Keywords: strategic position of environmental protection, environmental pollution, ecological destruction, pollution control and ecological protection
Environment, resources and health are considered by the international community to be the most noteworthy issues in sustainable development, and environmental protection is closely related to everyone. The Proposal of the 11th Five-Year Plan adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee puts forward: "Strengthen environmental protection" and "effectively protect natural ecology". This is the fundamental requirement and guiding principle of strengthening ecological environment protection in China during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. We must conscientiously implement it.
First, it is imperative to do a good job in environmental protection.
(1) The environmental situation is still very grim.
The goal of the tenth five-year plan for environmental protection has not been fully realized. The emission of sulfur dioxide increased by 27.8% compared with 2000, and the chemical oxygen demand only decreased by 2. 1%. The emission reduction control target of 65,438+00% has not been achieved. Only about 60% of the planned targets have been achieved in key river basins and regions such as Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake (hereinafter referred to as "Three Rivers and Three Lakes"). The discharge of major pollutants far exceeds the environmental capacity, and the environmental pollution is serious. 26% of the surface water sections under state control (national key monitoring) are worse than the water environment standard ⅴ. 90% of the rivers flowing through the city are polluted to varying degrees, and 75% of the lakes are eutrophic; The water quality of drinking water sources in 30% key cities can't reach Class III standard; The environmental quality of coastal waters is not optimistic; The air quality of 46% cities with districts can't meet the second-class standard, the number of haze days in some large and medium-sized cities has increased, and the degree of acid rain pollution has not been alleviated. The national hydraulic erosion area is 16 1000 square kilometers, the desertified land is1740,000 square kilometers, and more than 90% of the natural grasslands are degraded. The water ecological function of many rivers is seriously unbalanced; The biodiversity is reduced, and the economic losses caused by the invasion of alien species are serious; The ecological function of some important ecological function areas has deteriorated. Rural environmental problems are prominent, and soil pollution is becoming more and more serious. The pollution of hazardous waste, automobile exhaust and persistent organic pollutants continues to increase. The climate change situation is grim and the task is arduous. Environmental problems that have appeared in stages in the process of industrialization in developed countries for hundreds of years have concentrated in China. China has entered a period of frequent pollution accidents and prominent contradictions.
(B) China's current environmental management is seriously lagging behind.
The environmental situation is grim, and protecting the environment is both urgent and important, but at present, the laws, regulations, work and tasks of environmental protection in China are not suitable for the requirements. In some places, the understanding of environmental protection is not in place, emphasizing GDP growth and ignoring environmental protection. The legal system of environmental protection is not perfect, environmental legislation can not fully meet the needs of the situation, and the phenomenon of non-compliance with laws and lax enforcement is more prominent; The environmental protection mechanism is imperfect, the investment is insufficient, there are many historical debts, the pollution control process is slow, and the degree of marketization is low; The environmental management system has not been completely straightened out and the efficiency of environmental management needs to be improved; The supervision ability is weak, and the national environmental monitoring, information, science and technology, education and comprehensive evaluation ability are insufficient. The environmental awareness and public participation level of some leading cadres need to be strengthened.
(3) Strengthening environmental protection is of great significance.
The environmental problems that have appeared in stages in the process of industrialization in developed countries for hundreds of years have concentrated in China in recent 20 years, showing the characteristics of structure, complexity and compression. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction have caused huge economic losses, endangered people's health, and affected social stability and environmental security. In the future 15, the population of China will continue to increase, the economic aggregate will quadruple, and the consumption of resources and energy will continue to increase. The pressure of environmental protection is increasing. Therefore, environmental protection must be placed in a more important strategic position. Strengthening environmental protection is an important measure to implement Scientific Outlook on Development, an inherent requirement for building a well-off society in an all-round way, a practical action to persist in governing for the people and improve the ability to govern, and a powerful guarantee for building a harmonious socialist society. Strengthening environmental protection is conducive to promoting economic restructuring and the transformation of growth mode, and achieving faster and better development. It is conducive to promoting the development of environmental protection and related industries, cultivating new economic growth points and increasing employment; It is conducive to improving the environmental awareness and moral quality of the whole society and promoting the construction of socialist spiritual civilization; Conducive to ensuring people's health, improving the quality of life and prolonging life; It is conducive to safeguarding the long-term interests of the Chinese nation and leaving a good space for survival and development for future generations. Therefore, we must use Scientific Outlook on Development to guide environmental protection and make up our minds to solve environmental problems.
Second, we must effectively solve the current outstanding environmental problems.
(1) Strengthening the prevention and control of water pollution, focusing on the safety of drinking water and the management of key river basins.
First, it is necessary to scientifically delimit and adjust drinking water source protection areas, effectively strengthen the protection of drinking water sources, build urban backup water sources, and solve the problem of rural drinking water safety. Second, we must resolutely ban direct sewage outlets in water source protection areas, prevent aquaculture from polluting water sources, prohibit toxic and harmful substances from entering drinking water source protection areas, strengthen prevention and emergency treatment of water pollution accidents, and ensure people's drinking water safety. Third, we should improve the environmental quality of key river basins and key areas as soon as possible. Strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution in "three rivers and three lakes" (Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake), the Three Gorges reservoir area, the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the water source area of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and along the route. Fourth, focus on key sea areas and estuaries such as the Bohai Sea to strengthen marine environmental protection. Fifth, it is forbidden to directly discharge excessive industrial sewage into rivers, lakes and seas.
(two) to reduce the total amount of sulfur dioxide emissions as the focus, to promote the prevention and control of air pollution.
First, it is necessary to speed up the pace of raw coal washing and reduce the sulfur content of commercial coal. The second is to strengthen the control of sulfur dioxide in coal-fired power plants. In addition to Kengkou Power Plant burning ultra-low sulfur coal, new (expanded) coal-fired power plants must simultaneously build desulfurization facilities or take other measures to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Third, it is necessary to strictly control the construction (expansion) of coal-fired power plants in large and medium-sized cities and their suburbs except cogeneration. It is forbidden to build (expand) energy-consuming enterprises such as steel and smelting. Fourth, according to the environmental conditions, determine the desulfurization targets in different regions, and formulate and implement plans for the prevention and control of acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution. Fifth, make the control plan of nitrogen oxides in coal-fired power plants, strengthen smoke control and take energy-saving measures to improve energy utilization efficiency. Sixth, vigorously develop energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy, actively develop nuclear power and develop hydropower in an orderly manner.
(3) Focus on pollution prevention and control, and strengthen environmental protection in urban and rural areas.
First, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of environmental protection infrastructure and improve the sewage treatment rate and the garbage harmless treatment rate. Second, attention should be paid to the protection of natural and ecological conditions in the construction, and natural heritages such as natural forests, rivers and lakes, tidal flats and wetlands, natural landforms and wildlife should be preserved as much as possible, and efforts should be made to maintain the regional ecological balance. The third is to carry out a national soil pollution survey and comprehensive management of over-standard cultivated land. The cultivated land that is seriously polluted and difficult to repair should be adjusted according to law. Fourth, rational use of pesticides and fertilizers to prevent agricultural film from polluting cultivated land. Fifth, actively develop water-saving agriculture and ecological agriculture, and strengthen pollution control of large-scale aquaculture. Sixth, improve rural water and toilets, make full use of crop straws and other resources, actively develop rural biogas, properly handle domestic garbage and sewage, and create towns with beautiful environment and civilized ecological villages.
(4) Efforts should be made to promote harmony between man and nature and strengthen ecological protection.
First, we should pay equal attention to ecological protection and management, and focus on controlling unreasonable resource development activities. Second, we should give priority to the protection of natural vegetation, adhere to local conditions, attach importance to natural restoration, and continue to implement natural forest protection, natural grassland vegetation restoration, returning farmland to forests, returning grazing to grasslands, returning farmland to lakes, preventing desertification, soil and water conservation, and preventing rocky desertification. Third, economic and social development should be compatible with water resources conditions. Coordinate living, production and ecological water use to build a conservation-oriented society. Fourth, strengthen the construction and management of ecological function reserves and nature reserves, and strengthen the environmental supervision of mineral resources and tourism development. Fifth, do a good job in the protection of typical marine and coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal wetlands, coral reefs and islands.
(five) focus on the supervision of nuclear facilities and radioactive sources to ensure the safety of nuclear radiation environment.
First, comprehensively strengthen nuclear safety and radiation environment management, and the state implements unified supervision over environmental protection of nuclear facilities. The second is to scientifically formulate the development plan of nuclear power, and nuclear safety, environmental safety and waste treatment and disposal should be fully considered in nuclear power construction. Third, strengthen the safety supervision of nuclear facilities under construction and in service, and accelerate the pace of decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the treatment and disposal of radioactive waste. Fourth, strengthen the environmental supervision and management of electromagnetic radiation and associated radioactive mineral resources development, and improve the radioactive source safety supervision system.