Li Yu, the late emperor, was politically the king of national subjugation. However, he wrote refreshing poems in literature, and his position in the history of literature was determined by his pioneering work in ci. This paper discusses Li Yu's pioneering work in Ci poetry and its reasons, in order to understand Li Yu's position in the history of literature more comprehensively.
Li Yu's pioneering contribution to Ci has three aspects: First, it is lyrical.
Ci originated from the folk, and most of the earliest Dunhuang Quzi Ci reflected the real feelings of folk life at that time. However, after being freely used by the court and nobles, it was led astray and became a tool for royal nobles and literati to entertain guests in front of flowers. Among them, the most prominent is to describe women's posture and customs with gorgeous words. Because of the lack of content, scholars try their best to work hard in form. Cover up its empty and vulgar content with a gorgeous and exquisite appearance. It was Li Yu who pushed Ci into social life from the mud pit of shallow singing and formalism, making it a tool to express true feelings. This feature is reflected in his youth and beauty.
When is the moon in spring and autumn? What do you know about the past? The small building was easterly again last night, and the country could not bear to look back at the moon! The jade carving should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed it. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward.
Yu Pingbo commented on the beginning of the word Ceng Yun: strange words split empty. Indeed, these two sentences are broad in spirit, strong in generalization and vivid in meaning, far from being comparable to the lyricism of Huajian Ci. As a courtier, Li Yu naturally thinks that the old country is dead. Where is the erotic palace where the former wives and concubines filed moths? Where was the strike that defeated Shui Yunjian? Where can I relive the feeling of being drunk and patting the pole? All these things have become a thing of the past, so the old country can't bear to look back! Think about it, carving jade without knowledge, not knowing the pain of national subjugation, presumably the situation remains the same; However, those sentient beings who enjoyed the flowers by the fence and stayed behind happily are now Zhu Yan, which has changed and lost the charm of the past. It's heartbreaking to think about it. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward. The whole poem is written naturally and truly, and the feelings are like fountains, which are unstoppable. Li Yu's words are both eloquent and eloquent. For example, his poem "Spring on the Jade Tower" (evening makeup and bright face) is divided into two phases, and the early style is different. Sadly, however, in the later period, these two styles came from the same source. Wang Guowei's Ci Hua on Earth is just like a river flowing eastward, which can be used as Li Yu's comment. It probably means that the poet's feelings are like the rolling river in the flood season, flowing down without restraint and restriction, and his priorities are completely in line with nature to express his thoughts and feelings. This is Li Yu's greatest feature. A taste of the cloud in "Ci Hua on earth"
Secondly, clear water produces hibiscus, which is a natural language to be carved. Li Yu's greatest achievement in language use is the successful use of line drawing. Line drawing was originally an artistic technique widely used in China's classical poems, which originated from folk songs. It is characterized by not carving, sketching things with simple words, and it is characterized by clear water producing hibiscus and natural carving. In the history of Ci, Li Yu is the first person who has made outstanding achievements in this field and exerted a far-reaching influence. The poems written by Li Yu in his early and later periods, whether describing eroticism or expressing sadness, directly express Egypt's true feelings about life through lines, capture the characteristics, activities and psychology of the characters, and absorb the scenery that can best stimulate some emotions of the characters. For example, "Bodhisattva Man" written by Li Yu in the early stage said that "the flowers and bright moons are hidden in cages, but the fog is light. It's better to run socks to Lang's side today. " Holding golden silk shoes. See you at the south bank of the gallery. It's hard for a slave to come out. You can teach him compassion. This word describes a woman's tryst with her lover in a fog cage on a dark night, driven by God's love, and shows the subtle psychological state of the characters at this particular moment. She paddles socks and walks in golden silk shoes. In a word, when she went to the appointment, she cleverly took off her silk shoes for fear of disturbing others. The special action of tiptoeing to the fragrant platform showed her fear and uncontrollable joy at that time. One day, people will tremble, and at the same time, when describing the activities of characters, they will express their psychological state of excitement and fear. Through the description of these unique actions; In front of the readers, she stood clearly as a girl with personality, boldness and affection, and really felt that she wanted to see her and hear her voice, just beside her.
Li Yu used line drawing technique, which not only created vivid characters, but also created a natural environment combined with lyric images. For example, in "Night Scare", the flowers in the forest have faded from the flowers in spring, and they are in a hurry, but they have no choice but to come to the cold rain and the evening breeze. When will it be so heavy that people will be fascinated by tears? Naturally, people hate water when they grow up.
This word is mainly about the sigh of life caused by the alternation of four seasons. In the first half of the poem, people are ruthlessly destroyed by cold rain, and these typical things are used to arouse people's disappointment with the beautiful things in life. It depicts a picture of late spring, where wolves are in ruins, creating a depressing environment. People naturally grow up and always hate water, which is a deep sigh of the poet.
Complex image description needs concise pen and ink to outline vivid and sensible artistic images, which determines that the language used to express these images must also be clear, simple and concise. For example, Langtaosha:
It is raining outside the window, and the spring is fading. Allred-rochow couldn't stand the five-mile cold, and he didn't know he was a guest in his dream. He is greedy and happy in the morning. He can't lean against the fence alone, and it's easy to see when he is in trouble. Running water is gone in spring, it is heaven and earth.
This poem is the work of Li Yu-song. Expressed the bitterness and pain he felt after he became a prisoner from the king of a country. The poet uses many common words that are close to spoken language to express his feelings: this is a common saying that is well known to women and children, and it is hard to part at noon. In particular, there seems to be no surprise in the text, but the artistic image it expresses is endless. It is common for women and children to see fallen flowers. However, in Li Yu's works, there is an endless torrent of emotion, which expresses the infinite sadness in the poet's eyes with a real and vivid image. In Qing Ping Le, parting hate is like spring grass, which is further added, and it also expresses endless sadness in plain language. Although Li Yu's language has no trace of sharpening, it is enough to leave all kinds of sadness in the world.
As can be seen from the above, Li Yu's use of line drawing technique is really difficult to write, which is obviously different from the language used in Huajian Ci. Let's take "Bodhisattva Man" as an example: there are pillows in the water curtain, and the fragrance makes people dream. On the Ruyan Liu River, geese fly to the moon. Leave lotus roots in autumn, and people are better than jagged scissors. The temples are separated by red, and the jade hairpin is on the head.
This poem describes the luxury of life and the gorgeous decoration of women with some beautiful and exquisite words. Because the poet only shows these scenes and phenomena to the readers in gorgeous and exquisite language, but does not show the activities of the characters, the readers feel as if they have witnessed a beautiful woman in clay sculpture when they appreciate it, and they are lifeless. From this poem, we can see that Huajian Ci writers attach great importance to exquisite carving in language use. There are great differences between Wen and Li Yu in their creative styles. Of course, the female images in literary works are not necessarily unattractive. However, compared with the female images in Li Yu's works, the former has the beauty of exquisite brushwork, while the latter has the natural appearance of plain face, which can be described as coarse clothes without concealing the national color.
In a word, Li Yu's poetic language is extremely successful. Although the images of characters and scenery in his works are only inked and sketched, they can all see the color in the middle, and the shape is the essence. In addition, they don't pile up allusions and avoid spoken English, so the language is simple and natural, flowing freely. Therefore, Zhou told me that this is probably beyond the reach of human resources. Shen Qian said that Li Houzhu is a man and Li Yian is a woman. This is the true nature of fashion. It's no exaggeration.
In addition, Li Yu's expansion of the theme of ci is worthy of a special book.
It was Li Yu who broke through the narrow theme of "love between men and women" of Huajian School and liberated Ci from its shackles. Li Yu's ci is divided into two periods with the boundary of breaking Lu. Previous works mainly describe court life and love between men and women, and the subject matter has shown a diversified trend. Among them, there are scenes of court life and singing and dancing, such as "Spring in the Jade Tower": the evening makeup is bright, and the spring palace is full of snow.
This poem describes the grand occasion of singing and dancing, dancing to clear jathyapple, singing the artistic conception of blue sky and white clouds, and describing the whole process of the royal banquet. In particular, the sentence "Waiting for the Horseshoe to Clear jathyapple" is vivid, clear, unusual and poetic.
Some people write vivid and interesting love scenes, such as the scene of the tryst between Empress Dowager Cixi and Zhou Xiao in Bodhisattva Man, which depicts in detail a girl's complicated psychological activities during her first love, such as leaving her sorrow, recalling the past, writing about herself, and the queen, maid-in-waiting and brothers living beside her.
After Li Yu entered the Song Dynasty, he expressed his yearning for the motherland and his hatred of national subjugation. These words include the sadness of autumn night, such as the wind and rain last night, the loneliness of seclusion, such as Langtaosha (the past is only sad), and midnight songs (how to avoid hatred in life), such as Langtaosha (the past is lost in dreams). For example, Yu Meiren (when is spring flowers and autumn moon) and so on. This further expanded the field of expression and theme of Ci, and made Ci gradually move towards social life from boudoir courtyards, love between men and women, and court banquets, enriching the writing angle and methods of literati Ci, giving full play to the role of Ci, and making Ci begin to contain certain social life content. Therefore, Ci began to have a broad vision and deepest feelings in Li Houzhu, and became a genius.
Li Houzhu can open pronouns for the following reasons:
A. sentimental temperament
Born in Jiangnan, Li Yu was endowed with sentimental temperament and versatile spirituality. During his reign, he lingered in the whirlpool of feelings, and his rich thoughts and feelings made him feel unique about every grass and tree, spring flowers and autumn moon. Therefore, he can often contain rich contents in seemingly ordinary sentences, and is good at summarizing some typical things in life, such as emotions. It has aroused the admiration of readers, but readers can't easily feel the difference between them, thus creating an emotional gap. Anyone who perishes, wanders, demotes officials or misses others, after reading his words, can arouse feelings or express their thoughts and feelings through his words.
2. The ups and downs of life experience
Li Yu suddenly descended from the supreme emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty to a prisoner in a foreign country, and lived a humiliating life as a janitor and Lacrimosa. This deepest feeling and the most embarrassing eternal regret contain the deepest and widest parting sadness and no hate in life. As a generation of emperors, it is a unique creative material. Such experiences and circumstances, if they collide with the flint of their literary genius, will inevitably lead to brilliant artistic sparks in generate. If Li Yu had not been unlucky, he would not have fallen from the sacred throne to be a humble and sacrificial prisoner, and he would not have jumped out of the model of the thorn school since the late Tang Dynasty. He will still be intoxicated by the colorful, rich style and emotional words of the court. It is precisely because of Li Yu's painful experience of national ruin and family death that he can be indignant at the coldness of the current situation, he can speak his mind without complaint, and he can abandon carving and whitewashing and draw a sketch.
The shallower the experience, the truer the temperament.
Li Houzhu's experience of court life and prisoners of subjugation is profound, so he can write refreshing poems, which is a narrow sense of experience. Broadly speaking, it should be admitted that Li Houzhu's experience is superficial. He lived in the narrow world of the imperial court for a long time, without extensive contact with society and unfamiliar with complex social contradictions. Therefore, he relatively retained his childlike innocence and did not have many utilitarian concepts.
When you write poetry, you will naturally show your true nature. The reason why Li Yu thinks that Li Yu and Li Yu's ci are Li Yu's ci is not only based on a pure and sincere feeling, whether it is a song and dance banquet written before the national subjugation or a mourning poem written after the national subjugation. Li Yu has a pure heart, but he is not as mean and insidious as the emperor.
In addition, the artistic features of Li Yu's ci are partly influenced by his father Li Jing. Li Yu's original style of less embellishment and more lyricism is the first sound of Li Yu's ci. Feng Yanji, who is thirty-four years older than Li Yu, is full of feelings, pinning his feelings for current affairs and inspiring Li Yu. Wei Zhuang's ci is plain, clear and profound, which is quite similar to Li Yu's ci.
In a word, Li Yu's contribution to frontier ci in the history of China ci cannot be underestimated. Because of this, over a thousand years after Li Yu's death, people have always recognized his position in the history of China literature.