Abstract: Large-scale traffic, water conservancy, mining and other projects have left a large number of exposed slopes in nature, leading to the deterioration of the ecological environment. Using ecological theory and method, this paper discusses the theoretical system of slope ecological protection, and on the basis of analyzing the present situation of ecological protection, discusses the importance of shrubs in slope ecological protection.
Keywords: ecological protection, ecological environment of shrub slope
In the process of infrastructure construction such as highway, railway, water conservancy and mine, it is inevitable to destroy the original landscape vegetation. Abandoning soil, stones and excavation will leave a large number of exposed slopes in order to achieve a harmonious natural environment. Some of these slopes are stone slopes, some are soil slopes, or steep or flat. According to the principle of restoration ecology, soil slope has the ability of self-repair and restoration under the condition of eliminating environmental interference, but this is a long process, and there are many uncertainties with the change of environment, which can not achieve the effect of protection and greening in time. Because of the lack of vegetation growth conditions, it is more difficult for rock slopes to recover themselves [1]. In view of this, only with the help of manpower can the recovery process be accelerated. Using vegetation to stabilize the slope and improve the ecological environment is called slope ecological protection in ecology. In recent 10 years, people have developed a variety of new technologies for slope plant protection, which can not only play a good role in slope protection, but also improve the engineering environment and reflect the beauty of the natural environment. Different from the previous engineering protection measures, it can form a slope engineering plant protection system together with the traditional slope engineering protection measures, aiming at the long-term stability of the slope, protecting the local natural plant community structure, restoring the ecosystem, preventing soil erosion, reducing the management workload, and mainly relying on the adhesion between plant roots and soil and the intertwining between roots to achieve the purpose of strengthening the slope. Slope ecological protection can conserve water, reduce soil erosion, effectively purify air, protect ecology and beautify the environment, with ecological benefits [2].
The main body of slope ecological protection is plants. At present, the most widely used herbs are beans, grasses and other plants [3], and there is little research on woody plants such as shrubs and trees, and they are not very successful in practice, but woody plants have their own advantages in ecological protection. By analyzing the role of herbs and woody plants in slope ecological protection, the application prospect of shrubs is emphatically expounded.
1 theoretical system of ecological protection
One of the goals of ecological protection is to make plants survive and grow normally. However, for a long time, people only studied the survival of trees or lawns under harsh natural conditions, and achieved great success in cultivation, forming a series of construction technologies or processes under different conditions, such as planting belt, geotextile, three-dimensional net, straw bag, water retaining agent and rooting powder [4]. Modern ecological protection projects cannot only aim at the survival of plants. A large number of construction practices have proved that some of them seem to achieve the purpose of ecological protection after slope protection construction. On the surface, vegetation has been restored and soil erosion has been controlled to a certain extent. However, over time, due to the vicious competition between plants or the external environment can not meet the requirements of plant ecological habits, the growth potential of plants gradually weakened, and the community began to degenerate, and the land that had just recovered vegetation coverage would degenerate into bare land, resulting in soil erosion [5].
In order to give full play to the comprehensive ecological functions of plants, it is very important to construct a harmonious, orderly and stable plant community by using ecological principles, and the key is the selection of slope protection plants. The following study should follow the principles of formulating species formulas on different slopes.
1. 1 Follow the ecological habits of plants and adjust measures to local conditions.
The ecological habits of plants refer to the requirements of plant growth on environmental conditions, including climatic ecological conditions, soil ecological conditions and biological ecological conditions. Climate and ecological conditions (light, humidity, temperature, etc. ) affect the growth and reproduction of plants and decide whether plants can spend winter and summer smoothly; land
Soil ecological conditions (nutrients, fertility, structure, pH value, salt, etc. ) is closely related to plant growth. Biological and ecological conditions are related to the growth and development of plants. If the external environment cannot meet the ecological habits of plants, the growth of plants will be hindered or even degraded. Therefore, when selecting plants, we should comprehensively consider environmental conditions, adjust measures to local conditions and plant them reasonably.
1.2 Maintain species diversity and establish natural community structure.
At present, academic circles have put forward many hypotheses about the role of species diversity in ecosystems, such as redundant species hypothesis, zero hypothesis, specific response hypothesis, rivet hypothesis and so on. But there is still no complete consensus on this issue. Most ecologists believe that species diversity is an important measure of community stability. In communities with high species diversity index, complex relationships are often formed between species, and plant chains or networks are often more complex. When faced with changes from the external environment or fluctuations in the population in the community, the community has a powerful feedback system that can buffer interference. Pests and diseases in one species cannot infect all species, that is, pests and diseases are not easy to spread. The natural community structure of plants is a multi-level complex structure of grass, shrub and tree, with high species diversity index and strong ability to resist external interference on the whole. Even if one or several plants in the community die of diseases and insect pests, other plants will fill the gaps left by them.
1.3 Follow the niche principle and optimize the plant configuration.