Keywords: environmental management, classified collection and centralized treatment of municipal solid waste
Urban solid waste (hereinafter referred to as garbage) refers to the solid waste generated by urban population in their daily life or when providing services for urban daily life, and the solid waste (including construction waste and muck, but excluding industrial solid waste and hazardous waste) that is regarded as urban solid waste according to laws and administrative regulations. The amount of garbage produced in China is increasing year by year. In 200 1 year, the amount of garbage removed was1.1.800 million tons, of which only 60% was treated in different degrees, and less than one-sixth was treated harmlessly. The recovery and safe disposal of used household appliances, construction waste, used cars and used tires are increasingly prominent. Dumping garbage in the open air will produce sulfide, ammonia, heavy metals and organic pollutants, breed pathogenic microorganisms and mosquitoes, flies and rats, pollute the air, water and soil, and seriously endanger the health of human beings, animals and plants. The siege of garbage and the explosion of garbage have also seriously endangered the life and health, life and industrial production of residents. Garbage pollution, air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution have become four major environmental problems in China.
Environmental management is people's conscious self-restraint on their own ideas and behaviors, so as to achieve harmony between man and nature. Environmental management of garbage in China began in 1980s. 1986 the report on treating urban garbage and improving environmental sanitation forwarded by the Ministry of urban and rural development of the State Council has already involved garbage pollution and its prevention and control countermeasures, and officially started garbage environmental management. Many cities implement a three-level management system of city, district and street for garbage collection and treatment. At present, the urban sanitation department is mainly responsible for the facilities construction, collection and treatment, operation supervision and macro management of garbage in China. The environmental management of garbage collection and treatment is essentially implemented by the sanitation department and its subordinate garbage collection and treatment units, and the collection and treatment expenses are arranged by the government. The environmental protection department has almost no environmental management on garbage collection and treatment except for environmental impact assessment and monitoring and supervision of garbage treatment plants. Due to the lack of effective competition mechanism, supervision mechanism and sufficient collection and treatment expenses and personnel, garbage collection and treatment units pay attention to quantity and pay little attention to the impact on the environment. In addition to environmental management, garbage environmental management also includes enterprise environmental management and public participation management. China's enterprise waste environmental management and public participation in waste environmental management have not yet formed a climate, and the participation mechanism is very imperfect. In 2000, the Ministry of Construction designated eight cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen and Guilin, as "pilot cities for classified collection of domestic waste". By the end of 20001,there were 740 domestic waste treatment plants (fields) in 664 cities nationwide, with an annual treatment capacity of 78.35 million tons. How to implement effective environmental management in classified collection and centralized treatment has become an urgent problem for cities.
1 Environmental management in garbage sorting and collection
1. 1 the necessity of environmental management
It is an important measure to improve the level of garbage environmental management to carry out garbage classified collection in pilot cities. Garbage can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, recycled garbage, kitchen waste and landfill garbage. China implements the principles of recycling, reduction and harmlessness in the management of garbage environment. Classified garbage collection not only improves the recovery rate of waste products, but also facilitates the separate disposal of hazardous wastes. Mixed collection of garbage increases the difficulty of garbage recovery and harmlessness. First of all, garbage mixed collection is easy to mix with hazardous wastes such as waste batteries, fluorescent tubes and waste oil, which is not conducive to the special environmental management of hazardous wastes in China and increases the difficulty of garbage harmless treatment. Secondly, China's per capita resources and energy are not very rich, and the mixed collection of garbage causes great waste of resources and energy. Mixed collection of garbage is not conducive to the recovery and recycling of available substances in garbage, which reduces the resource and energy value of organic matter that can be used for composting and incineration. Reuse (classification) after mixed collection wastes manpower, financial resources and material resources. Thirdly, mixed garbage collection may cause serious cross-contamination and secondary pollution. Mixed garbage collection has the characteristics of one-time investment, low operating cost, low requirements for personnel quality and technical quantity.
In contrast, the advantage of classified garbage collection is that it is conducive to the recycling and harmlessness of garbage, but the disadvantage is that more people, money and materials are invested. Classified garbage collection increases the number of garbage collection facilities and garbage transport vehicles, which requires more units and individuals to participate in garbage collection and increases the difficulty of environmental management. The state implements the policy of "pilot before popularization", and pilot cities explore and summarize legal policies, engineering technologies and management methods, and implement standardized management of classified collection. When conditions are ripe, garbage will be collected nationwide. The main targets of classified recycling in pilot cities in 2000 were waste batteries, waste paper and waste plastics.
1.2 current situation and existing problems of environmental management
The garbage in each pilot city is basically divided into three categories: organic garbage, harmful substances and recyclable garbage. Shanghai divides garbage into three categories: one is organic garbage, which is easy to decompose under natural conditions, mainly kitchen waste; One is hazardous waste such as dry batteries; There is also a kind of recyclable garbage, such as waste paper, plastic and metal. The pilot cities have also taken the following management measures: (1) Each pilot city has set the goal of garbage separation and collection. According to the Master Plan for Classified Collection of Urban Waste in Shenzhen (2000 ~ 20 10) and the Master Plan for Classified Collection of Urban Waste in Shenzhen (2000 ~ 20 10), the "working goal" is preliminarily determined: by 20 10, in Qingshuihe Environmental Park. Among them, in 2005, the classification rate of urban garbage reached 60%, and the material recovery rate reached 25%; The sorting rate of 20 10 municipal solid waste reaches 90%, and the recycling rate of materials reaches 30%. (2) Each pilot city has formulated its own implementation principles, guiding ideology and specific methods for classified collection. For example, in connection with Beijing's bid to host the Olympic Games, Beijing regards classified collection as an important task in building a green Beijing, and puts forward the guiding principle of "systematicness, extensiveness and orderliness", promoting classified collection of waste paper in party and government organs, enterprises and institutions throughout the city, and promoting the use of recycled paper for office work. (3) Various pilot cities have established classified collection institutions. Nanjing has gradually established a "four-in-one" garbage sorting and recycling system involving community cleaners, residents, property management companies and sanitation management departments. Guided by the construction of garbage sorting center, Guangzhou has established a three-level management system of room, district and street for sorting collectors, set up a professional transportation team, and realized the classified collection of domestic garbage for 250,000 households. (5) Each pilot city should improve the steps of classified collection according to local characteristics. Guangzhou's first residents are roughly divided into; And then transported to the sorting center for subdivision; Finally, according to the composition of all kinds of garbage, reuse them respectively. Available organic matter can be treated by microbial organic waste treatment technology in residential quarters as raw materials for field greening.
Various pilot cities have taken a series of environmental management measures, but they also face many difficulties and problems. First, the citizens' awareness of classified collection is not high, and the publicity and education measures adopted by the management department are short-term, quick success and quick success, and sports. Second, the collection and treatment costs depend on the full financial allocation of the government, lacking matching funds and financing channels, especially in the use of foreign capital. Third, the connection between garbage collection subjects is unreasonable, and there is no intermediate link, especially in communities without property management companies. Fourth, the public participation is not enough. The participation of public welfare environmental protection organizations stays in the stage of publicity and education, and there is no way to participate in the classified collection and treatment of garbage and its environmental management. The channels for environmental protection volunteers to play their roles are not smooth. Fifth, sanitation departments and cleaning units are used to the traditional garbage collection methods, which can't meet the requirements of classified garbage collection. For example, the staff are not sure about the garbage sorting method and collection method. Sixth, the classified collection and treatment of garbage is inefficient and low in technology, and the classified collection and treatment of garbage is still a labor-intensive industry, lacking enough staff with appropriate quality. Seventh, the garbage sorting, collection and treatment equipment can not meet the needs of garbage sorting, collection and treatment with local characteristics.
1.3 Countermeasures for Environmental Management of Garbage Classified Collection
Garbage classification and collection should adhere to the principle of "harmlessness and recycling" and encourage waste recovery and comprehensive utilization. The environmental management of domestic garbage should start from the source and gradually transition to the garbage collection enterprises in communities, communities, residential buildings and other sources responsible for the production of garbage collection, so as to avoid multi-management and multi-charge Garbage collection and transportation should be sealed to prevent exposure, scattering and dripping. Encourage the use of compressed collection and transportation. Eliminate the open collection and transportation mode as soon as possible. Combined with resource recycling, we will strengthen the classified collection, transportation and treatment of large-scale garbage. According to the economic capacity, social conditions, the current situation of classified collection and the problems existing in practice, the environmental management, enterprise environmental management and public participation management measures of classified collection of garbage are reasonably arranged.
Environmental management mainly includes national environmental management, provincial environmental management and urban environmental management. It is suggested that the environmental management policy of garbage classification and collection should be formulated at the national level. The national environmental management of classified collection of municipal solid waste mainly includes the formulation of classification methods and terminology standards of municipal solid waste, classification and identification standards of municipal solid waste, statistics and evaluation indicators of classified collection of municipal solid waste, action plan of classified collection of municipal solid waste in China, and research on regulations and policies of classified collection of municipal solid waste. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate appropriate economic, technical and social policies and strengthen the guidance for provincial environmental management and urban waste environmental management. At the provincial level, the focus is on the macro-control and popularization and application of garbage collection technology. Carry out classified collection of garbage, develop garbage disposal technology suitable for China's national conditions, and promote the industrialization of garbage disposal. The urban environmental management of garbage classified collection mainly includes the close combination of garbage classified collection and resource recycling. The establishment of sanitation and cleaning units (including institutions and enterprises) shall be reported to the construction administrative department for examination and confirmation of qualifications, and obtain a business license from the industrial and commercial department.
Enterprise environmental management. Public places such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, ports, theaters, museums, exhibition halls, memorial halls, gymnasiums and parks are responsible for garbage cleaning and classified collection. Organs, organizations, military units, enterprises and institutions shall be responsible for the classified collection of garbage in accordance with the health responsibility areas divided by the competent department of city appearance and environmental sanitation of the people's government of the city. City markets, by the competent authorities responsible for organizing special cleaning and garbage collection. All kinds of stalls, by employees responsible for garbage collection. The garbage and feces on all kinds of ships driving or berthing in urban waters shall be handled by the person in charge of the ship according to the regulations. Wastes generated by hospitals, sanatoriums, slaughterhouses and biological products factories must be collected and disposed of in accordance with relevant regulations. The development and construction units, property management units and housing management units of residential quarters, buildings and industrial zones must choose suitable places or places to set containers, facilities and kitchen waste treatment equipment, and carry out classified collection of domestic waste. Relevant units and individuals may entrust garbage sorting and collection enterprises to sort out and collect garbage, and the garbage sorting and collection enterprises shall charge a certain fee for garbage sorting and collection according to regulations and agreements. Commissioned by the garbage collection, it shall sign a written contract, a copy of the contract must be reported to the competent authorities for the record. Garbage with liquid should be sealed by the generating unit and removed by the sorting and collecting unit to avoid environmental pollution.
Public participation in management. Urban residents and units must discharge domestic garbage in accordance with the time, place and manner stipulated by the local competent department of environmental sanitation, and actively cooperate with relevant units for classified collection. The society forms a closed-loop resource cycle of "classified collection-reuse-consumption-re-classified collection", and only by establishing a complete system can classified collection be sustainable.
2. Environmental management in centralized garbage disposal
Garbage collected by classification and mixed collection should be treated centrally. The Municipal People's Government shall develop the municipal solid waste treatment industry, and adopt the harmless and resource-based disposal method for centralized disposal of municipal solid waste. The key to the rapid development of centralized garbage disposal facilities lies in the strong support of national debt funds. The environmental management of centralized garbage disposal faces many problems, paying attention to health management and ignoring environmental protection. Apart from environmental impact assessment and environmental monitoring, there are few suitable environmental management methods.
The site selection and structure of facilities and places for centralized disposal of municipal solid waste must conform to environmental protection standards and urban environmental sanitation standards. It is forbidden to shut down, leave idle or dismantle the facilities and places for the disposal of municipal solid waste without authorization; If it is really necessary to close, leave idle or dismantle, it must be approved by the competent administrative department of environmental sanitation and the competent administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's government at or above the county level; The competent administrative department of environmental sanitation and the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall make a reply within 30 days from the date of receiving the application for examination and approval. Centralized garbage disposal should also be combined with garbage reduction, home-made harmless treatment and resource utilization. For example, Guangzhou garbage centralized treatment and classified collection, clean vegetables into the city, packaging container recycling, garbage power generation into one.
2. 1 landfill
Landfill is the main way of garbage disposal in China at present. Most landfill methods are simple landfill, ignoring the environmental management in the treatment process. The secondary pollution caused by landfill is serious, such as air pollution and water pollution. Sanitary landfill is an indispensable final disposal method for garbage disposal. The construction of landfill site should implement three simultaneous systems, namely, environmental impact assessment system and environmental monitoring system.
2.2 Composting
Food waste accounts for about 1/3 of the total life. Kitchen garbage and other organic garbage are characterized by dispersion, large quantity, difficult treatment and easy pollution to the environment. Centralized treatment, such as composting, not only reduces the pollution of garbage, but also separates it from other garbage components, accelerates the classification of garbage, and is conducive to the comprehensive treatment of urban domestic garbage. Composting is easy to cause groundwater pollution, and the effect of immature composting is not ideal. Compost will produce a lot of methane, which may cause explosion if it is not handled properly. Composting sites should be far away from underground water sources and easily ventilated.
2.3 Incineration
Incineration costs a lot, so it is not common in China. Incineration is prone to local air pollution. The establishment of waste incineration plant should strictly abide by the three simultaneous systems of environmental impact assessment system, environmental standard system and environmental monitoring system.
3 environmental management principles of classified collection and centralized treatment
China has basically built facilities and places for garbage cleaning, collection, storage, transportation and centralized disposal. Most cities have implemented centralized treatment of municipal solid waste, and a few cities are implementing garbage collection systems. The environmental management principles of classified collection and centralized treatment of municipal solid waste in China are (1) the combination of source control and generation control, (2) the combination of economic incentives such as charge management, (3) the combination of administrative punishment, and (4) the combination of environmental sanitation management and environmental protection.
It is neither possible nor feasible to blindly pursue good environmental management of garbage overnight, but we can try to implement the whole process environmental management of garbage from "cradle" to "grave" in cities with economic and capacity conditions by taking the opportunity of implementing the pilot project of garbage treatment fee and classified collection. Garbage classification and centralized treatment is a terminal control measure and should be combined with source control and production control.
The government should use economic means and relevant policies to guide enterprises and the public to participate in the classified collection and centralized treatment of garbage, and integrate and balance the interests of all parties. In accordance with the polluter pays principle, we will speed up the improvement of the system of environmental infrastructure use and service charges, give preferential policies in investment, taxation, land acquisition and employment, and encourage private capital to participate in the construction and operation of environmental infrastructure. It is necessary to implement enterprise restructuring of urban environmental infrastructure operating units, and realize the separation of government affairs, enterprise management and management; Break industry monopoly and regional monopoly, open the service market, encourage enterprises with different economic sectors to participate in the operation, and improve the efficiency of capital use and pollution control. Formulate policies to encourage source reduction, classified collection and resource reuse, and stimulate external pressure and internal motivation to implement classified collection and treatment of domestic waste through administrative mechanism and market mechanism, so as to drive reduction and recycling, and obtain corresponding economic benefits from it. In order to ensure the classified collection and resource recovery of municipal solid waste, reasonable and stable recovery price and reward and punishment system should be formulated in tax policy to ensure the sustainable development of classified collection and recovery of municipal solid waste. Establish a separate hazardous waste collection and treatment system. Gradually establish an independent collection, transportation and treatment system for waste batteries, fluorescent tubes, pesticide containers and waste oil.
Classified collection and centralized treatment of garbage are uneconomical, and units and individuals generally do not take the initiative to undertake the obligation of classified collection and centralized treatment of garbage. Conditional cities should strengthen environmental management and severely punish units and individuals who do not implement the system of classified collection and centralized treatment. For domestic garbage, a garbage collection system shall be implemented, and residents shall be fined 2-3 times the cost of garbage collection, and ordered to collect within a time limit or collect corresponding fees on their behalf. For the garbage in industrial areas, streets and other public places, the place setting unit or the competent department must set up garbage sorting and collection facilities. Anyone who litters must put it into garbage sorting and collection facilities in accordance with the classification standards or methods. Fines shall be imposed on units that violate regulations, and administrative penalties or sanctions shall be imposed on individuals that violate regulations.
Environmental management of garbage should be combined with enterprise management and public participation management to form an environmental management system of garbage classification, collection and treatment with complementary structures and supporting functions. The Municipal People's Government shall formulate measures for classified collection and treatment of garbage, implement coarse classification of garbage in residential quarters, buildings and industrial areas, and afforest kitchen waste on the spot. The classified collection and centralized treatment of municipal solid waste shall follow the principles of facing the society, open contracting, equal competition and paid service, and encourage units or individuals to set up specialized service enterprises for classified collection and centralized treatment.
The planning, design, construction, operation and management of sanitary landfills should be strictly implemented in accordance with the Technical Standards for Sanitary Landfill of Urban Domestic Waste, Pollution Control Standards for Domestic Waste Landfill and Technical Standards for Environmental Monitoring of Domestic Waste Landfill. Scientific and reasonable selection of sanitary landfill is conducive to reducing the impact of sanitary landfill on the environment. If the natural conditions of the site meet the standard requirements, natural seepage control can be adopted; If natural anti-seepage conditions are not available, artificial anti-seepage technical measures should be adopted. We should adhere to the environmental impact assessment and environmental monitoring of landfill sites and strengthen the environmental supervision and management of landfill sites.