Institutional factors
Institutional factors in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements refer to systems or policies that play a negative role in the transformation of achievements. It mainly includes four aspects: scientific research project establishment system, enterprise management mechanism, professional title evaluation system, achievement evaluation and benefit distribution mechanism.
1. Establishment mechanism of scientific research projects
Scientific research topic selection and project establishment is an important part of scientific research work, which is not only related to the smooth progress of scientific research, but also related to the smooth transformation of scientific research results. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, project establishment and scientific research have a strong administrative color. Scientific research funds are allocated by the state for a long time, and scientific research achievements are also appraised by the state organization, which "guides" scientific research projects to a certain extent, from selecting projects, determining research depth and direction to project evaluation. , mostly in order to win considerable academic awards. Scientific and technical personnel don't have to spend energy to consider the transformation of achievements, let alone look for business opportunities in the market for the subsequent development of scientific and technological products, which has caused a serious problem of attaching importance to research and neglecting transformation. In this way, due to the lack of market evaluation of the application value of scientific research achievements, a large number of scientific research achievements are theoretically strong, but the application scope is narrow, and there are few achievements with large market demand and great industrial value, which reduces the attractiveness of enterprises and their investment in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, resulting in the imbalance between a large number of achievements being "idle" and having the money to find good projects.
2. Enterprise management mechanism
In the past, under the planned economy system, the development, design, production and diffusion of products were all controlled by the government, while under the socialist market economy system, enterprises became the main body of the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements, while the government evolved into a macro-regulator. The transformation of enterprise function is in the transition period from planned economy to market economy, and the old scientific research system hinders the enterprise from playing its role as the main body of scientific and technological transformation. Mainly manifested in: ① all aspects of enterprise management have traces of planned economy. At present, enterprises are still restricted by the government and superior departments in strategic management and decision-making, and their autonomy is difficult to play. ② The business activities of enterprises are still interfered by the government to a great extent, and many enterprises have unclear property rights, which makes them lack the motivation of technological innovation. The main force of science and technology in China is mainly concentrated in scientific research institutes and universities, and enterprises lack high-tech talents to transform scientific and technological achievements, so it is impossible to make a correct analysis of the advanced nature, applicability and market prospects of scientific and technological achievements. It is precisely because of the above factors that enterprises lack the motivation to rely on scientific and technological progress to realize their own development, but rely on existing resources and processes to maintain the status quo or rely on the increase of input in production materials to unilaterally pursue the growth of economic benefits of enterprises. Management decision makers often do not pay attention to long-term investment, which leads to obvious short-term behavior in the research and transformation of scientific and technological achievements of enterprises.
3. Professional title evaluation system
At present, the evaluation index system of technical titles in universities and scientific research institutes is generally based on quantitative indicators such as the quantity and quality of published scientific research papers (works) and the number of awards of scientific research achievements, and it is necessary to meet certain standards before being eligible to participate in the evaluation of professional titles. There is no requirement on whether to apply for a patent or not, and these indicators are not used as one of the conditions for promotion, reward and workload calculation. This system makes universities and research institutes focus on the academic level and award-winning registration of scientific research achievements, which promotes the output of scientific research achievements, but pays insufficient attention to the level and quality of the transformation of scientific research achievements, resulting in researchers not paying attention to the collection and research of market information, lacking understanding of market demand, spending most of their time and energy on research and writing papers, and paying little attention to the feasibility, practicality and economy of scientific research achievements, which is obviously out of touch with market demand and has low transformation ability of scientific research achievements.
4. Performance evaluation and benefit distribution mechanism
Scientific and technological achievements are essentially the process of making value judgments on the creative activities of scientific and technological development and research. Although China promulgated the Measures for Scientific and Technological Evaluation in 2003, it only stipulated the basic procedures and requirements of scientific and technological evaluation in principle. Coupled with the maturity of scientific and technological achievements, the unpredictability of the market in the future and the lack of authoritative scientific and technological achievements evaluation institutions, China's scientific and technological achievements evaluation mechanism is still not perfect. In the way of evaluation, we attach importance to the result evaluation, ignore the process evaluation, and overemphasize the academic output and academic level, which leads to academic impetuous psychology and quick success. In the evaluation process, we attach importance to the evaluation before transformation (research, development, pilot test and demonstration of science and technology) and ignore the evaluation after transformation (pilot test, transfer, transformation and application of science and technology), which leads to the failure of laboratory products to enter the market smoothly (Ouyang Di, 20 10). As far as the evaluation objects are concerned, most of them are scientific and technological personnel, ignoring the vast number of scientific research managers engaged in the promotion of scientific and technological achievements, resulting in a general lack of professionals who understand technology, manage and operate (Li, 2008).
The distribution of interests is a complex issue, involving many interests. Due to the lack of market negotiation and trading experience, scientific and technical personnel in universities and scientific research institutions are often at a disadvantage in the imperfect technology trading market, and their interests are hard to be truly reflected and respected due to the constraints of market credit, scientific and technological evaluation, laws and regulations (Wei Li, 2006). Although the country has promulgated some policies and regulations, it lacks supporting implementation rules, and coordination and supervision are very weak, which leads to the difference between supply and demand in price and benefit distribution and affects the result of transformation.
(b) input factors
The input factor refers to the insufficient input of manpower, financial resources and material resources in the process of scientific and technological achievements transformation. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements needs to invest a lot of capital, talents, material conditions and other essential resources, and optimize the allocation of various essential resources in order to realize the transformation of achievements. Imperfect input mechanism will affect the effective transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
1. Insufficient capital investment
Capital is an important guarantee and prerequisite for the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements from laboratories to enterprises. Because the transformation of achievements is a high-risk, high-input, high-yield and long-term activity, it is difficult to obtain sufficient financial support from conventional commercial channels. For universities and research institutes, they do not have the financial strength for self-transformation; For financial institutions, for security reasons, most of them are willing to lend their funds to some famous and powerful big companies; For enterprises, facing the enormous pressure of taking on high risks, enterprises hope to share risks with venture capital institutions and financial institutions through relevant policies (Liu Haiyan, 2002). Without the support of funds, the transformation of results is impossible. Since the implementation of the market economy system, China's financial market has developed greatly, but it has not yet formed a multi-channel and multi-level investment and financing system jointly invested by the state, local governments, enterprises, institutions, financial institutions and other organizations or individuals. There are still few venture capital in scientific research and development, and the funds for pilot, commercialization and industrialization are even limited, which is not conducive to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
2. Lack of high-level talents
Talent is the most critical factor to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It is a common problem in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China that there is a lack of specialized scientific and technological extension talents. Relevant personnel are inexperienced in market work, so they can neither conduct in-depth evaluation and consultation on the results, nor understand marketing technology. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements is mostly carried out in the form of organizing various achievements exhibitions, transactions, information conferences, etc., and the service work is not in-depth, which leads to the failure to promote achievements and attract funds. Most scientific and technological achievements with market prospects are still in the theoretical and experimental stage, and it is difficult to mature and apply. Mature technology is difficult to quickly seize the domestic and foreign markets, and economic and social benefits have not been brought into play.
3. Unreasonable technology and equipment configuration
The complexity of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements determines that it needs the matching of related technologies and equipment, including the utilization of scientific and technological books and literature resources and the enjoyment of conditional resources of large instruments and equipment. At present, the resources of scientific books and documents and large-scale instruments and equipment are mainly concentrated in universities and scientific research institutions. Except for some large enterprises with abundant funds and strength, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to bear the cost of technology and equipment. However, the scientific and technological resources of universities and scientific research institutions are mostly limited to internal use, and it is difficult for external enterprises to enjoy their resources, which hinders the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of enterprises to some extent.
(3) Market factors
Market factors are the main obstacles to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China. It mainly includes the lack of market trading platform and the imperfection of intermediary service institutions.
1. Lack of market trading platform
Market trading platform is the technical guarantee for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. In recent years, the technology market of scientific and technological achievements in China has grown from scratch, and scientific and technological information exchange meeting, technology fair, communication technology network and technology development bidding meeting are the main forms of technology trading in China. However, the development of technology market is not perfect, the maturity is low, the organization is not perfect, and there is a lack of regional and national information networks (Zhan, Lin Jiao, 1996). The exchange of scientific and technological information in colleges and universities is mostly regional circulation and system circulation, but the exchange of supply and demand information with production departments is not smooth enough to meet the needs of technology trading. At the same time, the laws and regulations on the transfer of scientific and technological achievements are not perfect, the management is not standardized enough, and the authenticity and source identification of information are not enough, which leads to false information entering the market and cannot meet the needs of customers.
2. The intermediary service institutions are not sound enough.
Science and technology intermediary service institutions are an indispensable force in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and an important channel for the transformation and diffusion of scientific and technological achievements and the effective allocation of scientific and technological resources. Although in recent years, with the vigorous promotion of the state, the intermediary institutions have developed rapidly and made important contributions to scientific and technological innovation and industrialization, on the whole, the development of China's scientific and technological intermediary institutions is still in its infancy. Most intermediary service agencies have single function, imperfect structure, weak service ability, and lack of timeliness or accuracy in providing information services, resulting in many achievements of scientific research institutions unable to find demanders, technical achievements needed by enterprises unable to find suitable suppliers, and unable to achieve strong support for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Intermediaries are mixed, the service ability gap is large, technical talents who know technology, management and law are seriously lacking, and professional risk assessment, technology assessment and technology pricing ability are lacking, so it is difficult for enterprises to judge the value risk of scientific and technological achievements and realize marketization (Ouyang Di, 20 10). Therefore, in the case that the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements in developed countries is increasingly dependent on the intermediary service system to provide various services, the number and functions of intermediary services and their institutions in China are far from meeting the needs of scientific and technological achievements transformation.