What is human nature? Is human nature good? Or evil? This question, like "which came first, the chicken or the egg", has been bothering people for thousands of years. This is a philosophical problem, but it is also a practical problem. To solve some difficult problems that currently plague China, we should start with the theory of human nature. Man is the foundation of society. Therefore, social norms and laws and regulations must be based on a correct understanding of human nature.

First, the theory of good nature

The theory of good nature is the mainstream thought in China's traditional culture. This theory is a feature of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Buddhism emphasizes that Buddha is in people's hearts, and everyone has Buddha in their hearts. Everything in the world is a karma. So we should get rid of worldly troubles, concentrate on Buddha and find the Buddha in our hearts. The Buddha in the true sense of Buddhism is not an immortal, but an extremely compassionate, extremely peaceful and extremely calm realm.

In Taoism, the pursuit is the "truth" of human beings. The so-called "truth" is not the truth, but the truth, nature and nature of human beings, which is the kind of natural innocence that is as carefree and carefree as a baby. Therefore, Taoism pays attention to spiritual cultivation and returns to simplicity. That is, Lao Tzu said, "return to the baby."

Of course, it was Confucian culture that occupied the mainstream position in ancient China. The first sentence in Saint Amethyst, a popular godson song in ancient China, is "at the beginning of life, human nature is good". Sex is similar, learning is far away. "In other words, human nature (nature) is good and good. Moreover, this property is similar and universal. It is only because of the change of living habits and environment that all kinds of behaviors are different, which leads to the phenomenon of deviating from "goodness".

Confucianism believes that human nature is not only good, but also good. In other words, it will always develop in a good direction. Mencius said, "The goodness of human nature is even better than water. There is nothing wrong with people and there is nothing wrong with water. " People's kindness, like water flowing downwards, is an unchangeable law. The key is to be guided.

Therefore, the main idea of China's Confucian culture governing the country is "probation education". The so-called moral education emphasizes the system of "courtesy". This thought holds that since human nature is good and bad habits are only infected later, social governance should start with moral education and persuade people to give up bad habits and return to the innate "good" situation, so that society will be peaceful. In ancient times, China emphasized "educating the world", that is, educating ordinary people. Confucius said: "Tao is the government, and punishment is imposed by punishment. The people are exempt and shameless; Tao is virtue, courtesy, shame and dignity. " In other words, only by relying on laws and criminal laws to restrain the people, then even if the people dare not violate the law and discipline, they will falsely respond to the story and have no real shame. So Confucianism despises the legal system and values morality. Confucianism believes that if people are taught by morality and etiquette, they will respect themselves and be completely convinced.

So who will do the work? Scholars, of course, because when they study the Four Books and the Five Classics, they have already received the education of "courtesy", and then they can manage the people and spread "goodness" to ordinary people who have not studied. Because "learning is the best way to be an official", those so-called "scholar-officials" have taken on the heavy responsibility of educating the world. The development direction of ancient students' life is: studying hard, seeking officials, being an official, and then retiring, writing books, teaching and educating people. Because it is up to these literati to manage and educate the people, the court must respect them; Because they are moral models in the eyes of the world, it is necessary to maintain their image and face.

Under the ancient system, the law was only used to deal with ordinary people and had special courtesy for the literati class. This is the principle of "punishment is not on the doctor". In ancient China, there was always a rule that "people don't sue officials". If ordinary people want to sue officials, they infringe on the moral dignity of "scholar-officials", so they indiscriminately beat the people who sue officials before hearing the case. In this way, if there is no big grievance, who will dare to sue the official? Without the courage of Xiong Xin and the kung fu of iron cloth and golden bell, who dares to risk being hit by a stick and go to court for others? Because people can't sue officials, officials can also unscrupulously search for people's wealth. As the saying goes, "It takes three years to clear the magistrate, and a hundred thousand snowflakes are silver." Therefore, the theory of good nature has become a hotbed of corruption.

This is the limitation of the theory of sexual goodness in China ancient traditional culture. On the one hand, the theory of good nature emphasizes moral education. Moral education is necessary. Any country and any society will attach importance to moral education. But the power of moral education is limited. Moral education alone is not enough. On the other hand, the ancients also emphasized the importance of law. At the beginning of each dynasty, we must quickly formulate codes to govern the country. However, because the theory of good nature gives the literati a sense of moral superiority and special rights, it gives them the opportunity to corrupt. It was the accumulation and proliferation of corruption that led to waves of turmoil and wars in ancient society. Therefore, the theory of good nature is not enough to curb corruption.

Second, the theory of evil nature

Contrary to China's view of human nature, the dominant trend of thought in western culture is the theory of evil nature. "Original sin" is the theoretical core of Christian thought and occupies a leading religious position in western society. Christianity believes that people are born guilty. Therefore, people must accept Jesus Christ, repent to the Lord, and then go to heaven to avoid all kinds of trials in hell.

The embodiment of the theory of evil nature in social and political concepts is the emphasis on the legal system. Because human nature is evil, society must establish a code of conduct in advance through various laws, regulations and rules. Therefore, the establishment of a country must first establish a constitution and take it as a national code of conduct, which must not be violated. When taking office, officials must take an oath, abide by the Constitution, and be self-denying. When a company is established, the articles of association should be formulated first, and all kinds of rights, obligations and behavior norms should be defined. These are all out of suspicion and distrust of human nature, and preventive measures should be taken in advance.

This theory of evil nature can be seen everywhere in the code of conduct. For example, in court, when a witness sits on the witness stand, he often swears to the Bible that what he says is true. This reminds witnesses that every witness is what God wants to hear and will be judged in the future. The official's last oath was "God, help me." It means asking God to help you overcome evil thoughts in the future. Over time, it will form an atmosphere of obeying the law and keeping the contract. Once this kind of atmosphere is formed, people will pay attention to credit and commitment. China people put "goodness" in the first place, so if they don't define their rights and obligations in advance, they will be in a hurry afterwards. Eventually lead to mutual distrust, no sense of integrity.

The theory of evil nature also suppressed the kingship. Because people have "original sin", so do people with higher status. Therefore, even the kings and emperors of European countries could not get rid of the self-guilt brought by the theory of evil nature, so they fell at the Pope's knees one by one. In the Middle Ages, religious power was higher than imperial power. In ancient China, the emperor was the son of heaven and the embodiment of "goodness", so he never accepted the constraints of religious authority.

The theory of evil nature led to the punishment of doctors. Because human nature is evil, even government officials are no exception. Therefore, the supervision, checks and balances, restrictions and sanctions on government officials have become an important part of western political culture. People can sue officials, even the government and the law. Officials do not enjoy legal privileges. The state does not need to have scruples about punishing officials. Moreover, because human nature is evil, officials often dare to take mistakes, and it is more common to admit mistakes in public. In a word, the theory of evil nature makes society emphasize the rule of law more.

The mainstream thought in western countries is the theory of evil nature, and the trend of thought that does not conform to this mainstream becomes non-mainstream and pagan. Its representative is Marxism. Marxism believes in atheism, so it does not believe in original sin. Therefore, Marxism also believes in the theory of good nature. Marxism holds that human nature is good, fair and kind. Only after the emergence of private ownership, classes and countries appeared, and society became worse. Marxism should return to the capitalist society and the equal society before private ownership and class appeared.

Because of this, Marxism is invisible in western capitalist society, but it is accepted by China. The theory of good nature accords with the traditional cultural foundation of China, which can explain why productism is easily accepted by the people of China.

Third, the distinction between good and evil.

Due to two different views on the good and evil of human nature, there are cultural differences between China and the West. China culture emphasizes the ritual system, while western culture emphasizes the legal system. Objectively speaking, these two kinds of thinking are not perfect and each has its own shortcomings.

Let me start with the moral education in China before the reform and opening up. At that time, China's youth model was Lei Feng, whose spirit was summed up as "selfless dedication" in two sentences. This formulation seems to be the highest ideal state of human nature, but it does not meet the needs of human nature and society. This spirit may appear in individuals, but it cannot and should not be shared by all people in the whole society. This has been proved by reality.

After the reform and development in China, the social economy moved towards marketization, and the private economy began to flourish. This has created conditions for the rapid development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards. However, it has brought great impact to China's traditional moral education centered on "goodness". Under the market-oriented economic model, people pursue personal interests, while companies pursue their own profits. The education of "benefiting others and benefiting oneself" is no longer suitable for the reality of China, but without correct new theoretical guidance, the current popular psychology in China is in danger of going to the other extreme.

This extreme is the theory of evil nature. In the context of China, the representative of the theory of evil nature is eight words: "Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost". Under the guidance of this theory, people think that all human nature in the world is evil and all people are selfish. If you don't protect yourself and do evil, you will suffer and be bullied. If I am cheated by others, I should also cheat others, so that I can get a psychological balance. Even some books that teach people how to do evil are very popular.

This superstitious culture of "evil nature" is an extremely dangerous tendency. If it is not contained, it will eventually lead to social moral decay, distracted people and out of control. It is precisely because many people feel depressed about the cultural atmosphere shrouded by this "theory of evil nature" that it leads to a certain degree of nostalgia, and also makes some crooked ways in China traditional culture under the banner of Buddhism and Taoism take the opportunity to confuse people.

China people must know that the "theory of evil nature" is not completely correct. Let's take the theory of evil nature believed in western society as an example. Its theoretical defects are very obvious, which leads to some cultural and social behavior deviations. Although the theory of evil nature has the function of strengthening the legal system, it has also brought a culture of bullying the weak and being brave and ruthless, which has not yet been shaken off.

There are several strange logics in the western theory of evil nature. First, people have original sin. Therefore, anyone is born guilty. Second, no matter how many mistakes a person has made or how many bad things he has done, as long as he repents to the Lord, he will be forgiven and can go to heaven after death. Third, no one will go to heaven without such a procedure. Even if this person has done good all his life, he has never done bad things.

What kind of cultural deviation did this theory lead to? First, no one in the world (except those Christians) is guilty. This can easily lead to widespread suspicion and world-weariness Second, since you can repent quickly and get a chance to go to heaven, you can feel at ease about how many bad things you usually do. This is tantamount to giving those "evil" people an excuse to do evil. The popular social Darwinism advocated "natural selection, survival of the fittest", didn't it just cover up all kinds of evil deeds with the so-called destiny? Third, all those who are not baptized and do not believe in Christ are pagans and have no chance to go to heaven. This leads to racial discrimination. At present, there are still people in the west who preach the so-called "inevitable clash of civilizations" and use it to guide foreign policy. This is the deviation caused by the theory of evil nature.

The following quotes a passage written by a netizen with knowledge of ships on the forum, and we can see the danger of the theory of evil nature:

"I transcribed a social justice speech I heard in America to you. I asked Americans somewhere that during the Opium War, you picked our children with your guns and threw them into the fire, which seemed to run counter to your belief in God. People answered, that's God's arrangement. Because you don't believe in God, you all deserve to die and go to hell after death. All of you, if you don't believe me, ask a Christian the same question and the answer will be the same. At that time, my mouth trembled with anger. I said, I read a book that said, you and I will cross the valley of death and stand before God as equals, waiting for judgment. He said, which land did God promise us? Your fate is mainly the result of deviating from God. I was suddenly angry. Your god must be white and used to be a slave owner. Otherwise, how could he think that all other nationalities should perish and the land should belong to your family? The other party left angrily. "

Therefore, the theory of good nature and the theory of evil nature are not perfect. They have their own advantages, but they also have their own disadvantages. Or superstition will lead to deviation.

More importantly, with the trend of world economic globalization, Chinese and western cultures are also facing comprehensive exchanges and integration. However, from the perspective of human nature, there are huge differences between China and the West, and they stand on the opposite sides of two extremes. Therefore, if this opposition cannot be effectively resolved, the integration of Chinese and western cultures will be impossible, and even conflicts will arise. How to resolve it? Then we need to find a new theory and new thinking, which can not only contain the positive factors in the Chinese and western concepts of human nature, but also make up for the shortcomings of both sides. In other words, there must be a set of methods to effectively unify Chinese and western views on human nature.

The morning of March 29th, 2009 was cloudy.

Preheating thinking 1: What is the main difference between the two?

(1) "Barber" and "Hairdresser"

② "painter" and "painter"

(3) "teachers" and "educators"

(4) "ordinary principals" and "famous principals"

Routine → single; Ideas → Diversity

Feeling:

(1) The main difference between people is probably the difference in ideas.

(2) Understanding the long way of management is more important than imitating the skills of management.

Warm-up thinking 2: Why do you need management?

Running around all day just to satisfy hunger, thinking about clothes when you are full;

I want to be a beautiful wife.

If you marry a beautiful wife and have children, what you hate is that you have no land and no foundation;

How vast the countryside is, there are no boats and few horses to ride in and out;

Mules and horses were detained at the head of the trough, sighing that no official position was cheated;

Xiancheng's main book is still too small, and he has to hang purple clothes;

When I become emperor, I want to ride a crane and fly.

Two basic ways to keep balance:

Path 1: Narrowing people's infinite desires (moral education)

Path 2: Improve the utilization rate of limited resources (scientific management)

Feeling:

(1) The contradiction between the infinity of human desire and the finiteness of human resources is the fundamental reason of management.

(2) There are some differences and connections between China and the West in the way of coordinating this contradiction.

Comparison of Chinese and Western Management Thoughts from the Perspective of Human Nature

First of all, the ancient rhyme of taste of china management.

When thinking about management problems, ancient thinkers in China expounded the corresponding management methods based on their understanding of human nature. Zhang Dainian

(A) Confucianism's "plastic theory of human nature" and "benevolent government and rule by courtesy" thought

"Sex is similar, learning is far away." ("The Analects? Yang Huo ")

-Human nature is plastic.

"Tao is moral, qi is courtesy, and shame is quality."

("The Analects? For politics ")

-Rule the country by virtue and rule the country by courtesy.

Management Enlightenment: How to Establish Leadership "Prestige"?

Confucius said: His body is upright and he acts without orders. His body is not straight, although he disobeys.

Non-post power influence (Germany-Germany)

Influence of Status and Power (Politeness-Prestige)

Journey to the West, Ma Yun, Niu Gensheng

The goodness of human nature is even better than water. There is nothing wrong with people, and there is nothing wrong with water. Today, my husband's water, beating and jumping, can make it too long; If you are excited, you can make it in the mountains. Is this the nature of water? Its potential is natural. People can be bad, but their nature is good. ("Mencius? Gao Zishang ")

-human nature is good.

With the unbearable heart, you can't stand other people's politics and rule the palm of the world. ("Mencius? On the ugly sun ")

-benevolent government (gaining "trust" from the people)

Hunger leads to food, cold leads to warmth, suffering leads to rest, good leads to benefit, and evil leads to harm, which is inherent in human beings, and is also the common ground between metaphor and hero. ("Xunzi? Non-phase ")-human nature is evil.

Be polite and righteous, rule by law, and ban it with heavy punishment.

It is the rule of the holy king, the transformation of propriety and righteousness, and the world is governed by goodness. ("Xunzi? Sexual evil ")

-Governing the country with courtesy (the tree "prestige" is in people)

(B) Legalists' theory of "being good for profit" and "ruling the country according to law"

"Human nature, hunger means food, labor means loss, suffering means pleasure, humiliation means glory, and this people's feelings are also."

("Shang Junshu"? Counting land ")-human nature is good.

"The decree, the life of the people, is also the foundation of governing the country."

(The Book of Shang Jun's Classification)-Rule of Law

"People's old plans are all Amway."

(Everything is Wrong)-Human nature is good.

"The holy king is not expensive, but expensive is expensive."

("All done?" Eight theories)-the rule of law.

"The first rule I set for workers when I entered the factory was not to pee anywhere in the workshop." -Zhang Ruimin

"The competition between countries is not only the competition of talents, but also the competition of systems." -Zhang

Explicit system, implicit system (hidden rule)

The driver's license professor didn't return the book, so he had no choice but to return the plane ticket.

(C) Taoism's "theory of human nature" and "governing by doing nothing"

"People everywhere, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature".

(Chapter 25 of Laozi)-Human Nature

There are many taboos in the world and the people are poor; The people have many sharp weapons, and the country is unconscious;

Many people are clever, and strange things are born; Laws and regulations are thieves.

("Lao Zi" Chapter 57)-Governing by doing nothing

The first meaning of "governing by doing nothing" is to cultivate a mentality of governing by doing nothing.

"Disaster is greater than dissatisfaction; Blame more than you want. "

Have a pure heart and few desires, and have a peaceful mind.

Revelation: indifference leads to no ambition, while quietness is not far away.

The second meaning of "governing by doing nothing": conforming to the laws of nature.

"Governing a big country, if you cook a little fresh."

-Chapter 60 of the Tao Te Ching

"If a minister is in a good mood, he will learn from the Tao, and he will enter the skill ... depending on the day, he will criticize the big and learn from the big, because of course."

-"My Skillful Understanding of Cattle"

Revelation: If you do nothing, you will die.

The third meaning of "governing by doing nothing": doing something and not doing something.

Taoist management: the monarch does nothing, and the minister does something.

Prime Minister and Imperialism in Wenjing Age

Revelation: When you are busy with your country, you will prosper, and when you are busy with your country, you will decline. There is no grass under the big tree.

Yan Jiehe's management style

As a senior manager: only be a referee, not an athlete; Take care of people, not directors. On the contrary, only be an athlete, not a referee; Just the director, not the person.

Business owners are divided into "third-rate": third-rate bosses work more than 8 hours a day; Second-rate bosses work 5 hours a day; A first-rate boss works three hours a day.

Top managers care more about their brains than their bones and muscles. Thinking is more important than action.

Revelation: Everything wants to do something, but nothing can be done.

Top management principle: exception principle, all authorization within the system.

Second, the understanding of western management wisdom

(A) based on the "economic man hypothesis" of classical management ideas

(19-late 1930s)

Generate background:

(1) Objectively, after the birth of the first industrial revolution, the concept of "efficiency first" was deeply rooted in people's hearts due to the update of science and technology and the rise of production costs.

(2) Subjectively, for most westerners at that time, their survival value was dominant.

Economic man hypothesis

(1) People are selfish, and all actions of people are to satisfy their selfish interests to the maximum extent.

(2) People are naturally lazy, passive, shirking their responsibilities, and have no ambition.

(3) People mainly have low-level needs.

Representative figures: Taylor, Fa Yueer, Weber, etc.

Classical management thought based on the hypothesis of economic man

-Dictatorship and system management

Managers are concerned with working efficiency and completing tasks.

Managers use their power to give orders and make subordinates obey.

Regardless of emotional and moral respect for people.

Emphasize strict organization, rules and systems.

Buy the effectiveness and obedience of subordinates with money

(B) Behavioral science theory based on "social man hypothesis"

(1920s to 1960s)

Generate background:

(1) Objectively, after the application of classical management ideas, the production efficiency has been greatly improved, and products and markets have begun to prosper; Coupled with the boost of psychological science research results during this period.

(2) Subjectively, people's survival value has generally improved.

The call for democracy is getting stronger and stronger.

Social man hypothesis

(1) People always seek psychological satisfaction in group communication.

(2) People are hard-working, active, responsible and creative.

(3) People focus on high-level needs.

Representative figures: Mayo, Maslow, etc.

Behavioral Science Theory Based on Social Man Hypothesis

-Democratic participation and human nature management

The task of managers is to create a working environment in which people can develop their talents.

N Managers are not commanders, managers or supervisors, but assistants, supporters and helpers.

N Let subordinates take on more responsibilities, urge them to make achievements and meet their self-realization needs.

N Give more autonomy, exercise self-control and participate in management.

(C) Contemporary management theory based on "complex person hypothesis"

(1960s to present)

Generate background:

(1) Objectively, science and technology are developing rapidly and production is relatively surplus; The confrontation between classical management thought and behavioral science theory highlights their respective advantages and disadvantages.

(2) Subjectively, people's awareness of democracy has generally improved.

Spiritual needs are getting stronger and stronger.

Complex person hypothesis

(1) People's needs are varied, which will vary from person to person, from environment to time.

(2) Different people's needs and abilities may have different responses to the same or different management methods.

Representative figures: william ouchi, Peter Shengji, etc.

Contemporary Management Theory Based on Complex Person Hypothesis

-coping mode and cultural management

N advocates that there is no universal management method suitable for any era, any organization or any individual.

N Organizational structure, leadership style and work system should not be fixed or stereotyped, but flexible management should be implemented.

N advocates eclecticism and strives to seek adaptive management under different cultural backgrounds.

Culture is the same values and vision.

School motto, do all the staff think it is very important, do they think about it every day, and do it every day?

Third, distinguish between Chinese and western management thoughts.

(A) the differences between Chinese and Western management ideas

Different cultures have different management.

Management is culture-oriented. -[America] peter drucker

The difference between Chinese and western management thoughts stems from the difference of cultural background.

Of course, geographical factors are not only the background, but also an important part of the cultural differences between China and Europe and all the meanings it contains. -[England] Joseph Needham

China

Facing the sea on one side and the land on three sides, the external traffic is extremely inconvenient. The natural environment is favorable and the internal room for manoeuvre is quite wide.

Mainland national spirit with agricultural economy (farming civilization) as the mainstay.

The characteristics of China's management thought: humanism (paying attention to the social attribute of management)

the west

Third, facing the sea and facing the land, there is a long coastline, but inland transportation is extremely inconvenient and there is no room for manoeuvre.

Marine national spirit dominated by marine economy (marine civilization or nomadic civilization)

The characteristics of western management thought: scientism (paying attention to the natural attribute of management)

(B) the connection between Chinese and Western management ideas

There are inherent similarities between eastern and western management thoughts, which stems from their fundamental understanding of human nature. —— Guo Xiangang

1, horizontal observation

The premise of human nature in Chinese and western management thoughts is related, and the corresponding management thoughts are also related.

For example, the theory that human nature is good and beneficial-economic man

On Humanity —— Plasticity of Social People

The essence of human nature-complex people

2. Viewed vertically.

Whether it is the basis of human nature theory in China's management thought or the premise of human nature hypothesis in western management thought, they

They all follow the development track of "from one-sided to comprehensive", and their corresponding management thoughts also follow this development track.

Interesting explanation

Three management levels under the guidance of Chinese and western management thoughts

The first level: management is like "catching pigs". Scratching ears, scratching tails, food temptation.

Guiding ideology: Legalist management thought-classical management thought

The second level: management is like "flying in a wild goose". Personality charm, knowledge cultivation and other non-post power influence.

Guiding ideology: Confucian management thought-behavioral science theory

The third level: management is like "fools move mountains". Have the same belief.

Guiding ideology: Taoist management thought-contemporary management theory

* * * With you:

Blend Chinese and western.

Wu Pinzhi's Way

Morality and etiquette

Finally do nothing.

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First, in the view of human nature, China people think that human nature is good, while westerners think that human nature is evil.

Don't argue yet, just hear me out:

Although there were clouds at the beginning of ancient life, everyone was selfish and everyone had his own benefits, but the voice was really weak. However, more people hold the view that modern human nature is evil. This can be seen in Fish and Lao Liu's posts and many replies. I think this is the result of modern people being more and more influenced by western culture. Historically, it has always been human territory, and the idea that human nature is good is dominant, which still has great influence.

When it comes to western culture, it is difficult to leave Christianity. According to the Bible, Adam and Eve stole the forbidden fruit from the Garden of Eden, and then everyone committed the original sin, which means they were born evil.

Based on this view, there are differences between China and the West in the concept of governing the country. The people of China look forward to a wise monarch, loyal minister and saint. So they praised Bao Zheng and even Liu, and expected future generations to be like them. For important positions, China people spend the most energy to find and choose capable people. Since the west is evil, it does not expect perfection, so it has the right to limit people. So the three powers are separated. For important positions, westerners spend the most energy on establishing a perfect system, because unrestricted power will inevitably lead to corruption, and extreme centralization will inevitably lead to extreme corruption.

On this issue, I personally agree with the western view that human nature is evil. Just like a person's body, no matter how it is maintained and maintained, it will never be perfect and will never get sick. At this time, medicine and medicine are like a supervision mechanism for illegal crimes. Of course, this metaphor itself is not perfect.

Secondly, in terms of getting along with others, generally speaking, China people don't do to others what they don't want them to do to them, while Westerners don't want them to do to them.

These two views are not bad in essence, but in reality they are the places that cause the most conflicts. From this point of view, you can understand why there are so many conflicts between China and the United States on many issues, such as non-interference in internal affairs, democracy and human rights.

I agree with China people on this issue. For others, you can make suggestions. It is his business to accept it or not. Otherwise, it will cause contradictions and backfire.

Third, people's social status is different in China, while westerners advocate equality.

The three principles of regulating the relationship between monarch and minister, father and son and husband and wife have been followed for thousands of years. Although the monarch and subjects no longer exist on the surface, the hierarchy in people's minds is still deeply rooted. The relationship between father and son has improved, and couples tend to be wives. Westerners have a strong concept of equality, which also stems from Christianity to some extent. Because Christianity does whatever it wants, we are all children of God and brothers and sisters, so we are all equal.

Fourth, it may not be on the same level as the first three. If you think of it, write it down.

When solving specific technical problems, China people adopt the expert approach, while westerners adopt the Luban approach. In other words, for operational or technical problems, China people try to improve the skills of operators, while westerners try to study new tools and equipment.

The reason for writing this point is that in today's industrialization, this way in the West has great advantages. For example, my apprentice should practice for at least ten years after I have practiced for ten years, and Lu Ban's saw can be used immediately after it is passed to his apprentice. For another example, many sophisticated technologies will not be lost.