The rich theory and practice of environmental economics provide us with the measurement method of environmental accounting. The commonly used methods mainly include direct market method and alternative market method. The direct market method is to measure the change between the evaluated environmental quality and environmental standards, and then directly use the conditions or results of currency price changes to calculate. The direct market method is based on sufficient information and clear existing causality, so the evaluation result is more objective. [1] specifically includes the following methods:

(1) Repair cost method or replacement cost method. When the evaluated environmental quality is lower than the requirements of environmental standards, if the environmental pollution cannot be controlled, the damaged environment can only be restored by other means to make the environmental quality meet the requirements of environmental standards. The cost of restoring the environmental quality to the standard state is the restoration cost-replacement cost. Obviously, the environmental value at this time is negative.

(2) Protection cost method. When an activity may lead to environmental pollution, people can take corresponding measures to prevent or control environmental pollution. The method to evaluate the environmental value by the cost of taking the above measures is the protection cost method. The burden of protection costs can be in different ways. Polluters can buy and install environmental protection equipment to eliminate pollution by themselves. Specialized pollutant treatment enterprises can be set up to treat pollutants in a centralized way, and the polluter pays the treatment fee; It is also possible to purchase the corresponding equipment by the victims themselves, and the polluter will pay the corresponding compensation.

(3) Market value or productivity method. The change of environmental quality affects the output level of the corresponding commodity market, so the environmental value can be measured by the change of commodity sales caused by the change of output level. If the goods affected by environmental quality changes are sold under the condition that the market mechanism gives full play, then the market price of the goods can be directly used.

P=P 1Q 1—P0Q0。 ( 1)

Among them: p is the environmental value calculated according to the change of a commodity output; P 1 is the market price of the commodity under the evaluation of environmental quality; P0 is the market price of commodities under environmental quality standards; Q 1 is the output of the commodity under the evaluation of environmental quality; Q0 is the commodity output under standard environmental quality. If the selected goods are sold under the condition that the market mechanism is not perfect, then the market price needs to be adjusted or even replaced by shadow price.

(4) Human capital method or income loss method. The deviation of environmental quality from environmental quality standards has a negative impact on human health. This influence is not only manifested in the direct losses or gains caused by the changes in the morbidity and mortality of employees (which can be estimated by the aforementioned market value method), but also in the changes in medical expenses. This method is a special method to evaluate the environmental value reflected in personal health. In order to avoid double counting, the human capital method only calculates the changes of medical expenses caused by the deviation of environmental quality from environmental standards, and the changes of personal income caused by the advance or delay of illness or death of workers. The formula is as follows:

cn =[P(Li-Loi)Ti+Yi(Li-Loi)+P(Li-Loi)Hi]m

Among them, P is human capital (per capita net output value), yuan/year; M is the population of the polluted area, 654.38+ million; Ti refers to the delayed working time of patients with class I diseases, years; Hi is the average lost time of patients with class I diseases, years; Yi is the average medical care cost of patients with class I diseases, yuan/person; Li and Loi are the incidence of diseases in the evaluation area and the environmental standard area 1 respectively, each person /65438+ ten thousand people. Losses caused by accident casualties: Cd=PMRT. (3)

Among them, P is human capital, yuan/year; M is the number of workers, ten thousand people; R is the casualty rate per 10,000 people; T is the average life expectancy, years. As can be seen from the above, the direct market method not only needs enough physical quantity, but also needs enough market price or shadow price data. If a considerable part of the losses or gains caused by the deviation of environmental quality from environmental standards have no corresponding market at all, then there is no market price; Or its existing market can only fully reflect the result that environmental quality deviates from environmental standards. In this case, the application of direct market method is either impossible or has great limitations.

In addition, the direct market method uses the market price of goods and services, rather than consumers' corresponding willingness to pay or get compensation, which makes it impossible to reflect the consumer surplus gained or lost by consumers because of the deviation of environmental quality from environmental standards, so it is impossible to fully measure the value of the environment. In real life, the prices of some goods and services only partially and indirectly reflect people's evaluation of environmental quality out of line with environmental standards. The method of measuring environmental value by the price of such goods and services is called indirect market method, that is, alternative market method. The information used in alternative market law often reflects the comprehensive consequences of many factors, and environmental factors are only one of them. Therefore, it is the main difficulty to exclude other factors from interfering with the data when adopting the alternative market method. Therefore, the credibility of the substitute market method is lower than that of the direct market method. Moreover, the alternative market method only reflects the market price of related goods and services, but does not reflect the corresponding willingness of consumers to pay or be compensated, so it cannot fully measure the value of environmental quality. The alternative market method can make use of reliable information that the direct market method can't, and the causality involved in measurement is objective, which is the advantage of this method. The measurement of environmental accounting is difficult to confirm. How to determine the amount of money in a specific environment has its own characteristics. When measuring specific environmental value, environmental accounting should choose specific methods according to the adequacy of measured and available information, reliability and cost-benefit principles, or disclose them in the notes of accounting statements in a non-monetary way. The object of environmental accounting can be measured in currency and non-currency, which is an important premise and assumption of environmental accounting, indicating that environmental accounting has the characteristics of general accounting discipline; There is also a non-monetary measurement personality different from traditional accounting, and environmental accounting is the synthesis of this kind of personality.

Second, the basic framework of corporate environmental reporting in China

In view of the present situation of China's enterprise environmental report and the demand for environmental information, the defects of the existing enterprise environmental report and the deficiency of the financial reporting system, the author believes that the basic framework for establishing China's enterprise environmental report should include the following six elements:

(1) Users and objects of China enterprise environment report. [2] In the near future, China's corporate environmental report should first consider the needs of major information users such as government management agencies, investors and financial institutions for corporate environmental information. In this case, the short-term goal of China's corporate environmental report can be defined as: to provide for environmental stakeholders such as government management agencies, current and potential investments, creditors, etc. Providing information about the reporting entity's performance of environmental trust responsibility is helpful for rational investment, loan and other decision-making. For those who fully understand the economic activities of enterprises and the impact of these activities on the environment and are willing to study this information diligently, this information must be comprehensive and complete.

(B) The main body of the corporate environmental report of China. At present, China is in a critical period of socialist market economy construction. After nearly 10 years of development, the stock market has begun to take shape and played an important role in raising funds and optimizing capital allocation. From the perspective of industry distribution, China's listed companies involve many industries, most of which are industrial industries. In the industrial sector, there are many environmentally sensitive industries, such as energy, chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, paper making, automobile manufacturing, electrical appliances, electronics, high-tech and other industries. The industry characteristics of listed companies show that the future development of listed companies in China will be more and more affected by environmental protection policies, and the environmental risks of enterprises will increase day by day. The new environmental laws and regulations may make enterprises generate potential environmental liabilities, and enterprises generally tend to underestimate the possible environmental liabilities. This shows that if enterprises do not fully disclose the possible environmental liabilities in their financial reports, the decision-making of information users will be seriously affected, and may even lead to wrong decisions, which is not conducive to the healthy development of China's stock market. Therefore, the author believes that in the near future, listed companies should become the main body of corporate environmental reports in China. [3]

(3) The contents of the corporate environmental report of China. The content of enterprise environmental report should reflect the information needs of users. If the main users of corporate environmental reports in China are defined as government agencies, investors and financial institutions, then the content of corporate environmental reports in China should consider the information needs of these three main users. The content of the company's environmental report represents the information needs of these users. The author thinks that under the premise of retaining the original environmental impact information, China's enterprise environment should increase the basic situation of enterprises and environmental policies, environmental accounting information, environmental performance and evaluation indicators, environmental audit reports and so on.

China's corporate environmental reporting model. [4] The author believes that Chinese enterprises can use the following two environmental reporting modes to report environmental information: First, the supplementary reporting mode. As mentioned above, the implementation of sustainable development strategy requires that financial reports should reflect not only the economic fiduciary responsibility of enterprises, but also the environmental fiduciary responsibility of enterprises. Supplementary reporting mode refers to reporting enterprise environmental information by adding accounting subjects, accounting statements and report contents on the basis of existing financial reports. Therefore, the supplementary report mode can make up for the deficiency of environmental disclosure in the current financial report and make the current financial report more and more perfect. The specific requirements of the supplementary reporting model are: to add accounting subjects related to environmental information on the basis of the existing accounting, such as "environmental assets" as assets, "environmental liabilities" as liabilities, "environmental income" and "environmental expenses" as profits and losses, to add "cash inflow and outflow caused by environmental activities" to the cash flow statement, and to disclose the accounting policies and detailed explanations of the corresponding environmental accounting subjects in the notes to the financial statements. In the management discussion and analysis part of the existing financial report, add information about the enterprise's environmental policy, environmental objectives, environmental impact, environmental performance, environmental risk prediction and so on. Add environmental accounting statements to existing financial reports, such as environmental cost and income statement, environmental performance statement, environmental benefit statement, etc. These statements should be compiled continuously to reflect some changing trends. The second is the independent reporting mode. Independent reporting mode is an environmental reporting mode that multinational companies in western developed countries are willing to adopt. This reporting model requires enterprises to fully report their environmental trust responsibilities. Therefore, this reporting model can make up for the defects of China's current corporate environmental report and make China's current financial report more perfect. The specific contents of the independent environmental reporting model should include the general situation of enterprises and environmental policies, environmental standard indicators and actual indicators, waste, product packaging, products, pollution emissions, recycling and other information, and environmental accounting information (including environmental expenditure, environmental liabilities, environmental governance reserves, environmental benefits, etc.). ), environmental performance information (environmental governance and investment, incentive mechanism, etc. ), and environmental audit report. The author believes that in the absence of specific environmental accounting standards in China, enterprises should first consider adopting an independent environmental reporting model to report environmental information, and then adopt a supplementary environmental reporting model after China formulates and promulgates specific environmental accounting standards in the future.

(v) Reporting the environmental reports of enterprises in China. Under the condition of China's socialist market economy, government management agencies will play an important role in macro-environmental management. The author believes that on the basis of retaining the current system of submitting environmental reports to the government environmental protection departments, the environmental reports of Chinese enterprises should be submitted together with the annual financial reports as an integral part of the financial reports of listed companies. At the same time, China should establish a national enterprise environmental report database as soon as possible, publish enterprise environmental reports through the Internet, and increase the transparency of enterprise environmental information reports. In the absence of ready-made accounting standards to regulate environmental accounting and reporting, China can learn from the experience of the United States, and the State Environmental Protection Administration will regularly provide the China Securities Regulatory Commission with the list of key polluting enterprises determined according to the current environmental laws, regulations and standards, as well as the list of enterprises involved in civil cases and enterprises involved in criminal cases. China Securities Regulatory Commission will supervise the environmental information disclosure of listed companies according to the list of these enterprises. For companies that fail to disclose such environmental information in their financial reports, the China Securities Regulatory Commission will formulate relevant regulations and impose necessary penalties on them.

(vi) Audit of corporate environmental report in China. China's current corporate environmental report is actually a statistical table of technical indicators of environmental impact, and the financial impact caused by environmental problems has not been properly reflected. According to the author's idea, the content of corporate environmental report should include not only the environmental impact of business activities, but also the financial impact and environmental performance of enterprises. This new type of enterprise environmental report should contain environmental accounting information, whether it adopts supplementary reporting mode or independent reporting mode. Enterprise environmental report serves different information users, and the information it provides must be reliable. The reliability of enterprise environmental report depends not only on the true and objective reflection of environmental information by enterprises, but also on the verifiability of these information. The verifiability of the quality of enterprise environmental report requires that the report be audited by an independent third party. The role of environmental report audit is to provide notarization: incorporating environmental audit reports into enterprise environmental reports will help ensure the quality of information, enable environmental stakeholders to obtain reliable information, help them understand and supervise the performance of corporate environmental fiduciary responsibilities, and help them make relevant decisions.