The form of attack and defense has changed, but benevolence and righteousness have not been implemented accordingly.
Understanding: First of all, this annotation is inconsistent with the historical facts stated or not stated in the full text. According to this annotation, benevolence and righteousness are the reasons for the different offensive and defensive styles, but why is there a trend of offensive and defensive? Attack refers to the time when Qin Shihuang and the first emperor attacked the six countries and seized the national political power. Defense refers to after Qin Shihuang unified China. (See the note on page 84 of the textbook) The author's so-called different offensive and defensive situations mean that the State of Qin wants to unify the whole country, and naturally it will take an offensive against the Shandong princes and gradually eliminate them. But to prevent the people from subverting their political power after the reunification of the country, thus turning to the defensive (Teacher Teaching, page 167). These two points are consistent. According to this understanding, the annotation of the topic sentence conflicts with the historical facts, because the historical facts described in this paper, from Shang Yang of Qin Xiaogong to Li Si of Qin Shihuang, are all representatives of the pre-Qin legalist thought; From the so-called spying to Huiwen, Wu, taking from the south, taking from the west, cutting from the east and collecting from the north, and then to the abolition of Wang Zhidao by Qin Shihuang, there was no burning word of a hundred schools of thought contending, only the strategy of bullying, but the form of attack and defense still changed. Qin unified the world and became the first feudal dynasty in the history of China. Therefore, there is no saying that the form of attack and defense has changed because of the lack of benevolent government.
Secondly, this annotation is neither in line with Jia Yi's thought nor with the writing intention of the article. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a rare active period in the history of ancient Chinese academic thought, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. In fact, it is the opposition between Confucianism and Legalism. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there was only a short history of the Qin Dynasty. After several decades, Jia Yi lived earlier than Dong Zhongshu in ousting hundreds of schools, and he only respected Confucianism. It is inevitable that Jia Yi will be influenced by legalist thoughts. It can only be said that he developed the people-oriented thought in the pre-Qin period (The History of Ancient Chinese Literature, Volume I, page 1 15), and his political thought basically belonged to Confucianism (the book taught by the teacher, page 170). In other words, Jia Yi's thought is not pure Confucianism, and he is interested in Qin. A steady person values obedience to power, so it is not difficult to see that the real reason for Jia Yi's change in attack and defense trend is high deception. After the offensive and defensive situation changes, it is necessary to change the general plan of governing the country accordingly, that is, to take and defend differently. Only by understanding Jia Yi's political thoughts can we accurately grasp the writing intention of the full text. In the early Western Han Dynasty, after the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty and the Chu-Han War, the people needed to recuperate. The author wrote this article with the purpose of taking history as a mirror and warning the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty not to repeat the mistake of subjugating Qin. Therefore, the author did not emphasize the importance of benevolence and righteousness when Qin changed from attack to defense. Therefore, the result of not doing the righteous thing can only be the demise of the Qin Dynasty, not the change of the offensive and defensive trend.
Based on the above analysis, this kind of annotation either affects students' accurate grasp of the writing intention of the article, or affects students' biased understanding of the offensive and defensive trend, that is, the civil rule after Qin unified the world is understood as attack, and the suppression of people's resistance is understood as defense. The core is that Qin changed from initiative to passivity. So, how to annotate this sentence? The author thinks that when annotations are conjunctions indicating turning relations.