Activity-oriented, providing a learning process for students to fully develop their autonomy, cooperation and inquiry. Strive to realize three teaching dimensions: knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and values.

Textbook analysis

For senior one students, this paper has fewer difficulties, a clear theme, is easy for students to master, and is more suitable for students to carry out autonomous cooperative inquiry learning. But because it is an argumentative paper, it focuses on reasoning and speculation, so it is meaningless and difficult to shine.

basic concept

Highlight students' autonomy in the classroom, and cultivate students' ability to explore classical Chinese learning through independent learning and cooperative inquiry. Attention should be paid to both the process and the conclusion. Teaching traditional texts not only teaches traditional content, but also embodies the spirit of new curriculum reform.

learning target

1. Use reference books to dredge words independently;

2. Grasp the main idea of the article and summarize the main idea;

3. Exploration of rational classical Chinese argumentation skills.

Class arrangement

One class hour

Study preparation

The teacher prepares reading materials before class. Students prepare a dictionary of common words in ancient Chinese. Reading materials for early reading before class: Su Zhe's Excerpts from Six Countries, Li Zhen's Selected Works of Six Countries, historical materials The Rise and Fall of Seven Countries, and several articles praising and criticizing the six countries.

teaching method

1. Teaching methods: answering, explaining, guiding and testing.

2. Learning methods: autonomous learning and discussion learning.

Teaching step

First, the introduction of new courses.

There is a saying in China's ancient enlightenment reading "Saint Amethyst": Sue, 27 years old. Read books on fire. ? Sue is Su Xun. Please introduce the author. During the Warring States period, the seven countries competed for hegemony, and Qin became stronger from weakness, annexing six countries and unifying the world. This period of history is full of strategic alliances, and there are many explanations about the reasons why the six countries were wiped out by Qin. Students, please look at the map of the Warring States Period. (display multimedia screen:? Qin destroyed six countries? )

So, what viewpoint did Su Xun put forward and how did he demonstrate it?

Second, perceive the text. Students read the text aloud and then pay attention to the words that are not easy to understand. You can draw them. Then refer to four students and read them separately.

Third, form a study group. Ask your own questions to the members of this group, and the members of this group answer each other. Put the best problem that you can solve and the problem that you can't solve before all the students, and then discuss it.

Teachers and students discuss and answer the unresolved questions in each group.

Check the effect of cooperative learning, show multimedia pictures, answer the following three questions in class, and the teacher comments.

1. Explain the underlined word: [prv]

The first part: (1) The six countries are crushed, and the war is not good unless the soldiers are unfavorable; (2) Guy lost his strong support, and he couldn't finish it alone; (3) Qin's great desire is a great misfortune for princes; (4) Winning or losing without fighting has been decided; (5) As for subversion, it is well-founded; (6) It is impossible to win without helping the five countries. At the beginning of the disaster (10), Li Mulian attacked Zhao again (1 1), and when Qin was completely destroyed (12), those who honored Qin as a genius in the world (13) were robbed by (65438).

Summary: The above are notional words, characterized by a large number. When translating, we should execute it word for word, make clear the flexible usage, and pay attention to the accuracy of the differences between ancient and modern times. The learning method is to expand reading, enhance language sense and accumulate.

Part two: (1) taking bribes from Qin, but losing strength; (2) Paying bribes to people who do not pay bribes; (3) the great desire of the rulers; (4) cover up the loss of strong support.

Summary: The above words are all function words, characterized by a small number and flexible usage. The learning method is: accumulation.

2. Translate the following sentences:

(1) Zhao tasted five battles in Qin, two lost and three won. After the Qin Dynasty, Zhao was attacked again, but Li Mulian did it. Mu Mu is punished by slander, and Handan is the county. Unfortunately, it will not end with force.

(2) With such a tendency, it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people, and the day-to-day cutting of the moon tended to perish.

Summary: Translating sentences is the ability, and the principle is to translate as literally as possible, supplemented by free translation.

Fourth, (inquiry) cooperative inquiry, learning the argumentation art of this article:

1. Where are the first and second paragraphs of this article?

2. How does the author demonstrate his point of view? Which of the following paragraphs refers to argument 1 and which paragraph refers to argument 2?

3. Read the first and third paragraphs together and analyze the author's argumentation methods and ideas. (Positive guidance, learning the author's argument art)

Students look at two or four paragraphs at will and think: There are two views on this level of argument (printed and distributed to students). One is that the argument is rigorous and powerful, and the other is that the argument is inaccurate and cannot be demonstrated? If you don't take bribes, you lose them. It seems that Su Xun's writing is flawed. what do you think? Students discuss and set off a climax.

Teacher's guidance, clear:

Through discussion, it is clear that argumentative writing should have inherent logical beauty. This article is a typical argumentative essay, which is worth learning. There are also shortcomings. Where the argument does not conform to the historical facts, the argument is too absolute.

Su Xun, as a great writer, doesn't have any historical knowledge in this field? Doesn't he know that writing a composition should closely focus on the central argument? Please see? What was the diplomatic situation in the Northern Song Dynasty? (Multimedia)

After discussion among students, it is obvious that the idea of satirizing the present from the past, being far-sighted and not afraid of strong enemies has formed the charm of the article; The firm, vivid and powerful tone adds to the language charm of the article.

Verb (verb's abbreviation) summary: The smoking ban in the seven countries has dispersed, the echo of history will never disappear, and the thinking of the wise should not stop. Let's study every text with the spirit of positive thinking and inquiry. Homework: choose one from two: 1. Read the original and translation of Su Zhe's Six Kingdoms and analyze his views.

2. Choose a social phenomenon to talk about your own views, which can imitate this article or be innovative.

Reflections on the teaching of six countries

First, matters needing attention in the process of preparing lessons

1. Analysis of learning situation and teaching situation

The Theory of Six Kingdoms is a historical theory, which focuses on reasoning. For senior one students, it is meaningless, and classroom teaching is hard to shine. The theme is clear, the textbook notes are very detailed, and there are not many difficulties, which is more suitable for students to carry out independent cooperative inquiry learning. Personally, I am weak in teaching classical Chinese, so I choose this text to challenge myself.

2. Basic ideas

⑴ Activity-oriented, providing a learning environment for students to fully develop their autonomy, cooperation and inquiry. Strive to achieve the unity of teaching objectives in three dimensions: knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and values.

⑵ Highlight students' autonomy in learning, and cultivate students' ability to learn classical Chinese through autonomous learning and cooperative inquiry. Pay equal attention to process and conclusion; It not only teaches traditional content, but also embodies the spirit of new curriculum reform.

⑶ Rational use of multimedia.

3. Learning objectives

(1) Use reference books to dredge words;

⑵ Grasp the main idea of the article and summarize the general idea;

⑶ Explore the argumentation skills of rational classical Chinese.

4. Class arrangement: one class.

5, study preparation

The teacher prepares reading materials before class. Students prepare a dictionary of common words in ancient Chinese. Early reading before class: excerpts from Su Zhe's Six Kingdoms, excerpts from Li Zhen's Six Kingdoms, historical materials The Rise and Fall of the Seven Kingdoms, and several articles praising and criticizing the Six Kingdoms, so as to expand students' reading.

6. Teaching methods

⑴ Teaching methods: answering questions, explaining, guiding and testing.

⑵ Learning methods: autonomous learning and discussion.

7. Main steps: four steps and two innings: four steps: First, introduce new lessons and perceive the text. The second is mutual questioning and cooperative learning. The third is to explore and discuss, learn the art of argumentation, and the fourth is to understand the writing intention and summarize the text. What's the point of two games? : a discussion (difficult word), an argument (whether there are loopholes in this argument).

Two. Review of teaching process

1, teaching plan time: 45 minutes, actual time: 49 minutes. The teaching plan steps are completely realized, the organization is clear and the focus is prominent. It highlights the characteristics of the unity of instrumentality and humanity in Chinese class. Students' thinking is becoming more and more active in the classroom.

2. The dredging of classical Chinese words is progressing smoothly. Students read the text many times and ask each other full questions, which meets the actual needs of students.

3. The expanding inquiry part mainly includes two questions. One is correct thinking. What is the method of destruction? What artistic skills are used in the demonstration; The second is exploration? If you don't take bribes, you lose them. Whether the argument of the viewpoint is strong enough or flawed. The progress of the first link is relatively gentle and lacks characteristics. The second link is well guided, so it is more successful, and students can boldly express their views.

4. Homework is choice, one is reading and the other is writing, which can be used as an extension of the six countries after class. No matter which one you choose, students should actively think and keep exploring.

5. The application of multimedia is small and precise. The situation map of the seven countries is accompanied by animation effects, which gives students a strong visual impact and runs through the whole class. Several classical Chinese test questions can speed up the classroom rhythm and improve learning efficiency. Other materials that have little to do with the classroom, although the picture is wonderful, are also discarded.

Third, thinking about future teaching.

1, Chinese teaching is a technology, teachers should have basic experience, be able to control the classroom and guide students to complete tasks, provided that teachers know students very well. Just like an old farmer's understanding of land and farming time is very important, when to sow and water, we must choose the best time. Teachers should feel every minute accurately and handle every link skillfully in class, otherwise the class will not be smooth. This year, I will teach senior three and use senior one students. Students don't know much about the situation, which has certain influence on their classroom rhythm.

2. Chinese teaching is an art, and how to deal with the same problem is very knowledgeable. How to distinguish the personality of an article? Should we listen to the teacher's wonderful introduction or let the students introduce themselves? Where and under what circumstances does a class climax and knock on students' hearts? When students' exploration is getting better and better, how to promote them to think deeply and make the Chinese class in senior high school reach its due depth? Conclusion How to guide classroom inquiry to go deeper? A few minutes on this stage depends on a long period of study and exploration under the stage. Teaching by famous teachers is as natural and smooth as performing by famous teachers. In this respect, my education and experience accumulation are far from perfect.

3. Rich knowledge reserve is indispensable for teachers. One of the problems of the students in this class is that I'm not ready. The theory of six countries is a historical theory. Besides historical theory, what other theories are there? Fortunately, another classmate found relevant information to help me out, otherwise I can only say. Go back and check? It's a pity that you can't answer on the spot. Therefore, to be a qualified teacher, we must keep learning and enrich ourselves.

4. Both new courses and old courses conform to students' cognitive laws, and cultivating students' Chinese literacy is the eternal goal of Chinese class. In the context of the new curriculum, we should avoid superficiality and be pragmatic; Really people-oriented, pay attention to the growth of every student, teachers should also participate in learning and grow up with students.

The three-foot platform is also bittersweet. I want to regard Chinese teaching as an art, so that it can bring students lifelong enjoyment and comfort in life.

High-quality teaching plans in six countries [learning objectives]

1, learn to use sub-arguments, demonstrate with examples, and master the writing characteristics of this article.

2. Master important noun words, interchangeable words, flexible use of parts of speech, special sentence patterns and polysemous words in the text.

3. Be able to recite the full text and accurately translate key sentences and paragraphs.

[learning focus]

Understanding the political purpose of the article is to criticize the compromise policy of the Northern Song government towards Xixia and Qidan by satirizing the present from the past.

[Learning difficulties]

Understand the author's expression through history, satirize the present intention through the past, and observe the author's patriotic feelings.

[study period]

2 class hours

[learning process]

In the first lesson,

First, introduce the new course:

Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, said with emotion after the death of his famous Wei Zhi. People can dress up their clothes with copper as a mirror; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. I have kept these three mirrors in case I pass by. Now Wei Zhi is dead, he died in a mirror! ?

(Selected from Zhenguan Politician, edited by Tang Wujing)

How to learn from history lies in discovering the internal relations among complicated historical facts and sorting out the central clues that led to the rise and fall of dynasties, so as to achieve the goal of learning from history and making the past serve the present. How did the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period evolve into the Qin Dynasty? Let's see how Su Xun peeled cocoons and dissected them layer by layer.

Secondly, the author introduces:

Su Xun, whose real name is Mingyun, was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan) and was a famous essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Advocate? Words must be said now, right? For the article, the insights are incisive, the arguments are clear, the arguments are strong, the language is sharp, vivid and magnificent, and it is very statesmanlike in the Warring States period. Later generations called his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe literary masters. Old Sue? , he will be three people together? Susan? , all inclusive? Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties? . Author of Jiayouji, this article is selected from Comments on Jiayouji.

(? A family of three fathers and sons, all great writers, have been handed down through the ages. Is Emei taller than * *? Sichuan Meishan Susan Temple couplets:? A father and son three-character guest eternal article eight people? )

Third, solve the problem:

1, Six Kingdoms, refers to Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States except Qin. Qin was originally a weak and backward country. After the thorough reform of Shang Yang's political reform, he gradually became strong, actively developed eastward and seized the land of the six countries. There are also six countries? Union? Anti-Qin, but each has its own plans, so this alliance is not consolidated, and Qin? Far attack near attack? Collapse, one after another.

2. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period (see textbook)

3. Style: Lun, a common style in ancient times, can be divided into two types: (1) Political comments: mainly used to express the author's views and opinions on current politics. (2) Historical theory: by commenting on history and summing up historical lessons, it provided reference for the rulers at that time to govern the country.

Does The Six Kingdoms belong to political theory or historical theory? About history.

Fourth, the writing background:

Song Dynasty was a weak dynasty in the history of China. After Song Taizong, the national situation gradually weakened. In the early years of the Song Dynasty, there were enemies in the north, namely the Khitan and Song Renzong, and the enemy Xixia appeared in the west. Song dynasty was threatened and violated by these two countries, but did not dare to resolutely resist. It just wants to make concessions and compromises, and exchange silver and silk for peace. In the first year of Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong (AD 1004), it formed an alliance with Qidan (later called Liao), and the Song Dynasty promised to give Qidan 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 silks every year. In the second year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (A.D. 1042), the Khitan sent messengers to the Song Dynasty to ask for the land in ten counties south of Jinyang (now Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) and Waqiao (Yishui River in Xiongxian County, Hebei Province). Therefore, the alliance decided to increase the amount of silver and silk to Qidan every year from the Song Dynasty. In the third year of Li Qing, Xixia wrote to the Song Dynasty for peace, and the Song Dynasty gave Xixia 100,000 pieces of silver, 100,000 pieces of silk and 30,000 Jin of tea every year. In the Song Dynasty, this repeated submission and compromise to the enemy increased the enemy's wealth, weakened his own strength, and brought endless troubles, but it did not actually bring peace.

Read the text aloud and pronounce it orthographically.

Rate () Bribery () Qin () Shuang Lusi Jue () Grandfather and () Won.

Those who graze for the country are plundered by accumulated power.

Six, text research:

1, overall grasp: read the text quickly, perceive the style and content of the article, and sort out the structural context.

Clarity: Historical narrative comments on historical facts, summarizes historical lessons and satirizes current politics.

The first part (the first and second sections) puts forward arguments and makes rational analysis. Unfortunately? And then what? Bribery Two arguments.

The second part (the third and fourth sections) demonstrates the central argument with historical facts. Bribery And then what? Unfortunately? Discuss two aspects.

The third part (sections 5 and 6) summarizes the historical lessons and points out the purpose of writing.

2. Learn the first part.

(1) Keywords:

The way of losing strength (integration, industry) when soldiers are unfavorable (weapons) is shattered. The six countries (interaction, from here to there, from there to here) lost, and the rate (all, all) lost to the innocent Qin (cause).

Cover (undertake the above, express the reason,? Because? Without strong support, you can't do it alone.

(2) Paragraph analysis: ① What is the central argument of the full text?

Clear:? The collapse of the six countries is not bad for soldiers, nor is war good. What are the disadvantages?

② This part discusses this central argument from several aspects.

Qing Dynasty: A refers to Qin Li's inadequacy, and the road to ruin is also.

People who don't pay bribes will be mourned.

(3) What is the function of the first paragraph in the full text?

Clarity: put forward the central argument, lead to the full text, and lead to the following discussion.

3. Learn the second part.

(1) Keywords:

In fact, (its actual number) is more solid than (and) the capture of the Qin Dynasty 100 times.

Think about it (his) grandfather (grandparents' parents) violently (dew), cutting thorns, taking () the size of the land, children and grandchildren regard () as not very grateful () to give people () and then () get a night's sleep and violently desire Qin (preach? Hey? The more complicated it is, the more urgent it is to invade it. As for () subversion, (originally) it should be (should be) but () handling local affairs () Qin said ().

In the end, () the five countries moved out () and () won without helping the five countries (sticking to justice, a famous verb), and did not blame the Qin Dynasty for starting () quickly (incurring, a verb). Later, the Qin Dynasty attacked Zhao ().

Li Mulian However, ()' s () grazing was destroyed by ().

Intelligence () Loneliness and danger () Forced to love the land of the Three Kingdoms ()

Assassins can't () win or lose (fate), and the reason for survival () is that () compared with Qin (), it is still not easy to measure ().

(2) Paragraph analysis: ① How do these two paragraphs discuss the central argument?

Clarity: demonstrate the central argument with historical facts, from? Bribery And then what? Unfortunately? Discuss two aspects.

Summarize the central meaning of the third paragraph in one sentence?

Clear:? Serving Qin with land is like carrying firewood to put out a fire. The salary is endless and the fire does not go out. ?

(3) How does this paragraph discuss the harm of Qin's bribery? What are the main argumentation methods?

Clear: This section first summarizes the situation that Qin State not only seized the land of Korea, Wei State and Chu State, but also accepted the land provided by Korea, Wei State and Chu State. Small city, big city. Later, through comparison, it is pointed out that the income from bribery in Qin State is 100 times greater than that from victory, and the loss from bribery in the Three Kingdoms period is 100 times greater than that from defeat, which shows that the loss from bribery in Qin State is great. Then describe vividly how the briber got in. Power loss? Situation? Cut five cities today and ten cities tomorrow? , write? Have a good sleep? Later, Qin Jun threatened again, and naturally reached a conclusion, revealing the harm and inevitable consequences of using land to deal with Qin. The method of comparative argument.

(4) Which sentence in the first paragraph is confirmed by the central content of this paragraph?

Qing dynasty: if Qin is guilty, he will lose his strength, and the road to ruin will be destroyed.

⑤ What sentence in the fourth paragraph can sum up the reasons for Qi's demise?

Clear:? And won without helping the five countries. ?

⑥ Try to compare the similarities and differences between Yan and Zhao.

Clear: * * The same situation is the same as the environment. At that time, Qin Ge was completely destroyed.

The same is true of military strategy, which can defend the country, but it is not loyal to Qin.

Different points face Qin in different ways.

Yan Taizi Dan invited Jing Ke to stab the king of Qin, which caused great disaster.

Zhao destroyed the Great Wall because of Li Mu's slander.

Please find the sentence that matches the meaning of this paragraph in the first paragraph.

Clear:? People who don't take bribes will lose their lives and strong support, and they can't do it alone. ?

What is the function of the last sentence of the full text?

Clear: use? To make? Arouse hypotheses, sum up the situation of the six countries, make the argument more thorough and comprehensive, and make the central argument more vivid and powerful. At the same time, it also paves the way for the following further assumptions and pushes the argument to a higher level from the opposite side.

Homework: Recite the paragraph 1-4, and be able to write and translate it silently.

Lesson two.

First, check the recitation.

Second, text learning.

1, learn the third part

(1) Keywords:

Seal () the ceremony of the world's advisers () the world's wizards strive to go to the west (), so I'm afraid the grain of the Qin people (structural auxiliary words, meaningless) can't be swallowed () and the moon is cut ().

People who rule this country will not be plundered (coerced, held hostage) by accumulated power.

The story () that Judas (still) can (can) win (Qin) by (relying on) not taking bribes is the story () of (if) six countries (this).

(2) Paragraph analysis: ① How is the fifth paragraph discussed?

Clear: The fifth natural section is a transitional section connecting the preceding with the following, from commenting on the demise of the six countries and summing up historical lessons to persuading the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty to give up the humiliating peace policy, from the surface to the inner layer. ? Alas, dying? Is it a promise to continue to prove? What are the disadvantages? And set the way for the six countries to survive: first, use a counselor, a counselor who sealed the world with the land of Qin? ; Second, Corporal Li Xian? Rite the genius of the world with the heart of Qin? Third, the six countries are United. And force the west? . Use hypothetical arguments. Specifically, if the six countries strive for self-improvement without compromising Qin, but jointly fight against Qin and Qi, then they will not perish. Now the six countries are afraid and resentful of Qin, so they finally perish. Used for paragraphs? Sad husband? 、? Whoosh Two exclamations, expressing feelings of regret, highlight the heavy lessons of the demise of the six countries. ? There is no reason for a country to be plundered by the accumulation of power. , expressed such an intention:? For the country? There are two meanings, the rulers of the six countries and the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty. This sentence naturally leads to section 6.

The last sentence of paragraph 6 is a pun, please explain its meaning.

Clarity: After analyzing the historical facts, the author made clear the fundamental reason why the six countries bribed Qin, and at the same time, it was in line with the actual situation of the Northern Song Dynasty at that time, and gently advised those in power to face the threat of the North, give up the humiliating compromise policy and not repeat the mistakes of history.

Third, the text summary:

The article is in a? Bribery In other words, combining history with reality is to discuss the present. Why can things separated by more than 1000 years be compared together? Because the author discovered the * * * similarity between history and reality, the six countries and the Northern Song Dynasty adopted the foreign strategy of humiliating and seeking peace. By using the methods of comparison, analogical reasoning and metaphorical argumentation, this paper fully demonstrates the reasons for the demise of the Six Kingdoms, and exhorts the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty to learn from the lessons of history and the Six Kingdoms and rise up against the invasion of Liao and Xixia. Su Xun's "On Six Kingdoms" is free in writing, magnificent, decisive and powerful, skillfully using a variety of argumentation methods, concise in language and expressive.

Fourth, word sorting:

Special sentence patterns:

1, the collapse of the six countries, the non-soldiers are unfavorable, the war is unfavorable, and the disadvantage is in Qin.

2. If Qin is guilty, he will lose his vitality and the road to ruin will be broken.

3. It was robbed by the Qin people again.

4. Grazing animals to punish them.

5. Zhao tasted five wars in Qin.

6, if the world is big, and from the story of the six countries.

Flexible use of parts of speech;

1, the sun cuts the moon (noun as adverbial, day by day, month by month)

2, small cities, big cities (adjectives as nouns, small aspects, big aspects)

3. righteousness is unfair to Qin (nouns are used as verbs to insist on righteousness)

4. Treat the wizards of the world with the heart of Qin (nouns are used as verbs to treat them with courtesy)

5. You can't finish it by yourself.

6. Li Mulian actually (the causative usage of verbs makes him shrink back; Exclusion)

? With what? Usage:

1, people who don't take bribes will be mourned by those who take bribes.

2. Qin captured.

3. For Qin.

4. Grazing animals to punish them.

5. Take Qing as the meter.

6. Bribery the counsellor who sealed the world by Qin State.

7. The story of being shattered from six countries because of the size of the world.

8, frost dew, thorns, the same size.

9. Cutting the moon tends to die day by day.

10, children and grandchildren don't cherish it and give it to others.

Homework: Recite the full text.