Modern sectional anatomy research is characterized by the close combination of sectional image diagnosis and interventional radiology treatment. In 1950s, ultrasonic tomography technology was successfully developed. Since 1970, the tomographic imaging techniques such as USG, CT and MRI have appeared and been applied in clinic, which has pushed the research of sectional anatomy to a climax. These tomography techniques not only need sectional anatomy to provide detailed diagnostic basis, but also become a powerful means to study living sectional anatomy. Since then, sectional anatomy has got rid of the state of pure corpse research in the past, and its research scope has expanded to two closely related aspects: anatomical fault and image fault. The former is the morphological basis of the latter, and the latter constantly puts forward new requirements from the needs of diagnosis and treatment. The two complement each other and develop together.

Compilation of human sectional anatomical map combined with image diagnosis

Traditional sectional anatomical maps are drawn on the upper surface because of their thick slices, which is contrary to the habit of CT outputting the lower surface of the fault, thus limiting their application in medical image diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, Atlas of Human Sectional Anatomy has been published continuously. From the perspective of research methods, modern human sectional anatomical atlas can be roughly divided into three categories:

First, make atlas according to the fault specimen. Gao Qiao took the lead in drawing the lower surface of the fault, thus establishing the characteristics of modern fault anatomy map. During 1977, Matsui made a sectional anatomical map of the brain, but the skull was matched, so it was difficult to ensure the in-situ relationship between the intracranial structure and the skull. D'Agostino drew a thick slice of the brain in vitro. During 1980, Peterson compiled a cross-sectional anatomical map of various parts of the human body, but it is not appropriate to select people with severe epilepsy to draw the map. 1983, Koritke and Sick made continuous transverse, sagittal and coronal sectional anatomies of the head, neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis of male and female adults, and marked the structure in detail on the section, but the section was thick (1.5 ~ 2.5 cm). From 1978 to 1992, Wang Yonggui et al. used more than 90 adult male corpses to complete the anatomical atlas of China people in continuous cross-section, sagittal plane and coronal plane, which contained a lot of descriptive data and statistical data. From 65438 to 0989, Xu Feng edited Atlas of Human Sectional Anatomy, which was carefully drawn, but the cross-sectional specimens were all from top to bottom, which was inconsistent with the habit of observing the bottom by CT and MRI. In the same year, Lyons compiled the Color Atlas of Chest, Abdomen and Basin by line drawing. 199 1 year, Bergman et al. published Anatomical Atlas of Human Cross Section; Richter and Lierse compiled a sectional anatomical map of the newborn. Spitzer and Whitlock of the University of Colorado, USA, selected a male corpse and ground it at -70℃ for 9 months, and obtained 1, 878 cross-sectional images of human body with the thickness of1mm. The sagittal and coronal cross-sectional images were reconstructed by computer. This atlas was published in 1998, which can be called "the greatest contribution to anatomy since 1543, when Visalli Uss published Human Body Structure".

The second category, compiling atlas according to fault images. 1977, Ledley made a cross-sectional CT atlas, but the pericardium and peritoneum were not drawn in the line drawing. In 1980, Ell et al. published a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) atlas, which mainly introduced the normal and pathological SPECT anatomical and physiological images of the brain, and also introduced the SPECT images of bones, joints, heart, lung, liver and spleen in detail. Chiu and Schapiro published CT images of human torso and limbs. From 65438 to 0982, Cosgrove made transverse, sagittal and oblique ultrasound images of normal liver, pancreas and spleen, with brief descriptions and some variant images. 1983, Wegener drew the cross-sectional map of normal human body according to CT images, and attached detailed contour map to complex parts; Hamerschlag published the CT atlas of normal and pathological eyes and orbits. 1986, Bowerman made an ultrasonic anatomical map of a normal fetus. From 65438 to 0990, EL-Khoury compiled MRI and CT sectional anatomical maps. 199 1 year, Merram published the book Radioanatomy of CT and MRI, which comprehensively introduced the CT and MRI anatomy of various parts of the human body with a large number of images. From 65438 to 0992, Weir and Abrahams made an image anatomical atlas by using X-ray plain film, angiography, CT, MRI and B-ultrasound images. From 65438 to 0993, Liu Jun and others compiled the book Image Sectional Anatomy by using CT and MRI images of normal people. 1994 Wicke's famous textbook Atlas of Radioanatomy was published in the 5th edition, which consists of MRI, angiography, CT, ultrasound, lymphography, bronchoscopy, nuclear medicine and other basic images. Truwit and Lempert also wrote the book High Resolution Atlas of Colonial Neuroanatomy. From 65438 to 0995, El-khoury and others completed the book "MRI Sectional Anatomy", which comprehensively introduced the MRI manifestations of various parts of the human body. 1997, Kelley and Petersen published the book Rational Anatomy of Imaging Professionals, which showed the CT and MRI images of various parts of the human body. From 65438 to 0999, Guo Qiyong and Jiang Shuxue also published anatomical maps of CT and MRI respectively. In 2000, Jenkins compiled the Atlas of Embryo, Anatomy and Nervous System Variation using X-ray, CT and MRI images. Pop et al. made MRI images of limbs and spinal region. These images are taken from living bodies, and the contrast between normal and abnormal images is clear at a glance, showing some areas of interest in clinical diagnosis in detail. However, due to the influence of the resolution of CT and other imaging technologies, some fine structures cannot be displayed, and the line drawings drawn according to them also have common irregularities or errors.

Third, the atlas is made by combining sectional specimens with clinical images. There are many such atlas, because it directly compares the sectional specimens with CT, MRI or USG images, so it has great clinical practical value and overcomes the shortcomings of the first two atlas. During the period of 1978, Wyman compiled the cross-sectional map of human chest, abdomen and pelvis. From 65438 to 0979, Binder et al. compiled the anatomical atlas of the cross-section, sagittal plane and coronal plane of the brain, emphasizing the importance of the coronal plane of the brain, but the materials used were isolated brain specimens, which lost the contrast with the skull. From 65438 to 0980, the anatomical characteristics and clinical significance of each fault structure were described and discussed in detail in the atlas made by Bo et al., but the brain parenchyma of the specimens used had large infarction and chest lesions. The second and third editions of this book were published in 1990 and 1998 respectively. 1982, Wagner and Lawson made a atlas of normal sectional anatomy and partial pathological anatomy, including cross section, sagittal section and coronal section of all parts of the body. Each section is equipped with corresponding CT and B-ultrasound images, and a fixed bitmap shows the overall position of the section. There is an enlarged view of a more important or subtle part. Another feature of this atlas is that it has a clear purpose to make continuous cross-sections with local organs. 1984, Su Jihao and others first scanned the corpse, and then made the sectional specimens according to the scanning plane, and made the sectional specimens into X-rays, so their atlas provided photos, X-rays and CT images of the same corpse at the same time. In 1985, Schnitzlein and Murtagh made sectional anatomical maps of the head and spinal region based on CT and MRI images, whole specimens and sectional specimens. After revision, the second edition of the book was published in 1990. From 65438 to 0986, Isaacson and others made a comparative atlas of sectional anatomy of infants with ultrasound and MRI. During the period of 1987, Staudach compiled a comparative atlas of fetal sectional anatomy and ultrasound images by using real-time ultrasound images and fetal sectional specimens. From 65438 to 0988, Nelson and others prepared cross-sectional specimens of fetuses from 20 to 36 weeks, and compared them with B-ultrasound images. The photos are exquisite, and there are X-ray photos of cross-sectional specimens. Human Sectional Anatomy (cross section), edited by Wu Dechang et al., is described in detail and marked carefully, which has played an important role in clinical imaging diagnosis and treatment and sectional anatomy teaching in China. 1994 The author edited the companion piece of the book Human Sectional Anatomy (Sagittal Coronal Oblique Fault). During the period of 1988, a number of sectional anatomical maps were also published abroad: Milis and others edited the sectional specimens of head, neck and spine and compared them with MRI; Gerhardt and Frommhold arranged the cross-sectional anatomical maps of human head and trunk, and compared them with CT and MRI. The specimens are all line drawings, but the slices are very thick. Christoforidis et al. used 1 1 cadavers (including 9 fresh cadavers) to make cross-sectional, sagittal and coronal views of various parts of the body, and compared them with CT and MRI, but the thickness of cross-sectional samples was about 2cm. Sick and Burguet compiled a sectional anatomical map of the knee joint, which consists of black and white photos, CT and MRI images of coronal, sagittal and transverse specimens. Sick and Veillon used the temporal bone of 8 fetuses after 7 months old, embedded in decalcified paraffin, and cut the transverse, sagittal and coronal sections of temporal region 10 ~ 12 micron. After matching with adult CT images, the atlas was published. From 65438 to 0989, Middleton and Lawson made a comparative atlas of color photos and MRI of the whole body joints. Han and Kim of South Korea published the second edition of human sectional anatomy related to CT and MRI, and compared it with CT and MRI images by using color photos of sectional specimens. The third edition of this book was published in 1995, but the head specimen was not good and the ventricle was obviously enlarged. 199 1 year, Ellis and others published a comparative atlas of color photos and CT images of fault specimens, which is more suitable for beginners because of its small number of faults; Swobodnik et al. produced the Atlas of Ultrasonic Anatomy, which consists of color photos and line drawings of sectional specimens, B-ultrasound images and line drawings, with detailed text descriptions. Meals and Seeger edited the cross-sectional color images of forearm and hand and compared them with CT and MRI images. From 65438 to 0992, hagens compiled the book Visible Human Body: Sectional Anatomical Atlas with Bioplasticization Technology. Transparent section specimens are plasticized with epoxy resin, with a thickness of 2 ~ 4 mm, and some parts are equipped with CT or MRI images. In the chest image atlas made by Wagner and Lawson, the transverse, sagittal and coronal sectional specimens are compared with the corresponding MRI and CT images, which is not only systematic and complete, but also a good chest sectional anatomical atlas. Modern Sectional Anatomy edited by Lane and Sharfaei consists of cross-sectional, sagittal and coronal sectional specimens of various parts of the body and MRI images. Some plasticized samples were used, but the label did not specify them. During the period of 1993, in the book "MRI of Knee Joint" edited by Mink et al., the color photos of cross-section, sagittal plane and coronal plane were compared with the corresponding MRI, and the anatomical structure of knee joint was vividly displayed. In 1994, Litteton and Durizch compared the sectional specimens with CT and MRI, and prepared the anatomical maps of the cross section, sagittal plane, coronal plane, left posterior oblique plane and right posterior oblique plane of the chest. Lillie and Romerell also published the comparative figures of sectional anatomy and imaging of the head and neck respectively, in which the latter used bioplasticized sectional specimens. From 65438 to 0996, in the sectional anatomical map of skull base compiled by Zhang et al., bioplasticized thin-layer sectional specimens were compared with MRI, which is the first sectional anatomical map made by bioplasticization technology in China. From 65438 to 0997, Jiang Junben edited the book Color Atlas of Human Sectional Anatomy and the Application of CT and MRI, which was mainly composed of color photos of cross-sectional, sagittal and coronal sectional specimens of the head, neck and trunk, and was described in detail. 65438-0998, Comparative Atlas of Sectional Anatomy and CT, MRI and ECT, edited by Jiang Shuxue, with detailed annotations. Cahill and others published Atlas of Human Sectional Anatomy, which consists of sectional specimens, CT and MRI line drawings. From 65438 to 0999, Duvernoy compiled a three-dimensional sectional anatomical atlas of the human brain, which is a rare masterpiece of sectional anatomy with well-made specimens, detailed labeling and clear MRI images in recent years. Ellis et al. compiled the 2nd edition of Sectional Anatomy of Human Body, which consists of cross-sectional, sagittal and coronal sectional specimens of head and neck and major joints, as well as color photos, CT and MRI images of cross-sectional specimens of trunk, and is equipped with CT and MRI image lines. In 2000, Dean and Hepburn made a cross-sectional specimen of human body, and compared it with CT and MRI images. The line drawing is excellent and the standard is appropriate. It is a good teaching material of sectional anatomy. In 2002, Liu Shuwei and others edited and published a comparative atlas of color photos of human sectional specimens with CT and MRI images, with clear pictures and detailed labeling.

Sectional anatomical atlas is not only used for image diagnosis, but also for acupoint research. From 1983 to 1990, Yan Zhenguo published "Sectional Anatomical Atlas of Head, Neck and Chest Acupoints of Limbs" successively, which made contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.