"Mr. Lin Chao's research proves that Chu Er Qingzang Bu, Mulan Zhanba and Zhu Sheng, which were visited in Tibet in 17 15, were the discoverers of the world's highest peak, Mount Everest. Thanks to their work, the 17 19 copperplate Panorama of the Empire correctly marked the location and Manchu name of Mount Everest on the map, and its Chinese translation appeared on the wooden map of 172 1 year, which was an important event in the history of geographical discovery and surveying and mapping. The British Indian Survey measured the height of Mount Qomolangma at 1852, and named it 1855 Mount Qomolangma in China in the name of former director George Everest.
-"Geographical Investigation and Records of Moving Westward in Qing Dynasty" Sun Donghu, a researcher at China Academy of Surveying and Mapping.
"From 1709 to171year, Kangxi ordered the then minister stationed in Tibet to map Tibet, but unfortunately it was not preserved. It is difficult to speculate whether there is Mount Everest on the map. In A.D.1714 ~1715, the Qing government sent Zhu Sheng and Lamar Churchen Zangbo, who had studied mathematics in Qin Tian prison, to Tibet for surveying and mapping. Under the extremely difficult traffic conditions at that time, they went directly under Mount Everest and made a preliminary measurement of its position and height by using latitude and longitude map and trapezoidal projection method. In the Imperial Map completed in the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, that is, during the period of 17 17, the location of Mount Qomolangma was clearly marked and named as' Mount Qomolangma Alin'. This map was made into a Manchu bronze version at 17 19, a Chinese wooden version at 172 1, and a map of France in Europe at 1733. On these maps, Mount Everest is named in Manchu, Chinese and French. This map can be said to be the earliest historical document about Mount Everest. If the discovery of Mount Qomolangma means that the mountain was measured, recorded and marked on the map for the first time, then Zhu Sheng, Churchen Zangbo and Ramben Chamba should be the most qualified to be called the original discoverers. In addition, 1744' s The Unification of the Qing Dynasty also contains "Zhu Mu Mala Mountain", 176 1' s Waterway Outline contains "Jumulangma", and the 13-line map of Ganlong is from 1760 to/kloc-0.
—— Executive Vice President of Li Zhixin's "Climbing the Peak by Close Surviving"
Mount Qomolangma is mountainous and has a unique geographical environment, with the lowest temperature of MINUS 34℃ all year round. It doesn't snow all the year round in some places on the mountain, and glaciers, ice slopes and ice towers can be seen everywhere. The air at the summit is thin, and the oxygen content in the air is only a quarter of that in the eastern plain, and there are often seven or eight strong winds. Twelve strong winds are not uncommon. The wind blows snow, and the spray flies and fills the sky. Mount Everest is of great scientific research value and has long attracted people's attention. 1960, China mountaineers and scientists braved difficulties and overcame many difficulties to climb Mount Everest from the north slope for the first time, creating an unprecedented miracle in the world mountaineering history. Since 1960s, scientists in China have made a comprehensive survey of Mount Everest, and obtained rich and valuable information on paleontology, physical geography, alpine climate, modern glaciers and landforms. 1975, China surveyors climbed Mount Everest again with the cooperation of China mountaineering team, accurately measured its height, and drew a detailed map of Mount Everest. All these provide an extremely important scientific basis for China to develop and utilize the natural resources of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (17 17), she was called Zhu Mulang Ma Alin in the imperial map. 1855, under the auspices of the British, the Indian Survey Bureau named this mountain after its director, S.G. Ivers. 1952, the people of China and the government of China renamed this peak Mount Everest. Nepal is called Sakya-Mata. On May 25th, 1960, the China mountaineering team climbed to the top from the north slope for the first time. The people of China and the National Academy of Sciences have also organized large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations for many times, and obtained a large number of important scientific materials.
1852, the survey team headed by the Englishman Waffle measured 8840 meters on the Indian plain, and determined Mount Everest as the highest mountain in the world for the first time. At the beginning of the 20th century, 8882m measured by barometric pressure was taken as the altitude of Mount Everest abroad, which was also adopted by China.
1949, Leonardo Clark, an American, according to the traditional method, measured that the Qingfeng Mountain in Anima was higher than Mount Everest193m, and thought that Mount Everest was not the highest mountain in the world, which was later proved to be overthrown.
195 1 year, the king of Qin put forward the name of restoring Mount Everest for the first time [1].
1952 China officially restored the name of Mount Everest.
1954, on the basis of the survey in 1852, the Indian Survey Bureau re-measured Mount Everest as 8847.6 meters.
1958, Lin Chao clearly pointed out in his paper "Discovery and Naming of Mount Qomolangma": "It was the surveyors from China who visited Tibet from 17 1717 that scientifically recorded this mountain on the map, and Chu Er Mi Bran.
1975, under the principle of "mountaineering, mapping and scientific research", China set up a 3.5-meter beacon on Mount Everest for the first time. The elevation of Mount Everest is determined to be 8848.38+03m through six surveying and mapping points over 6000m. "Mount Qomolangma was first discovered and named by China people, and it was accurately measured for the first time in 1975", and it was also selected as the "Centennial Discovery of China Geography" jointly sponsored by chinese national geography magazine and China Geographical Society in 2009.
1In March, 1987, newspapers and magazines in the United States and Italy reported an amazing news: Professor George Walstam, an American astronomer, measured the height of China's Mount Qogory at 8859 meters, which is 1 1 meter higher than Mount Everest. However, in the same year, under the leadership of Italian Adito De Giorgio, the true heights of Mount Qomolangma and Jogory were calculated by using Global Positioning System (GPS) to be 8872m and 8616m respectively, and Mount Qomolangma was once again determined as the highest mountain in the world. Deggio's own measurement is also called the worst measurement of this century.
During May 1992 and October 10 10, the United States and Italy respectively used GPS technology and photoelectric rangefinder technology to re-measure the height of Mount Everest. The data provided by Degio is 8846.6438+00 meters, which is 2.03 meters less than that provided by China.
In 2005, the latest elevation of Mount Qomolangma was measured by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping using 3S and modern geophysical techniques (1975 data ceased to be used). This achievement has been recognized by UNESCO and other countries in the world.
1On July 23rd, 975, China Municipal Government authorized Xinhua News Agency to announce to the world that the height of Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, was 8848.5438+03m, which was accurately measured by surveyors in China. This data has been recognized all over the world. Since then, in authoritative maps and other publications, the height of Mount Everest is 8848 or 848.38+0 meters above sea level.
1852, the Indian Survey Bureau measured the height of Mount Everest as 8840 meters through geodesy. 1954, Indian geographers took different positions on the south side of Mount Everest as the benchmark, and obtained the result of 8848 meters above sea level. Up to now, Nepal has called Mount Everest Sakimata, with an altitude of 8,848 meters.
From 65438 to 0999, the National Geographic Society of the United States used the then global positioning system to make measurements. After analyzing the measurement data, the University of Colorado at Boulder calculated that the elevation of Mount Everest was 8850 meters.
June 9, 2005 10 According to the provisions of the Surveying and Mapping Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the new elevation data of Mount Everest was authorized by the State Council and published by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. It is officially announced that the new data obtained from the elevation measurement of Mount Everest in 2005 is: the rock surface at the summit of Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level. Parameters: the accuracy of rock surface elevation measurement at the summit of Mount Everest is 0.21m; The depth of ice and snow on the summit is 3.50 meters. The original Everest elevation data published by 1975 stopped using.
In June 2008, the Everest Police Station under the Tibet Public Security Frontier Corps was established. More than 20 border guards and soldiers of the Mount Everest police station, in the area above 5,200 meters above sea level, are responsible for public security prevention, border defense service, cracking down on crimes and providing services for tourists on the north side of Mount Everest, the world's first peak.
Zhang Shoucheng, director of the Everest Police Station, said that in the past, there was only one garrison in the north of Everest, and there were only three prefabricated houses in the office. With the increasing number of tourists on Mount Everest in recent years, the original police area with poor facilities can no longer meet the requirements of public safety and the demand for services by tourists and local people. Therefore, the higher authorities decided to upgrade the garrison area to a police station, and built 1800 square meters of modern office facilities to replace the original office space in the simple prefabricated houses.
Since the establishment of Zhu Fu Police Station, the officers and men of the police station have visited 160 kilometers every day, and * * * accepted 685 requests for help from tourists, helping more than 2,000 tourists solve their difficulties. They also used their spare time to clean up 3.5 tons of garbage in the Everest area.
Look at Mount Everest. It's really amazing and beautiful. Whether it is the peaks in the clouds or the dazzling world of ice and snow, people are full of interest. However, people are most interested in the clouds floating on the summit. This cloud seems to be a flag flying on the top of the mountain, because it is vividly called Qiyun or Qiyun.
The flag cloud of Mount Everest is changeable in shape, sometimes flying in the wind like a flag; Sometimes like a raging sea; Suddenly turned into a rising smoke; Just like Wan Li galloping; For a while, it was like a light veil. All this adds a lot of beautiful and spectacular scenery to Mount Everest, which can be called the natural wonder of the world.
Experienced meteorologists and mountaineers often infer the magnitude of the wind at the top of Mount Everest according to the position and height of the floating flag cloud. If the flag cloud floats upward, it means that the lower the altitude, the lower the inclination and the stronger the wind. If it is flush with the summit, the wind is about nine. For another example, before the Indian low-pressure transit, the direction of Yun Qi moved from the southeast side of the peak to the northwest, reflecting that the high altitude has turned to the southeast wind, and the low-pressure system is coming. After the low-pressure transit, it is often accompanied by snowfall.
Because the change of the flag cloud can reflect the change of the upper air flow, the flag cloud of Mount Everest is also called "the highest weather vane in the world".