Shandong gentry is "ceremony" and "marriage". Mr. Wang Wei once pointed out: "Under the door-to-door system, social status is based on marriage. At that time, the emphasis was on "purity" and "cultural tradition", but the aristocratic families of Guanlong Group, including the royal family of Li Tang, did not have this condition. Their ancestors were uneducated Hu people or Hu Hua Han people. From the Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, their culture did not reach a high level in just a hundred years, so they were still valued by cultural celebrities. " Therefore, Guanlong Group gained the highest political status, but its social status was not as good as that of Shandong gentry. During the ruling period, the son of Yu Jin, one of the eight masters of the Western Wei Dynasty, and the envoy of Shannan East Road, as his son, asked for respect for the Lord, which was strongly opposed by Hanlin, who was born in Zhao, one of the four major surnames. The reason is: "Liu, Lu, and Wang are not enough to humiliate the emperor's daughter. It is better to choose a noble family and a talented person." This evaluation shows us that the Guanlong nobles in the eyes of Shandong gentry are still not qualified to compare with them. On the other hand, real gentry (including Shandong gentry and some Guanzhong gentry) are not interested in the Lord, which can be said to be deep-seated.
It should be said that the Shandong gentry in Tang Dynasty was the closest group to the old gentry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. If the identity and family style of Shandong gentry are regarded as the standards of gentry in this period, the difference between Guanlong Group and Shandong gentry determines that Guanlong Group should be called "military aristocrat" instead of "gentry". Although Guanlong nobles called themselves "gentry", they didn't understand this, so they tried to improve their status by political means through official genealogy, and forced themselves to become gentry, which will be discussed in detail later.
Third, the Li Tang family.
Tang Xianzong's Yuanhe County Records recorded the location and scale of the tombs of Li Xi, the ancestor of Li Yuanxuan's ancestors, and Li Tianci, his great-grandfather, in Zhaoqing County, Zhaozhou. Now there is still a tablet of Guangye Temple in Longping County, Hebei Province, which was carved in the 13th year of Kaiyuan reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The inscription mentions the honor of Li Tang's ancestors and has the words "Sang Zi, Queen of Victoria, Eternal City". Zhaoqing County was originally Julu County, adjacent to Changshan County where Zhao Lijun lived. Since this is the "mulberry" and burial place of ancestors, what is the connection between the royal family and Zhao? Mr. Chen Yinque first discovered this problem, and after argumentation, he came to the conclusion that "his ancestors were either' crushed' by Li of Zhao Jun or' faked cards' by Li of Zhao Jun".
In the official history, Li Tang has always claimed to be Li in Longxi, claiming to be a direct descendant of Li Jue in Xiliang. Mr Chen Can's words can be said to be eternal. But after this theory was put forward, it was also questioned. One of the questions is, if he is from Zhao County, why is Li of Zhao County indifferent to this? For example, Li Jifu of Zhao County, the author of Yuanhe County Records, has never asked a question similar to that of Teacher Chen? On the other hand, why did Emperor Taizong also say that "I have no suspicion with Shandong Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng Jiu"? Secondly, one of Mr. Chen's evidences is that he once ordered the hero to rewrite the genealogy with the original hope of the states in the customs. So, although Li Tang came from Zhao County and changed to Longxi County (Li Hu changed from Zhao County to Longxi County), why did many clans return to their original hopes after entering the Tang Dynasty, but Li Tang did not?
I can't answer the first question, and the second question can only talk about my personal experience. Query 2 was actually put forward by Mr. Cen. Mr. Cen's original words were: "Although the northern tribes who entered temporarily changed the county of Henan to Jingzhao, by the Tang Dynasty, most of them had restored their county of Henan. If the Tang Dynasty was really from Zhao County, why did they love Longxi and insist on not changing it? " Chen's story is not credible at all. It can be seen from this passage that Mr. Cen doesn't seem to understand Mr. Chen's argument. Mr. Chen proved that it is not the same thing to change the Henan county of Qianluohu people to Jingzhao and the Han county of Jiangong to Guannei county, and there is a time difference between them. Mr. Cen didn't notice this. I think the fundamental reason for not being able to change back to Zhao County is "Guanzhong-oriented". Li Tang is one of the core families of Guanlong Group and belongs to vested interests in politics. As a leading political force, Li Tang has no reason and can't leave it and return to the alienated Shandong gentry for a long time. If it does this, it will automatically give up power.
Fourth, selling marriage, prohibiting selling marriage, prohibiting marriage.
After the rebellion at the end of Sui Dynasty, most of the once noble Shandong gentry did not get rid of poverty, but after all, they were all big families with hundreds of years of history and prestige, so their "name" was still "Zhou Lu-based". As mentioned above, "marrying elegance" is one of the "styles" of Shandong gentry, which seems to be more prominent after their political privileges are lost. Because for many gentry, the marriage between gentry is the only way to show off their aristocratic lineage. At the same time, the gentry were proud of their family background and demanded gifts and wealth in the process of marriage, which led to the custom of "selling marriage" among the gentry in Shandong.
The expenditure of "selling marriage" seems to be glimpsed from the examples described in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Feng Shu, who was born in Bohai, was one of the big families in the late Northern Dynasty, second only to the four surnames. One of Feng Shu's sons married Li Shiyuan, the daughter of Longxi, and lost a lot of money. When I was about to get married, I suddenly backed out. His other son married the daughter of Lu, whose position in Longxi was even higher than that of Li. In the letter, I went to the government to complain that it was given to Lushi mule, which Lushi thought was lame. Sending fields, Lu is too thin; What about bronzes? Lu said it was too old. Although this story satirizes the meanness of the seal, it can reflect the gentry's picky about the bride price from the side. The family has become famous from generation to generation, and the title of "accumulating wealth" is so unbearable, not to mention the gentry who is "declining from generation to generation without a crown"
In the early Tang Dynasty, the family status of Shandong gentry was still very attractive to new noble. They tried their best to marry Shandong gentry and further improved their social status. Emperor Taizong was very dissatisfied with this. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), he ordered the revision of genealogy. After the writing, Shandong gentry was "reduced to first class". In the 16th year of Zhenguan (642), the imperial edict forbidding marriage was issued, which denounced this kind of marriage as "selling goods and bribery" with the wind of benevolence, righteousness and morality, and called it "the old customs of Qi and Han Dynasties", which was explicitly prohibited.
The coercive measures taken by Emperor Taizong did not seem to have much effect. In Shandong, Fang and Fang are still keen on marriage, so some ancient Shandong families can "dream of success". In the fourth year of Tang Gaozong (659), Shandong gentry suffered the second official attack. Under the planning of Li Yifu, the prime minister who was born in poverty and the wing of Wu Zetian, Tang Gaozong ordered the reconstruction of the genealogy, named it "Record of Surnames" and prohibited intermarriage. "After the imperial edict, Wei Bao, Taiyuan, Xingyang, Lu Ziqian, Lu Hun, Cui Zongbo, Cui, Qian Yanbo, Jin Zhaojun, Kai Lee and other descendants are not allowed to marry themselves. Still set the amount of money to marry a woman in the world, regardless of the money. On the surface, the marriage restriction of "seven surnames and ten families" mentioned in the marriage prohibition order has been further strengthened. But the actual situation is the same as before, and the result is counterproductive. The social status established by Shandong gentry for hundreds of years cannot be shaken by one or two political repression. These forbidden marriage families often call themselves "forbidden marriage families", and this "jade seal" chip undoubtedly increases their weight.
Five, "clan records" and "surname records"
From the standpoint of Guanlong Group, Emperor Taizong, who has always shown tolerance, could not tolerate the arrogance of Shandong gentry. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), he said to the Prime Minister Fang: "Compared with the four surnames of Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng in Shandong, although it is a little late, it still relies on the old place and is very proud, so it is called a scholar-bureaucrat. Every time I marry a woman of another race, I need money, and it's the most expensive. Like Jia in the city, they are very harmful to customs and orderly. It is neither appropriate nor reasonable and must be reformed. " First of all, this speech by Emperor Taizong may have triggered a movement to publish surnames. Some scholars believe that after this movement ended in failure, Emperor Taizong made up his mind to compile genealogy. The officials who participated in the revision of genealogy mainly included Gao Shilian, the official minister, Wei Ting, Cen Wenben, assistant minister of Zhongshu, and Ling Hudefen, assistant minister of Libu. This arrangement of candidates can be considered. Gao Shilian was born in Shandong and married into Guanlong Group. Wei Ting is from Guanzhong County. Cen Wenben is a Jiang Zuo scholar; Linghu Defen, from Hu Ling clan in Dunhuang, is the crown clan in Hexi, and everyone seems to represent his region. Their concept of gate valve is strong and traditional, but the traditional concept of gate valve is exactly what Tang Taizong wanted to change, so the first draft of Genealogy made Tang Taizong very dissatisfied. In this first draft, Cui Ming 'an, assistant minister of Huangmen, who was born in one of the four surnames, was rated as the first class, but the status of Guanlong Group was not highlighted. Emperor Taizong severely criticized the champion and the Shandong gentry. Under the guidance of Emperor Taizong's thought of "respecting the crown of the present", Gao Shilian and others rebuilt the genealogy, which was completed in the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638). In this final draft, the royal family is the first class and the consorts are the second class. In the first draft, the first-class Cui Mingan was reduced to the third class, and the rest of the Shandong gentry were also "reduced to the first class".
The biggest feature of genealogy is "respecting the crown of today", which restricts Shandong gentry. It can be regarded as one of the steps of Guanlong Group to improve its social status by political means, but from the later situation, the effect is not obvious. Therefore, in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), Emperor Taizong had to issue a "marriage prohibition order" to further restrict the marriage between Shandong gentry.
According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the genealogy of the Prime Minister, Cui Ming 'an, assistant minister of Huangmen, came from Cui Ting, the second room of Cui Shi in Boling. Cui Ting served as assistant minister of Zhongshu in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his descendants moved to Shanhaiguan in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. There were prominent officials in the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, such as Cui, Cui You, Cui Dunli and so on. Mr. Mao Hanguang thinks that Cui Ming 'an ranks first in the first draft of Genealogy, in fact, because Cui Ming 'an has the dual identity of Shandong gentry and Guanlong Group. Mr. Deng Wenkuan also thinks that Cui Mingan, as assistant minister of Huangmen, belongs to the "crown of the world", so he still ranks third after finalization.
However, times have changed. In the sixth year of Yonghui in Tang Gaozong (655), Wu Shi became the queen, and the nobles of Guanlong Group died after the political struggle of "abandoning the army", and the officials who supported Wu Shi became the political hegemon. At this time, Zhenguan's Genealogy obviously did not meet the requirements of meeting the new rich. Second-class gentry in Jiangzuo and Wu faction Xu proposed to rebuild Wu's life with Genealogy. Li Yifu, another confidant of the Wu family, was born in poverty, and had a meeting with Li of Zhao Jun after his sudden expensive, but when he was given the title of secretariat, he was kicked out by Li of Zhao Jun.. Li Yifu was deeply humiliated by this incident, so he echoed Xu's proposal. In June (659), Tang Gaozong wrote to change the genealogy into a surname record, and Li Yifu collected the genealogy and burned it. The Record of Surnames was originally written for the nouveau riche of Wu Shi and Su Han, so it is more "the crown of the present" than Genealogy. The guiding principle of the Record of Surnames is that "those who won five official titles in the imperial dynasty were promoted to scholars." In this way, even soldiers who have achieved more than five points in military service have become cremation.
Li Yifu once asked for marriage in Shandong, so he revised the Surnames Spectrum and suggested that Emperor Gaozong forbid marriage for five surnames, seven families, ten families and forty-four children. At this time, the emperor suffered from wind, and most of the political affairs were decided by Wu Shi. Li Yifu's suggestion was of course adopted. The last section mentioned the prohibition of marriage. The imperial edict against marriage was originally issued to bind the Shandong gentry and the Li family in Longxi, but it was called "Si is a beautiful clan figure and stands as a crown!" Written by Li Hua, a representative of the Tang Dynasty. Such comments are so ironic!
6. Li Longxi-the first family formally established in the Tang Dynasty.
In the third year of Taiping Zhenjun (442), Taiwu in the Northern Wei Dynasty was attached to Wei by Li Bao, a descendant of Dunhuang Xiliang. This matter had a great influence on the situation in the northwest, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was able to go deep into the western regions, so Longxi Li became one of the most prominent families in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the twentieth year of Taihe, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei adopted four surnames. Although Lee Longxi was not selected and was ridiculed as "Tory", he became a royal in-laws like the four major surnames. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, Li Chong in Longxi was famous as a "priceless dynasty", and its power could not be matched by the four surnames. The Book Biography of the New Tang Dynasty says that "after the Wei Dynasty, Taihe was in the middle, and all the families in the world respected it, with Bao and others as the crown", and Longxi was the first imperial edict prohibiting marriage, which may explain Li's special position in Longxi before and after Taihe. However, from Li Chong to qi zhou, there is basically no such person as Li Chong. Mr. Mao Hanguang thinks that Li's social status in Longxi during this period is not as good as that of Cui and Lu.
The royal family claimed to be from Longxi, and Zhenguan's Genealogy listed the royal family as the first class, so Li's position in Longxi was undoubtedly improved. As for the Hundred Cases written by Langjia in the first year (758), Longxi Li was obviously the first one. As far as the official position is concerned, the four surnames in the Northern Dynasties were higher than those in Longxi, but in the Tang Dynasty, especially after the middle Tang Dynasty, the four surnames in Longxi were higher.
This official position should have some influence, and the statement that Li was the first in Longxi can be confirmed in some records. Yuan Yi, a native of Soochow, was the secretariat of Suzhou, and the son of the Prime Minister was the secretariat of Suzhou. When Zhang Pei introduced the newly appointed governor Shi Liqiu to Yuan Yi, he said: "This state has a long history, and it is the first in the world." This result was refuted by Yuan Yi (see Biography of Old Tang Books and Wen Yuan). Li Gou, the prime minister of Tang Suzong, was born in Guli's big house in Longxi. He is very elegant and good at playing correctly. Tang Suzong praised him for being "the best in family background, personality and literature, and believing in the imperial court!" (See Biography of the New Tang Dynasty). And Li Zhao's "Tang Shi Supplement" said that Li Yiyan, the grandnephew of Jiuquan Gong (also a big house person in Longxi), "Home comes first, but there is a clear name. He is often inferior to his family in the title, and the official to the secretary has appointed Langzhong to secretariat the state and exchanged letters with others. He is only called Li Zhen in Longxi, and he has no title. "
However, the above examples can not explain Li's actual position in the gentry class in Longxi. The aforementioned Yuan Yi refuted Zhang Pei's statement that "Xu Li in Longxi is the best in the world": "The portal must be virtuous in all previous dynasties, and we can only say that we are old friends! Shandong people are still married and ask Luli; When you are the pillar, you will be abandoned if you are not afraid of danger. what can I say? I think it's a portal! " Yuan Yi was born in a big family of overseas Chinese in the Southern Dynasties, and he was a big official for several generations. His ancestors tasted in July that "Chinese and foreign people are the highest family in the world", and even Wang Langya, the top family of overseas Chinese, was despised by him. The concept of family status embodied in Yuan Yi's criticism is the same as that in July-people and family style are respected. It seems that the old gentry in the Southern Dynasties disagreed with Li's official position in Longxi. Numerically speaking, the big room hidden by Guli in the Tang Dynasty and Longxi may not be comparable to the second room in Boling Cui Shi. This will be mentioned later.
VII. Cui Bo Zhao Li
Cui Xun, a native of Qinghe in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties, once said to john young and Lu Yuanming, "I am the only one in the world, and Cui Bo and Zhao Li are in power!" So Cui Xian, a powerful Berlin minister, heard it and took it away. This sentence is boastful, but judging from the actual situation in the Northern Dynasties, Cui Shi and Zhao in Boling may not be among the four surnames (some people think that four surnames refer to surnames). Cui Shi in Boling was called "East Cui" at that time. King Levin wanted to take the fairy Cui in Boling as his wife, but refused to take Cui Shi in Boling on the grounds of "being a poor scholar". Zhao Lijun's situation is a little better, because there were many people in Taihe before, and he entered the five surnames. However, from Taihe to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, he was obviously not as prominent as from Taizu to Emperor Xiaowen, and he did not have such an important official as Li Xiaobo. During the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Zhao Jun and Li Hun gave a banquet, which was very lively, but when Cui Cong arrived in Qinghe, no one dared to speak again. It can be seen that Cui Xun had a great advantage in the gentry's psychology at that time. On the other hand, Qinghe Cui Shi, an important official in Zhao Kuangyin period, was once in power. After the National History Prison, one branch of Ho Choi was attacked, but another branch rose in the Qing Dynasty and became one of the four surnames of Taihe. In addition, Cui Shi's family studies in Qinghe have always been praised by people. Cui Guangshao, the younger brother of Qinghe Cuiliang, a famous minister in Ming Di from Emperor Xiaowen to Emperor Xiaozong, said to future generations before his death: "I have been a vegetarian all my life, and I will leave you when I have enough. The official valve is not enough!" Cui Yan himself is also "hiding thousands of books in his chest." Therefore, it is not entirely unreasonable for Cui Bo Zhao Li to be despised by Cui Yan. In this sense, Mr. Wang Zhong-hun's proposition that Cui Shibo Mausoleum in the Northern Dynasties was inferior to Qinghe and Li Zhaojun was inferior to Longxi should also be correct.
This situation was completely reversed in the Tang Dynasty. Cui Ming 'an, a descendant of Cui Ting, a branch of Cui Ting who entered the customs at the end of Wei Dynasty, was once considered as the first person in the early Tang Dynasty (see the section of Genealogy and Surnames). Even though the gentry in Shandong were generally suppressed, this branch still ranked third after the royal family and consorts, and ranked first among the other gentry. According to Mr. Mao Hanguang's statistics, there were 16 prime ministers in Boling Cui Shi in Tang Dynasty, which was second only to 17 prime ministers of Pei's family in Hedong and Li's family in Zhaojun, and tied with Jingzhao Webster's family. Hedong Shi Pei and Jingzhao Webster are both Guanzhong County surnames and belong to Guanlong Group in the early Tang Dynasty. After the imperial examination flourished, they also had convenient conditions because they were close to Gyeonggi. Cui Bo, Zhao Li, who was ridiculed during the Zhou and Qi Dynasties, was juxtaposed with it, which was a great turning point. Among them, Boling Cui Shi is the most prosperous in Ershi, which has five prime ministers and one Cui Jie. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, "dozens of people were regarded as buffer towns by Taige" and were "pushed to be the crown of the gentry in the world". (See "The Biography of Cui Xun in the New Tang Dynasty"). Zhao's Chinese and Western grandfathers, Dong Zu and Nan Zu all have figures, and Li Jifu's Li Deyu branch is the most famous western grandfathers. Dong people include Li Qiao, Li Jiang and Li Jue; Although part of Nanzu is a later work, the characters are crowned with three ancestors, and the prime ministers are Li, Li Rizhi, Li and so on. Especially during the Yuan and Yuan Dynasties, Zhao Jun and Li Sanzu each had a prime minister, who was famous for a while and was considered a great event at that time. The above figures are not comparable to those of Cui Shi in Qinghe and even Li in Longxi in the Tang Dynasty (both Cui Shi in Qinghe and Prime Minister Li in Longxi are 65,438+02, of which Aunt Li's room in Longxi is 6).