1, arts and crafts: a kind of plastic arts, which can be divided into daily crafts and furnishings crafts according to their uses, as well as ceramics, jade, metal, lacquered wood, tooth horns, silk wool cotton fabrics and so on. Both practical and aesthetic attributes. It is the product of the combination of life and aesthetics, and the crystallization of science and art. It serves the people through food, clothing, housing and transportation, and arts and crafts directly reflect people's lifestyle.

2, according to the service object classification:

-Palace arts and crafts-literati arts and crafts-folk arts and crafts, etc.

Classification by purpose:

-Daily (practical) arts and crafts. Such as ceramics, cloth, furniture, lacquerware, etc.

-Decorate and appreciate (display) handicrafts. Such as tooth carving, jade, cloisonne, silk reeling, etc.

The essential characteristics of arts and crafts are practicality and aesthetics. It also has the characteristics of the times, regionality, class, nationality and handiwork.

3. Painted pottery refers to red-brown or brownish-yellow pottery painted with black and red decorative patterns. 192 1 year, the Swedish scholar An Tesheng discovered painted pottery in Yangshao village, Mianchi, Henan Province, so he called the culture of this period Yangshao culture, that is, painted pottery culture.

The red and black decorative patterns of painted pottery come from hematite and manganese iron ore pigments. People first use hand kneading or clay strips to shape, then use tools such as sawdust and pebbles to smooth the surface, then draw decorative patterns and fire them in the kiln. Painted pottery craft embodies the great creativity of our ancestors.

4. The pottery-making technology in primitive society gradually developed. Experienced the following methods:

Construction method of mud belt tray

Nie method

Rotary method (soil selection-mud mixing-fermentation-molding-decoration-drying-baking)

5. Classification of painted pottery

(1), half slope type of Yangshao culture: distributed in the Weihe River basin east of Xi in Shaanxi, to Tianshui and Pingliang in Gansu. The bottom basin with rolled lips is the most typical one, with a small mouth and a pointed bottom bottle, a boat-shaped pot and other shapes. Decoration is mainly based on broadband patterns, as well as broken lines, triangular patterns, diagonal lines, diamond patterns and petal-shaped patterns. Fish lines and face lines are the most representative. Curves are rarely used.

(2) The bottom ditch type of Yangshao Cultural Temple: the shape is the most typical one with a big mouth and a small bowl. White pottery clothes are rarely used in the walls. Most of them are painted directly in black. Bird patterns are used more. The combination of straight lines and curves, black and white puns on decoration.

(3) Majiayao culture Majiayao type: mainly distributed in parts of Gansu and Qinghai. Pots and jars with mostly small mouths. The decoration is rich in content. Form a pattern centered on concentric circles, and combine curves with straight lines. Skilled, full and smooth decoration, extensive use of interior colors, dots and spiral patterns.

(4) Majiayao Culture Mid-Levels: There are two patterns, (1) decorated with vortex patterns; (2) Use a gourd-shaped facet and let the decorative surface score each unit. Curves are dominant, sawtooth patterns are popular, and the paintings are black and red, with strong sense of rhythm. Change the situation that black was the main color in the past, and use a lot of red painting. Rich and exquisite styles.

(5) Majiayao cultural horse factory type: decorated with straight lines, broken lines, palindromes and reticulate patterns. The humanoid pattern (or frog pattern) is the most distinctive.

6. In the late Neolithic period, the black pottery culture rose in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the eastern coastal areas. Because it was first discovered in Chengziya, Longshan Town, Licheng, Shandong Province in 1928, it is called "Longshan Culture". The representative object of Longshan culture is black pottery. Black pottery adopts wheel method. Round and tidy shape, uniform thickness. Kiln sealing technology improves the kiln temperature, improves the hardness of utensils, and produces gray and black pottery. Black pottery has the following characteristics:

Black: black;

Thin: as thin as an eggshell; The thinnest part is less than1mm. Also known as "eggshell pottery"

Light: the surface is bright;

Button: with ear button or cover button.

7. Primitive society is the initial stage of human civilization and the embryonic stage of technological creation. Arts and crafts are gradually developed on the basis of meeting people's daily needs. The arts and crafts of primitive society have the following characteristics: 1, using local materials; 2. The creation of tools is more and more beautiful and practical; 3. Decorative tattoos have strong religious significance, geometrization, totemism and abstraction; 4. Decoration tends to be aesthetic in form; Technology has become the dominant factor in the development of arts and crafts.

8. "Bronze" refers to the alloy of natural copper (red copper) with chemical elements such as tin and lead. The color is gray-blue, hence the name bronze. The Bronze Age in China began about 2000 years ago, and its typical feature was that a large number of bronzes were used to make various artifacts, which lasted for more than 1500 years. It reached its peak in the late Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty, and entered the Iron Age in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and bronzes gradually declined.

9, lost wax method, using wax as raw material for molding. Coat it with mud and dry it with fire. This method can produce and design complex containers.

10, Simuwu cauldron, height 133cm, length 1 10cm, width 78cm and weight 875kg. 1939 unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province is the largest bronze ware ever discovered in China. The shape is majestic, heavy and solemn, with four pillars and strong feet, a rectangular tripod belly and upright ears, which is very majestic. Simuwu cauldron is mainly composed of real prose and gluttonous patterns, and there are decorative belts outside the abdomen. When casting, it needs 100 person to operate, and seventy or eighty crucibles (copper smelting, 12.5 kg) are used.

1 1. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu craftsmen summed up the handicraft techniques at that time and wrote the "Work Examination", proposing that "only when the weather is good, the materials are beautiful and the work is skillful can we be good." Simple concept of technology.

12, five titles of bronze wine vessels in the Three Dynasties: Jue, Yi, cellar, Yi and Yi.

13. The gold-silver fault occurred in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The technological method is to carve shallow grooves on the bronze surface according to the pattern, then embed gold and silver wires, hammer and polish them. This decorative method makes the bronze ware present a luxurious and gorgeous effect, with less religious flavor and more secular flavor.

14. Bronzes in the Three Dynasties were mainly decorated with gluttony and prose, which had a hideous beauty. 1939 was discovered in Wuguan Village, Anyang, Henan Province, which is the largest bronze ware ever discovered in China. Mao in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, with an inscription of 497 words, was the longest bronze ware in ancient China.

15, characteristics of lamps in Han dynasty:

(1) Reasonable function (appropriate scale, smoke and dust elimination, wind prevention and dimming)

(2) structural science

(3) vivid, clever and vivid, beautiful and lively.

(4) Gorgeous decoration, rich patterns and gorgeous colors.

Example: Changxin Palace Lantern and Suzaku Lantern unearthed from Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, embody the perfect combination of art and science. Changxin Palace Lantern is 48 cm high, and the image of maid-in-waiting is the basic shape. Kneel on the ground, comb your hair in a bun, put on a headscarf, keep your upper body straight, hold the handle of the lamp holder with your left hand, hold your right arm high, and form a downward lampshade with your cuffs. Like a horn, it is hollow in the body and plays a role in eliminating smoke. There is a slot on the lamp panel, and there is a screen in the slot to form a lampshade, which can be rotated to open and close to adjust the direction and brightness of illumination, and can also block the wind. Perfect unity of science and artistry.

16, bronze mirrors make people pay attention to their own beauty. Mountain pattern is the representative decoration of bronze mirrors in the Warring States period. Regular mirrors, also known as "TLV mirrors", were very popular in Wang Mang's period and were often decorated with four patterns: Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu.

17. Tile: the tile at the front end of the eaves is called tile, and a circular baffle with patterns is hung on the tile surface. The patterns of ceramic tiles are beautifully designed, and the fonts are changeable, such as moire, geometric pattern, gluttonous pattern, character pattern, animal pattern, etc., which are all exquisite works of art, such as the patterns of the four gods in Han Dynasty. (Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku, Xuanwu)

18, the Tang dynasty is the time to really enter porcelain. The most famous kilns in Tang Dynasty are Yue Kiln and Xing Kiln. Form the characteristics of south blue and north white. Yue kiln is located in Shaoxing, southern Zhejiang, and mainly manufactures celadon; Xing Kiln is located in the north of Xingtai City, Hebei Province, and mainly produces white porcelain. Yue kiln celadon is as clear as ice, crystal clear and moist as jade, with a bluish color, similar to tea green. The white porcelain produced by Xing Kiln has fine soil, hard and thin wall, stable and thick shape and smooth lines.

19, Tang Sancai: The well-known "Tang Sancai" at home and abroad is a low-temperature lead glazed pottery. White clay is used as the tire, minerals containing copper, iron, manganese, cobalt and other metal elements are used as colorants to glaze, and then fired at 800℃, forming colorful glaze decoration on the surface, which is very beautiful. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is named after its bright colors. There are three kinds of lead glazes: yellow, green and cyan, but not every tri-colored Tang Dynasty is colorful. There are many kinds of people, animals, dishes, water vessels, wine vessels, stationery, furniture, houses, and even pots and altars for placing ashes.

20. Embracing bamboo: (Ramie refers to cloth woven from ramie fibers) Embracing bamboo is a process method of direct modeling with pigments, which marks the maturity of the process itself from a wooden tire to a garment body. Archaeological excavations prove that the earlier bamboo lacquerware was the tire lacquerware unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Changde, Hunan Province.

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Carving paint: In the past, the wooden tire was carved first, and then painted. After the Tang dynasty, dozens of layers of paint were painted on the tires first, and then engraved (red removed) after reaching a certain thickness. At that time, the knife was quick, and Gu Zhuo was not as fluent as later.

22. Gold and silver: a new creation in the Song Dynasty, carved patterns on the lacquer surface with special tools, painted on the carved patterns, and then filled with gold powder carved by the Warring States period needles. Gold is filled with gold, and silver is named after silver.

23. Following the bronze art, the development of lacquer craft in China has gradually flourished and made great achievements. Jia was very popular in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Yuan Dynasty was the peak of the development of Qi Diao in China. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, two famous masters, Zhang Cheng and Yang Mao, appeared in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. In the Ming Dynasty, Huang Cheng, a famous lacquer artist in Xin 'an, Anhui Province, wrote the first monograph on lacquer art in ancient China, The Record of Seal Ornaments. During the Qing Dynasty, several lacquer making centers were formed, each with its own characteristics. For example, lacquer carving in Beijing, mother-of-pearl in Yangzhou and the birth of Fuzhou.

24. Dushan Yuhai: The mottled Moyu wine jar is 70 cm high, 135 cm wide, 182 cm and weighs about 3,500 kg. It can hold 30 stones of wine and has a magnificent appearance. Three seven-character poems and notes written by Nekkan Long began to be written during Kublai Khan's period in Yuan Shizu, and it has been more than 700 years. It was first placed in the Guanghan Hall of Qionghua Island, and then exiled to Zhenwu Temple outside Xihuamen of the Forbidden City, where Taoist priests used it as a vegetable urn. During the Qianlong period, the relief decoration of Beihai and Yuanbao was extremely vivid and cleverly designed, "turning defects into Yu".

25. Plain yarn Zen clothing: 100, the No.1 Han tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan Province, excavated in 972, is the prime minister of Changsha, and has more than100 pieces of complete fabrics and costumes. There are two thin turbine yarn Zen garments, which are the thinnest silk fabrics seen in China at present. Plain yarn Zen dress, length 128cm, sleeve length 190cm, colorless yarn. This kind of Zen dress is worn as a blouse outside the brocade. Ancient women's clothes were light and thin, and they often wore a Zen dress, which was gorgeous and noble. Its weight is only 49 grams, less than one or two. If the thick edges of the collar and cuffs are removed, the weight is only a little more than half two.

26. Chinese embroidery has a long history. Before the Tang Dynasty, it was mostly used for practicality and decoration. Song dynasty tended to be decorative and paid attention to the expressive artistic expression of painting. Embroidery in many places was formed in the Qing Dynasty. There are four famous embroideries in China: Su embroidery, Shu embroidery, Xiang embroidery and Yue embroidery.

27. New Year pictures are an important category of folk arts and crafts. Famous producing areas since Ming and Qing Dynasties are: Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Taohuawu in Suzhou and Yangjiabu in wei county, Shandong.

28. The Song Dynasty was the most glorious period in the history of China ceramics. Each kiln system has its own characteristics in ceramic varieties. Such as the white porcelain of Ding kiln; Kaige kiln; Renovation of Jun Kiln. Cizhou kiln, the largest folk kiln system in the north, is simple and unconstrained; The kilns built in the south and Jizhou mainly produce black glazed porcelain.

29. Ming-style furniture: (1) Ming-style furniture is high-quality furniture designed and made of precious materials such as rosewood, rosewood and iron rosewood from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. (2) Ming-style furniture adopts tenon-mortise structure, with simple shape, solemn simplicity and beautiful lines; (3) Do not carve, decorate or wash, and pay attention to the natural texture and aesthetic feeling of materials; (4) Exquisite craftsmanship, moderate proportion, elegance and generosity. Ming-style furniture is an outstanding representative of classical furniture in China, which has great influence on modern furniture design.

30. Lingyang pattern: refers to the famous brocade pattern in the Tang Dynasty. Designed by Dou, it was named Lingyanggong. Colorful patterns are often based on auspicious birds, animals and flowers such as pheasant, fighting sheep, Xiangfeng and Lin You. The patterns are symmetrical, harmonious and auspicious, and the artistic effect is very good.

3 1, Baohua: It is a popular brocade flower pattern in the Tang Dynasty, and it is also used as decoration in other arts and crafts. The basic composition is mainly peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, with regularly arranged lotus beads. Full-bodied, layered, dazzling, decorative, magnificent, rare and extremely high artistic value.

32. Lost harvest: refers to ancient gold-plated fabrics. Also known as brocade. There are generally two kinds of gold: gilded gold and twisted gold. It began in the Warring States period and was very popular in the Yuan Dynasty, which was exclusive to the rulers. Also known as "Naksh", "misunderstanding" and "misunderstanding".

Silk reeling: One of the traditional crafts in China, silk reeling in Han Dynasty was unearthed in Loulan, Xinjiang, also known as cutting silk and shredding silk. Now it's only made in Suzhou.

33. Yunjin: It is the official court fabric of Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is used for clothes and gifts, and it is rich and gorgeous in Xia Yun (produced in Nanjing). There are makeup flowers, brocade, satin and so on.

China's ceramic art developed into a painting world in the Ming Dynasty. Before the Ming Dynasty, celadon was the main ceramic. After the Ming Dynasty, white porcelain developed rapidly, which opened up a new world for ceramic decoration and aesthetics. Jingdezhen became the national ceramic center. Yixing, Jiangsu, known as Taodou, produces purple sand pottery. In the Ming Dynasty, official kilns began to use year numbers.

34. Doucai (funny color): It was fired during Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty. That is, the outline is drawn with blue and white materials, glazed and burned into blue and white, then painted on the glaze, filled with five colors, and the color is gorgeous. The underglaze blue and white is combined with the underglaze color painting. All kinds of colors compete for each other, hence the name "Doucai", which has become the object of imitation for later generations. During the Chenghua period, Dudu was famous for his wine glasses. Chenghua chicken cylinder cup, with most decorative chicken lines and flat colored paintings, is called "one suit in the kiln" with beautiful and elegant shape.

35. Multicolor: it is another new variety after Chenghua Doucai, which was more prominent in Jiaqing and Wanli periods of Ming Dynasty and also developed greatly in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. It is the re-development of Doucai, and the status of cyan color is weaker than Doucai, or it becomes one of many colors. Red, yellow, green, brown and purple are the main colors.

36. Pastel in Qing Dynasty: Founded in Kangxi, it was popular in Yongzheng period. Adding glass white (arsenic) to the pigment, the color becomes soft, soft and elegant after firing. So it is also called soft color. Elegant style, deeply loved by the court. Decorating with painting themes has high artistic value.

37. Enamel: the ancient Yuexuan porcelain, a precious object of the three generations of Kang, Yong and Gan, was enjoyed by the imperial court. The pattern is painted on the porcelain tire with imported enamel and fired in the kiln. Also called "porcelain tire painting enamel". It was developed under the influence of the process of "copper tire silk enamel" in Ming Dynasty. It was built in the reign of Kangxi. The Qianlong period was the most popular. Exquisite workmanship, meticulous decoration, complicated and gorgeous.