The scientific name of computer is electronic computer, which is developed from the early electronic calculator. From 65438 to 0946, the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC" appeared in the world, which was used to calculate the trajectory. It is manufactured by Moore Institute of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA, but it is huge, covering an area of 170 square meters, weighing about 30 tons, and consumes nearly 100 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, such computers are expensive and inconvenient to use. 1956, the transistor electronic computer was born, which is the second generation electronic computer. Only a few larger cabinets can be installed, and the operation speed is greatly improved. The third generation of integrated circuit computers appeared in 1959. The original computer was invented by john von neumann (at that time, the computing power of the computer was equivalent to the current calculator), which was as big as three warehouses, and then gradually developed. This is the latest stage of computer development since 1970s. By 1970, "Cray" made of LSI and VLSI made computers enter the fourth generation. With the invention of VLSI, electronic computers are constantly upgrading to miniaturization, miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and systematization. In the 1990s, computers developed in the direction of "intelligence", creating computers similar to human brains, which can do thinking, learning, memory and network communication. In the 265,438+0th century, computers have become more notebook-oriented, miniaturized and specialized, with an operation speed of over 65,438,000 billion times per second. It is not only easy to operate and cheap, but also can replace part of people's mental work and even expand people's intelligence in some aspects. Therefore, today's microcomputers are vividly called computers. The first personal computer in the world was launched by IBM in 198 1 year. IBM introduced a personal computer with Intel's x86 as the hardware architecture and Microsoft's MS-DOS as the operating system, and took PC/AT as the PC specification. After that, the development of Intel's microprocessor and Microsoft's operating system is almost equal to the development history of personal computers. Wintel architecture has completely replaced IBM's dominant position in the personal computer world. Generally speaking, "the first electronic digital computer recognized in the world" is considered by most people as "ENIAC" which came out in 1946. It is mainly used to calculate the trajectory. It is made by Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. It has a huge volume, covers an area of over 170 square meters, weighs about 30 tons, and consumes nearly 150 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, such computers are expensive and inconvenient to use. This statement is widely used in basic computer textbooks. In fact, in 1973, according to the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States, the earliest electronic digital computers should be john atanasoff, an associate professor of physics at Iowa State University, and his graduate assistant Clifford E. Berry (19 18- 1963) in1939/kloc-. The reason for this misunderstanding is that a man named Moakley in the "ENIAC" research group copied john atanasoff's research results at 194 1 and applied for a patent at 1946. For various reasons, this error was not reversed until 1973. (See "john atanasoff" in Baidu Encyclopedia for details. I hope everyone will remember ABC and john atanasoff, and I hope this mistake can be corrected in future textbooks). Later, in order to commend and commemorate john atanasoff's great contribution in the computer field, former US President George W. Bush awarded john atanasoff the "National Science and Technology Award", the highest American science and technology award.

China computer China's abacus is the earliest calculation tool. In the history of human civilization, China once wrote a brilliant page on the invention and creation of early computing tools. As early as Shang Dynasty, China created decimal notation, which was more than 1000 years earlier than the world. In the Zhou Dynasty, the most advanced computing tool at that time-calculation and compilation was invented. This is a small stick made of different colors of bamboo, wood or bone. When calculating each math problem, we usually make up a set of algorithms in the form of songs, and rearrange the sticks constantly while calculating. Zu Chongzhi, an ancient mathematician in China, calculated that pi was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. This result is earlier than that of the west 1000 years. Abacus is another original creation of China, and it is also the first major invention in the development history of computing tools. This kind of light, flexible, portable and closely related to people's lives first appeared in the Han Dynasty and gradually matured in the Yuan Dynasty. Abacus calculation not only played a beneficial role in China's economic development, but also spread to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia and other regions. It has stood the test of history and is still in use today. China invented the South Guide Car, Water Elephant, Drum Car and Jacquard Machine, which not only made outstanding contributions to the development of automatic control machinery, but also had a direct or indirect impact on the evolution of calculation tools. For example, the water transport constellation map made by Zhang Heng can automatically synchronize with the earth's operation. After improvement in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became the earliest astronomical clock in the world. The drum in memory is the earliest automatic counting device in the world. The principle of jacquard machine and the development of computer program control have indirect influence. In ancient China, Eight Diagrams consisted of Yang and Yin, which had a direct impact on the development of computing technology. Leibniz wrote a paper on gossip, and systematically put forward a binary arithmetic algorithm. He thinks that the earliest binary representation in the world is China's gossip. After a long silence, after the founding of New China, China's computing technology entered a new period of development, and successively set up research institutions, set up computing technology and devices and computational mathematics majors in colleges and universities, and set out to build China's computer manufacturing industry. China successfully developed a domestic computer in 1956. 1958 and 1959, China independently developed domestic small and large electron tube computers. In the mid-1960s, China successfully developed a number of transistor computers, and compiled compiler and other system software in ALGOL and other languages. In the late 1960s, China began to study integrated circuit computers. In the 1970s, small integrated circuit computers were produced on a large scale in China. After 1980s, China began to pay attention to the development and application of microcomputer system. Large computers, especially supercomputers, have also made important progress; Establish computer service industry and gradually improve the structure of computer industry. In the research of computer science and technology, China has made great achievements in finite element calculation method, machine proof of mathematical theorem, Chinese character information processing, computer system structure and software. In terms of computer application, China has made remarkable achievements in the fields of scientific calculation and engineering design. Computer application research and practice are becoming more and more active in business management and process control.

The scientific name of early computer to electronic computer was developed from electronic calculator. 1946, the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC" appeared in the world, which was used to calculate the trajectory. Manufactured by the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania, Moore is huge, but it covers an area of more than 170 square meters, weighs about 30 tons, and consumes nearly 100 kW of electricity. Obviously, this computer is expensive and difficult to use. 1956, the transistor electronic computer was born, which is the second generation computer. Only a few larger cabinets can hold it, and the speed is greatly improved. 1959 appears in the third generation integrated circuit computer. The early computers were invented by John and von Neumann (at that time, the computing power of computers was three calculators now) so large that warehouses gradually developed. Since the 20th century1970s, this is the latest stage of computer development. To 1970, the "1" made of large-scale integrated circuits and very large-scale integrated circuits made the computer enter the fourth generation. With the invention of VLSI, electronic computers are constantly upgrading towards miniaturization, miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and systematization. During the period of 1990s, computers developed in the direction of "intelligence", producing computers similar to the human brain, which can carry out similar thinking, learning and memory, network communication and so on. In the 2 1 century, computers are becoming notebook, miniaturized and specialized, and the operation speed per second exceeds10 billion times. It is not only simple and cheap to operate, but also can replace part of human mental work and even expand human intelligence in some aspects. Therefore, today's microcomputers are properly called computers. The world's first personal computer was launched by IBM in 198 1 year. The hardware structure adopts Intel's x86 IBM, the personal computer operating system adopts Microsoft's ms-dos, and the PC specification adopts PC/AT. Later, the microprocessor introduced by Intel and the operating system introduced by Microsoft developed almost as fast as the development history of personal computers. Wintel architecture has completely replaced IBM's dominance in the PC world. The so-called "the first electronic digital computer recognized in the world" is generally considered as 1946, and "it" ENIAC is mainly used to calculate ballistics. Manufactured by the School of Electrical Engineering, Moore College, University of Pennsylvania, it is huge, covers an area of more than 170 square meters, weighs about 30 tons, and consumes nearly 150 kW of electricity. Obviously, this computer is expensive and difficult to use. This statement is widely used in the textbook of computer basics 1973. In fact, according to the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States, the earliest digital electronic computers should be John Asoff, an associate professor of physics at Iowa State University, and Clifford Berry, a graduate assistant in Tampa. 19 18- 1963) Atanasoff-berry-computer made in 1939 10. The reason for this misunderstanding is that there is a person named Mo 194 1 in the research group of "ENIAC", and John plagiarized the research results of Asofutampa 1946 and applied for a patent. For various reasons, it was not until the error 1973 that the situation was reversed. (For details, please refer to Baidu-"John Wikin and Asofu". Tampa hopes that everyone will remember ABC and John Asofu, and that later Tantric schools can correct this mistake in textbooks. Later, in order to commend and commemorate John Asofu's great contribution to tantric it in the computer field 1990, former US President Bush awarded Tampa Asofu the "National Electronic Effect Award", the highest scientific and technological award.

China computer China abacus is the earliest calculation tool. In the history of human civilization, China once wrote a glorious page in the early invention of computing tools. Quotient, China will create a decimal notation, leading by more than 1 0,000 years. In the Zhou Dynasty, the most advanced calculation tool-calculation and preparation was invented. This is a small stick made of different colors of bamboo, wood or bone. To calculate each math problem, it is usually necessary to make up a set of algorithms in various forms, and while calculating, keep stuffing the cloth stick. Zu Chongzhi, an ancient mathematician in China, put forward the pi between 3. 14 15927 and 3. 14 15926 through numerical calculation. This result is 1000 years earlier than that in the west. The abacus board is another original creation of China and the first major invention in the history of computing tools. This kind of light, flexible, portable and closely related to people's lives first appeared in Yu Hanchao when it was mature, until the Yuan Dynasty. Abacus calculation not only played a beneficial role in the development of China's economic market, but also spread to Japan, North Korea, Southeast Asia and other regions, which has withstood the test of history and is still in use today. Invented by China people, some people guided cars in the direction of water writing tools, such as cars and jacquard drums, which not only made outstanding contributions to the development of automatic control machines, but also had a direct or indirect impact on their evolution. For example, it is made of Zhangheng Waterway, which can automatically run synchronously with the instruments on the earth. After the improvement of the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became the first world in the world. The car is written with the world drum, the earliest automatic counting device. The principle of jacquard machine and the development of computer program control have indirect influence. Yao, Yang and Yin in ancient China formed the Eight Diagrams, which had a direct impact on the development of two computing technologies. Leibniz writes research papers and systematically advances binary arithmetic algorithms in tabloids. He believes that the world's first binary representation is China's gossip. After a long period of silence, after the founding of New China, China Computing entered a new period of development, and successively set up research institutions, set up computing technology and device majors and computational mathematics majors in colleges and universities, and personally created the computer manufacturing major in China. China successfully developed a home computer in 1956. In 1958 and 65438 +0959, China has successfully independently developed domestic small and large electron tube computers. In the mid-1960s, China had successfully developed a computer, and equipped it with ALGOL compiler and other system software. 1In the late 1960s, China began to study computer integrated circuits. 1970s, China has mass-produced small integrated circuit computers. 1980s, China began to focus on the development and popularization of microcomputer systems; Important progress has also been made in large computers, especially in supercomputer technology; Establish computer service industry and gradually improve the structure of computer industry. In the research of computer science and technology, China has made contributions in finite element calculation method, mathematical theorem machine proof, Chinese information processing, computer system structure and software. In terms of computer application, China has made remarkable achievements in the fields of scientific calculation and engineering design. In the related management and process control, the application research and practice of computers are increasingly active.