1, article example

success belongs to the persevering

People hope to succeed in their careers or studies. Edison invented the storage battery and was awarded the reputation of "the king of invention".

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature; Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success.

Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that when a German chemist extracted iodine from seawater, he seemed to find a new element, but in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment, he chickened out. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member of the element family-"bromine" to become immortal, the German chemist could only watch each other silently immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist at this moment. Because persistence is victory. (Chang Tianqi)

(The scientists who missed the opportunity to discover bromine by introducing Cl into the immersion liquid were German chemist Justus von Liebig and French scientist Bagra) 1. Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence, and is generally manifested in the title, the first sentence or the end of the article. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success.

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. In order to prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment.

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and German chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible.

3. Demonstration process

Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments, and the purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

Three elements-Introduction 2

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.

Write an opinion according to the topic and then explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.

(1) argument

(1) The meaning of argument: Argument is the point to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is the point and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments (except the central argument) can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the full text.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article, sometimes it is the title. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument. When similar statements appear at the beginning and the end, the starting argument and the ending echo argument.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

(1) correctness: the persuasiveness of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

2 significance: what is in favor of and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

Novelty: the argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) Types of argumentation:

(1) factual materials as arguments can be a. specific cases, b. summarizing facts, c. statistical data,

(2) theoretical materials as the theoretical materials of arguments can be a. classic works and wise sayings of predecessors b. folk proverbs and common sayings c. scientific axioms and laws, etc.

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.

① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.

③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.

(4) Argumentation methods are also called example argumentation, contrast argumentation, quotation argumentation and metaphor argumentation.

(5) Refutation methods: There are three ways to refute arguments, namely, ① refuting arguments, ② refuting arguments, and ③ refuting arguments. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.

(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.

Three Elements of Editing this Argumentative Paper-Introduction 3

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

quarrel

Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). )

Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement of the subject.

1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.

2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers. The general format is (...) Yes (...) (But in the exam, it is best to make the argument clear, because the marking teacher doesn't have much time to read it, so it is best to show it to them at a glance. To prevent unnecessary points from being deducted)

Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.

quarrel

It is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument.

1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. Factual arguments include examples and data.

2. Rational argument: The theory as an argument is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society, and it is the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous aphorisms, proverbs and aphorisms, and the author's reasoning analysis.

set an example

The process and method of proving arguments with arguments

The relationship between argument and sub-argument: proof and proven

Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".

The demonstration method is as follows:

1. Explanatory argument (factual argument): give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: effectively demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Function: Highlight and comprehensively demonstrate opinions (main arguments or sub-arguments), which is impressive)

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (function: vividly demonstrate the point of view (main argument or secondary argument) to make the article easy to understand and accept. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotations, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. (Function: Specific analysis, such as quoting famous sayings, epigrams and authoritative data, can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. )