Founder: Confucius

1, the core idea is "benevolence", that is, "love others", "self-denial", "don't do to others what you don't want others" and other ethical theories to coordinate interpersonal relationships; He opposed the tyranny prevailing in the society at that time and asked the rulers to "govern the people by virtue", "govern the country by virtue" and "save money and love the people", which included the people-oriented thought.

2. Put forward the "ceremony". In view of the social reality of "the ceremony collapsed and the music was bad" in the Spring and Autumn Period, he also emphasized the use of "the ceremony" to regulate and restrain his behavior, and called for "self-denial and resumption of the ceremony", that is, to restore the ideal ceremony and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty to achieve social stability, and at the same time to coordinate the relationship between ceremony and benevolence with the golden mean and "harmony without difference".

3. Education: setting up private schools, advocating "no education for all", breaking the situation of aristocratic monopoly on cultural education and expanding the scope of educational objects; Taking "adults" and "gentlemen" as the educational goals, he put forward many important educational principles such as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".

4. Literature: He compiled and edited the six classics of literature (poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Yue, Spring and Autumn), which is conducive to the development and inheritance of cultural undertakings.

Second, the Warring States Period-Confucianism was enriched and developed.

Representative figures: Mencius and Xunzi

1, put forward a moral standard system with benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom as the basic contents and benevolence as the highest moral principle. At the same time, the human relations can be summarized into five types, namely, father and son, monarch and minister, husband and wife, orderly age and friends' trustworthiness.

2. Developed Confucius' viewpoints of "benevolence" and "ruling the people by virtue", and put forward a relatively complete theory of "benevolent government", demanding that rulers stop the merger war, reduce taxes, control people's production, respect the sages and enable them.

3. He gave full play to the thought of "people-oriented" and put forward the people-oriented theory represented by "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch", which became the most precious part of his ideological system. The most typical remark is that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light."

4. Ethically advocate "good nature", implement benevolent policies, and restore and expand people's goodness.

5, the relationship between heaven and man: Heaven is always there, not for survival, not for death; It emphasizes people's subjective initiative in front of nature and advocates the idea of "dominating fate", "cutting everything" and "turning it into things". Xunzi clearly declared that mastering fate and using it to understand heaven means dominating heaven and nature.

6. Think that the highest goal of learning is to master the "ceremony"; It is believed that governing the country should be based on etiquette and emphasize the use of etiquette and law; .

7, the relationship between the monarch and the people: the saying of boat water (Zhou Junmin water). "The monarch, the boat also; Shu Ren, water also. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. "

Third, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty became an orthodox thought.

Representative: Dong Zhongshu

1, in view of the need of centralization, put forward "spring and autumn unification" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone";

2. In view of the need to strengthen the monarchical power, this paper puts forward "the divine right of monarchical power", "the unity of heaven and man" and "the feeling between heaven and man";

3. In view of the serious reality of land annexation, give play to the Confucian thought of benevolent government; According to the standard of life, the author puts forward "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and filial piety.

Fourth, Confucianism rose to a new height in the Song and Ming Dynasties.

Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism (objective idealism)

1, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi (Northern Song Dynasty): reason is the source of all things, and the core of reason is "benevolence"; Morality and hierarchy of interpersonal relationships are natural principles; Benevolence is innate.

2. Zhu (Southern Song Dynasty): He established a huge and rigorous system of Neo-Confucianism, and he was a master of Neo-Confucianism.

The main viewpoints are: the theory of regulating qi (inseparable from qi), the theory of "preserving nature and suppressing human desires" and the theory of mind (if there is nothing wrong with nature, feelings should be good).

Lu Wang's Theory of Mind and Nature (Subjective Idealism): Opposing the tedious return to the original mind of Neo-Confucianism.

3. Founder of Lu Jiuyuan's Mind Theory (Southern Song Dynasty): "My heart is the universe, and the universe is my heart".

4. Wang Yangming (Ming Dynasty) epitomized the theory of mind: he preached that "mind is reason" and "there is nothing outside the heart"; Conscience; Unity of knowledge and action.

V. New Development of Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties

The performance of the new development of Confucianism in Ming and Qing dynasties: anti-unification and anti-authority; Oppose absolute monarchy; Oppose emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and advocate that industry and commerce are the foundation.

1, Li Zhi (late Ming Dynasty) denied the Confucian classics and the authority of Confucius, and believed that everyone had the right to make his own judgment; Criticize the hypocritical preaching of Taoism, affirm the normal needs of people, and think that "dressing and eating is the physics of human relations."

2. Huang Zongxi: Criticizing the autocratic monarchy, he put forward that "the world is the mainstay, and the monarch is the guest", and he put forward that the monarch and the minister are equal, limiting the autocratic monarchy and protecting the people's basic rights; Oppose the traditional emphasis on agriculture and restrain business, and think that industry and commerce are the foundation.

3. Gu: Criticized the autocratic monarchy and put forward the idea of "multi-governance". Liang Qichao summed up his thought as "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". Advocate practical application and pay attention to practical learning.

4. Wang Fuzhi: "With the Public of the World" profoundly exposes the practice that emperors of past dynasties regarded the world as private property, and proposed that the tiller has his field; A materialist who respects the laws of material movement according to nature and social history.

Extended data

Confucianism is the precious traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and everything in China is based on tradition. Only the national is the world. Many contemporary foreign thinkers are reflecting on the running mode and trend of society and feel the potential crisis. The result of many thinkers' reflection is to turn their eyes to China, and the focus of attention is the golden mean.

As time goes on, the value and importance of the doctrine of the mean will become more and more obvious, which has already been shown. The Doctrine of the Mean is the most continuous culture in the world, and it is also the most valuable core spirit and concept among many cultural schools in China.

China's traditional leadership philosophy, represented by Confucianism, sets out from explaining the most primitive laws of the world and life, makes the most incisive exposition and analysis of the leadership theory, and defines the connotation of leadership in the most essential and accurate way.

"If you don't test its source, you can't understand the changes of ancient and modern times; If you don't know its gains and losses, you can't get it. " Contemporary Confucianism is mainly used in enterprise management. The application of leadership wisdom derived from Confucianism is a compulsory course for contemporary enterprise leaders, and its application in enterprise management has become the core concept of contemporary managers.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Confucianism