2. The basic process of nursing research includes:
① Put forward research questions, form research objectives and construct research hypotheses;
(2) Search the literature, analyze the current situation and trends, and define the theoretical or conceptual framework;
(3) Determine the research object and the research location.
④ Select research design, construct research technical route and define research tools;
⑤ Collect data ⑤ Analyze data ⑤ Write a paper.
(8) Popularization and application of research results.
3. Comparison between quantitative research and qualitative research.
quantitative examination
qualitative examination
Philosophical basis
positivism
Constructivism and Hermeneutics
research design
Structural, predetermined, and more specific
Unstructured, flexible, constantly developing and relatively broad.
Consider a problem carefully.
Determine the research questions in advance
Research questions can be determined in advance, and can be further generated or modified in the process of research.
research hypothesis
Possible research hypotheses
No hypothesis
sampling method
Probabilistic or non-probabilistic sampling with large sample size.
Most of them are intentional sampling, and the sample size is small.
Methods of collecting data
Closed questionnaire, structured observation, checklist
Open interview, participatory observation
Research tool
Questionnaires, scales, statistical software and computers
Researchers themselves, field notes, tape recorders
Data characteristics
Statistical data and quantitative information
-Descriptive materials such as language, images and words.
Analysis
Deduction, statistical analysis and data collection.
Inducing and looking for concepts and topics can be carried out at the same time as data collection.
The presentation form of the paper
-generality, objectivity and common form
Description-oriented, personal reflection of researchers
The Problem of Methodology —— How to Obtain Evidence
Quantitative research:
Through the deductive process, the hypothesis is verified.
Emphasize the uniqueness of the concept
Pay attention to objectivity and quantify as much as possible.
The researcher is an outsider who objectively examines the research and pays attention to the results.
The research design is stylized.
Control the research site, observation and control
The sample should be representative and the sample size should be large.
Analyze the results by statistical methods.
Hope to promote the results
Qualitative research:
Through the process of induction, the hypothesis came into being.
Emphasize the integrity of the phenomenon
Pay attention to subjectivity and avoid quantification.
Researchers are members who participate in the evolution of things and pay attention to the process.
The research design is flexible.
In-depth research site, participation and interaction.
The research object should be large in information and small in sample size.
Describe and analyze the process in depth with words.
I hope to understand the phenomenon in depth.
4. Ethical principles that nursing research should follow (3 basic ethical principles):
The principle of respecting human dignity:
Main contents: Subjects have the right to make their own decisions, privacy, anonymity and confidentiality.
Informed consent includes three elements: information, understanding and voluntariness.
Beneficial principle
The principle of justice
Chapter two, topic selection.
1. Five sources of nursing scientific research problems: clinical practice (the most important), communication between researchers and colleagues, reading professional literature, theory and research fund guide.
2. Construct a complete research problem with PICO method;
Stands for "research object" or "research question"
I: stands for "intervention measures or research topics of interest" (Research topics can be expressed by research variables)
C: stands for "comparison or comparison"
O: stands for "results or expected results" (for example, what indicators are used to measure the research, and what are the expected results or achievements? )
3, evaluation research questions:
(1), and evaluate the importance of the research.
(2) Evaluate the feasibility of the research problem.
(3) Evaluate the feasibility of the research question: ① Technical feasibility ② Financial feasibility ③ Operational feasibility ④ Time flow feasibility.
(4) Evaluate the interest of researchers.
4. Principles of scientific research topics: (1) innovation principle (2) scientific principle (3) practical principles (4) feasibility principle.
5. Statement of research question: (1) Research purpose (2) Research objective (3) Research question (4) Research hypothesis (understanding).
Research hypothesis: A hypothesis is a formal statement of the possible (expected) relationship between two or more variables in a specific population. It is a temporary prediction or preliminary inference to state the relationship between two or more variables.
(1) Source of research hypothesis: Research hypothesis usually comes from theoretical or conceptual framework, which is a bridge between theory and research design. Research hypothesis is helpful to guide research design, but research hypothesis needs to be tested by research results.
(2) the relationship between the research question and the research hypothesis: the research hypothesis is to transform the research question (interrogative sentence) into the prediction of the expected result (declarative sentence)
(3) Feasibility characteristics of the research hypothesis: ① In the statement, we can use more, less, greater than, less than, different or similar words to predict the expected results. For example, pregnant women who do prenatal activities have a faster labor process than those who don't. ② The research hypothesis must be based on a reasonable and appropriate basis: it comes from a theoretical or conceptual framework, based on previous research results, based on logical reasoning and judgment, and based on personal experience. ③ The research hypothesis must be consistent with the existing theory or knowledge.